JP2001116370A - Bath device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a bath device that has a simple configuration, can be easily executed, and can supply hot water utilizing solar heat to a bath tub with a simple operation. SOLUTION: A bath device 1 is provided with a solar heat solar collector 3, a bath tub 7, a body 5 for controlling the circulation of water between the solar heat solar collector 3 and the bath tub 7, solar-connector-side circulation passages 9a and 9b for connecting the solar heat solar collector 3 and the body 5, and bath-tub-side circulation passages 11a and 11b for connecting the body 5 to the bath tub 7, where the wafer in the bath tub 7 is circulated to the solar heat solar collector 3 for heating. In the bath tub 1, the body 5 is provided with a body passage 13 that is connected to the solar connector-side circulation passages 9a and 9b and the bath-tub-side circulation passages 11a and 11b, a water supply hopper 21 for connecting a water-supply port 15 of service water to the body passage 13, an amount-of-water sensor 23 for measuring the amount of water being supplied from the water supply hopper 21, and a circulation pump 25 being provided at the body passage 13, thus supplying the service water to the bath tub 7 via the body passage 13 and at the same time circulating the water in the bath tub 7 to the solar heat solar collector 3 only by the passage for heating.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a bath apparatus that uses solar heat to heat a bath.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In general, in a bath using solar heat, hot water is supplied to a bathtub from a water heater using solar heat.

As shown in FIG. 6, a conventional solar water heater 1
01 connects the solar heat collector 103 and the hot water storage tank 105 through the circulation passage 107, and connects the heat medium to the solar heat collector 103, the circulation passage 107, the auxiliary tank 109, and the heat exchanger 111 in the hot water storage tank 105. And the heat medium is circulated by the circulation pump 113. Thereby, the solar heat collector 103
To return the heated heat medium to the heat exchanger 111 in the hot water tank 105, and the heat exchanger 111
The heat exchange with the water in the hot water storage tank 105 warms the water in the hot water storage tank 105.

[0004] As a water supply path to the hot water storage tank 105, a water supply is directly connected to a water supply port 115 of the hot water storage tank 105, and the hot water storage tank 105 is filled through a water supply passage 117. Then, after the water in the hot water storage tank 105 is heated by solar heat, the hot water is supplied to each hot water tap, bath tub, and the like from the hot water supply port 121 via the hot water supply pipe 119 through the auxiliary heat source device 123 by the pressure of the water supply at the time of use. I have. The auxiliary heat source unit 123 supplementarily heats the water in the hot water storage tank 105 with the auxiliary heat source unit 123 when the amount of solar radiation is low in rainy weather or when the temperature of hot water in winter is not sufficiently increased, and then supplies hot water to each hot water tap, bathtub, and the like. Is what you do.

In the conventional heat collecting operation control of the solar water heater 101, the temperature difference between the temperature sensor 127 provided in the lower part of the hot water storage tank 105 and the temperature sensor 129 provided in the solar heat collector 103 is constant. In this case, the circulation pump 113 is operated, and the heat collection operation is performed by circulating the heat medium. When the temperature difference between the two temperature sensors 127 and 129 becomes equal to or less than a certain value, the circulation pump 113 is operated. 113 is stopped, and the heat collecting operation is ended. These controls are performed by the main unit 12
5 is controlled by a control unit 131 incorporated therein.

Next, the solar water heater will be described. As shown in FIG. 7, the conventional solar water heater 133 includes a solar heat collector 103 and a hot water storage tank 104, and is installed in a place with good sunlight such as on a roof. The solar water heater 133 connects the solar heat collector 103 and the hot water storage tank 104 directly with circulation hoses 134 and 135 and fills both with water, so that warm water heated by the solar heat collector 103 circulates by natural convection. This is a device that flows out of the hose 135 to the upper part of the hot water storage tank 105, stays in the upper part of the hot water storage tank 105, and warms up to the lower part of the hot water storage tank 105.

In actual use of the solar water heater 133, water is supplied to the solar water heater 133. As shown in FIG. 8, a water supply pipe 137 and a hot water supply pipe 13 for using hot water are provided.
9 is connected to the hot water storage tank 104. The water supply pipe 137 branches off the water supply pipe 141 to supply water, and the hot water supply pipe 137 is provided with a hot water tap 143 at a place of use so that it can be used as needed. The main purpose of this solar water heater 133 is
In general, hot water is supplied by providing a hot water tap 143 in the bathroom because it is used in 5.

Referring to FIG. 7, hot water storage tank 104 will be described.
The structure inside will be described. Conventionally, when water is supplied to the hot water storage tank 104, a ball tap water supply tap 147 is provided at a water supply port as a device for supplying an appropriate amount of water to the hot water storage tank 104 and stopping the water. The water supplied from the ball tap water tap 147 is mixed with the hot water in the hot water tank 104 and supplied to the lower part of the hot water tank 104 through the partition tube 149 so as not to cool the hot water in the hot water tank 104. Has become. In addition, in order to supply hot water,
A hot water sampling hose 151 that is freely bent is provided in 4, and a float 153 is attached to the end of the hose 151, so that the hot water filled in the hot water storage tank 104 can be taken from a warmed upper portion. ing. Then, water is supplied from the ball tap water tap 147 according to the amount of hot water supplied, so that the amount of water in the hot water storage tank 104 is maintained.

[0009]

However, the structure of the conventional solar water heater 101 as shown in FIG. 6 requires a hot water tank 105, a heat exchanger 111 and other ancillary parts. Capacity is about 200-300L
(Liter) is relatively large, so that the exterior of the main body for storing them is also large, and there is a problem that the weight is increased as a whole and the cost is increased. In addition, a space for installing the solar water heater 101 is also required, and there is a problem that there is a restriction in construction.

On the other hand, in the solar water heater 133 shown in FIG. 7, in addition to the complicated structure of the hot water tank 104, the hot water tank 104 must be installed on the roof, and the installation work is not easy. In addition, when the water is full, the weight becomes about 300 kg, so that the load applied to the roof is increased and the load on the roof is increased.

As common to both prior arts, a hot water tap 1 for hot water introduced from hot water storage tanks 104 and 105 is used.
43 (see FIG. 8) is provided separately from the water tap, so that when using hot water heated by solar heat in the bathtub 145 (see FIG. 8), the user needs to use the hot water in the bathroom or the like. It is necessary to open and close a hot water tap 143 different from the water tap,
There is a problem that it takes time to use.

The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has as its object to provide a bath apparatus that can be easily constructed with a simple configuration, and that can supply hot water using solar heat to a bathtub by a simple operation. I do.

[0013]

According to the first aspect of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, a solar heat collector 3, a bathtub 7,
A main body 5 for controlling the circulation of water between the solar heat collector 3 and the bathtub 7, a collector side circulation passage 9a, 9b connecting the solar heat collector 3 and the main body 5, a main body 5 and the bathtub 7 The bath apparatus 1 is provided with bathtub-side circulation passages 11a and 11b connecting the water and the water, and circulates water in the bathtub 7 to the solar heat collector 3 to warm the bath.
The main body 5 includes a main body passage 13 connected to the collector-side circulation passages 9a and 9b and the bathtub-side circulation passages 11a and 11b, and a water supply hopper 2 connecting the water supply port 15 and the main body passage 13 to each other.
1, a water amount sensor 23 for measuring the amount of water supplied from the water supply hopper 21, and a circulation pump 25 provided in the main body passage 13, which can supply clean water to the bathtub 7 via the main body passage 13. It is characterized in that the water in the bathtub 7 is circulated to the solar heat collector 3 only by the passage and heated.

According to the first aspect of the present invention, the water in the bathtub 7 is supplied from the bathtub-side circulation passage 11a to the solar heat collector 3 through the main body passage 13 and the heat collector-side circulation passage 9a. The hot water heated by the solar heat in the collector 3 is supplied to the bath 7 through the collector side circulation passage 9b, the main body passage 13 and the bathtub side circulation passage 11b. Therefore, bathtub 7
And the solar heat collector 3 are connected only by a passage,
Since the bath 7 is used as a hot water storage tank, and the hot water storage tank is unnecessary, the whole apparatus can be made simple and compact, and the construction is easy.

Water is supplied to the bathtub 7 through a water supply inlet 1.
5, water is supplied from the bathtub-side circulation passage 11 a into the bathtub 7 through the water supply hopper 21 and the main body passage 13. The amount of water supplied from the water supply hopper 21 is measured by a water amount sensor 23, and the amount of supplied water is controlled. Therefore, the hot water supply and the water supply to the bathtub can be supplied by using the bathtub-side circulation passage 11a, and a single hot water tap is sufficient without separately providing a hot water tap and a water tap, so that the configuration is simple. In addition, the filling operation of the hot water in the bathtub 7 is easy.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect, the main body 5 includes a bypass passage 29 for bypassing the main body passage 13 and a switching valve for switching water flowing through the main body passage 13 to the bypass passage 29. (Electric three-way valve) 2
7 and an electric heater 33 provided in the bypass passage 29.

According to the second aspect of the invention, the operation and effect of the first aspect can be achieved, and the main body passage 13 can be provided.
Is provided with a bypass passage 29 provided with an electric heater 33, so that when the amount of solar radiation is low in rainy weather or when the temperature of hot water in winter is not sufficiently increased, for example, auxiliary heating is performed in the bypass passage 29, and then hot water is supplied to the bathtub 7. can do.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, in the second aspect of the present invention, a remote controller 39 provided outside the main body, a control section 37 provided in the main body 5, and an inlet side of the bathtub side circulation passage 11a are provided. A temperature sensor 35 provided therein, and responds to a setting signal of a remote controller 39 to control the control unit 3.
7 controls the water supply hopper 21, the circulation pump 25, and the switching valve (electrically operated three-way valve) 27 to control the boiling temperature of the bathtub 7 and the amount of hot water.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, the operation and effect of the second aspect can be obtained, and the boiling temperature and the filling amount of the bathtub 7 can be easily controlled by the remote controller 39. Good nature.

[0020]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. As shown in FIG. 1, a bath apparatus 1 according to the present embodiment mainly includes a solar heat collector 3, a main body 5, and a bathtub 7. The solar heat collector 3 and the main body 5 are connected to a heat collector side circulation passage 9.
a, 9b, and the main body 5 and the bathtub 7 are connected by bathtub-side circulation passages 11a, 11b. Further, the main body 5 is provided with a main body passage 13 connected to the heat collector-side circulation passages 9a and 9b and the bathtub-side circulation passages 11a and 11b.

The main body 5 is provided with a water supply joint 15 to which a water supply is connected. A cheese 17 is connected to the main body passage 13, and a water supply introduction passage 19 communicating with the water supply joint 15 is connected to the cheese 17. Thereby, clean water can be introduced into the main body passage 13.

A water supply hopper 21 having a solenoid valve is provided between the water supply joint 15 and the cheese 17 in the water supply passage 19.
And a water amount sensor 23 for controlling water supply from the water supply system and measuring the water supply amount. In addition, even if the positions of the water supply hopper 21 and the water amount sensor 26 are moved back and forth, the function is not affected.

A circulation pump 25 is provided in the main body passage 13, and the cheese 17 is disposed at a water outlet of the circulation pump 25. Thus, the cheese 17 is supplied to the circulation pump 2
5, the circulation pump 25 can be primed with clean water supplied from the clean water introduction passage 19.

The suction port of the circulation pump 25 is connected to the bathtub-side circulation passage 11a. Water supplied from the water supply passage 19 to the main body passage 13 is supplied to the bathtub 7 through the bathtub-side circulation passage 11a. It has a structure that can be used.

In the main body passage 13, an electric three-way valve 27 is provided on the discharge side of the circulation pump 25.
One of the electric three-way valves is connected to the collector-side circulation passage 9 a, and the other is connected to the bypass passage 29. The electric three-way valve 27 can freely switch from the main body passage 13 to the bypass passage 29.

The bypass passage 29 is connected by a cheese 31 to the collector-side circulation passage 9b returning from the solar heat collector 3. In this bypass passage 29, the electric heater 3
3 are provided.

The circulating water returned from the solar heat collector 3 is supplied to the bathtub 7 through the bathtub-side circulation passage 11b via the collector-side circulation passage 9b and the main body passage 13. From the bathtub 7, the main body passage 13 is again passed through the bathtub-side circulation passage 11a.
And is supplied to the suction port of the circulation pump 25 in the main body 5. Thereby, a series of paths is completed.

Further, a temperature sensor 35 for detecting the temperature of the water in the bathtub 7 is provided on the side of the bathtub 7 of the main body passage 13 so as to boil the water in the bathtub 7 to a temperature desired by the user. I have.

The main unit 5 has a built-in control unit 37 to which a water supply hopper 21, a circulating pump 25, an electric three-way valve 27, and a temperature sensor 35 are connected, and a remote controller 39 provided outside the main unit. The boiling temperature can be set freely.

In FIG. 1, reference numeral 41 denotes a circulation port provided in the bathtub 7, and reference numeral 43 denotes a check valve. The solar heat collector 3 has a temperature sensor 4 for detecting water temperature.
4 is provided, and is connected to the control unit 37 together with a temperature sensor 35 for detecting the water temperature of the bathtub 7. By detecting the temperature difference between these temperature sensors 35 and 41, the control unit 37 controls the heating of the bathtub.

Further, since the heat medium circulating in the bath apparatus 1 is water, if the circulation path is left full of water, there is a risk of damage due to freezing in winter. Is provided with a vacuum break valve 45. After the heat collecting operation is completed, air is sucked from the vacuum break valve 45, and the circulating water in the solar heat collector 3 is entirely dropped into the bathtub 7. ing.

Here, the structure of the water supply hopper 21 will be described. 2A and 2B are diagrams showing a schematic configuration of the water supply hopper 21, wherein FIG. 2A shows a water supply state, and FIG. 2B shows a water supply stop state. The water supply hopper 21 is provided with a valve element 47 for opening and closing the valve hole 46 and an exciting coil 51 for lifting the valve element 47 against the urging force of the spring 49, and a check valve 55 on the outflow side of the valve hole 46. , An air release valve 57 for cutting off.

As shown in FIG. 2A, the exciting coil 5
When the valve element 47 is pulled up by the excitation of 1 and the valve hole 46 is opened, the check valve 55 is opened, so that water is supplied in this state, and the energization of the excitation coil 51 is stopped as shown in FIG. Then, the valve body 47 is seated in the valve hole 46 by the urging force of the spring 49 to stop water supply. At this time, the air release valve 57 is opened, and the water in the water supply hopper 21 is drained.
Closes. Therefore, in the water supply hopper 21, while the water supply path is opened and closed, the bathtub water does not flow backward to the water supply. After the water supply is completed, the water in the water supply hopper 21 is drained, and the water supply and the bathtub are drained. It has a structure to cut off water.

As shown in FIG. 3, the electric three-way valve 27 has an L-shaped ball valve 58 opened in the cheese 17 (see FIG. 1), and an electric motor 59 for driving the ball valve 58. By rotating the ball valve 58 with the electric motor 59, the passage of the water flowing from the circulation pump 25 is switched between the solar heat collector 3 side and the electric heater 33 side.

As shown in FIG. 4, the water amount sensor 23 is provided with an impeller 61 on a water passage, and when the fluid flows, the impeller 61 rotates, and a detection portion 65 is attached to a shaft 63 of the impeller 61. The detecting unit 65 detects the flow rate and the integrated flow rate by detecting the number of rotations.

The remote controller 39 sets a temperature and a water supply amount. As shown in FIG.
A water supply amount display section 67, a temperature / water supply amount setting switch 69, an automatic operation switch 71, a solar boiling switch 73, and a heater boiling switch 75 are provided. The remote controller 39 is connected to the controller 37 (see FIG. 1), and the bath controller 1 is controlled by the remote controller 39.

Next, the operation of the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. When water is supplied to the bathtub 7, the water supply hopper 21 is opened, and water is introduced from the water supply joint 15 into the water supply passage 19 in the main body 5. The amount of water supplied to the main body 5 is detected by a water amount sensor 23. next,
The clean water is introduced into the main passage 13 from the cheese 17, passes through the discharge port of the circulation pump 25, and is supplied from the suction port of the circulation pump 25 into the bathtub 17 via the bathtub-side circulation passage 11 a.

Next, the circulation path of hot water at the time of boiling water will be described. After the bath 7 and the main body 5 are filled with a certain amount of water, the circulation pump 25 is operated. The heat collecting operation control of the circulation pump 25 performs a differential temperature control.

In the temperature difference control, the temperature difference between the temperature sensor 35 provided in the bathtub-side circulation passage 11a in the main body passage 13 and the temperature sensor 44 provided in the solar heat collector 3 is a constant value (8 to 10 ° C.). ) If it becomes above, circulation pump 2
When the temperature difference between the two temperature sensors 35 and 44 becomes equal to or less than a predetermined value (3 to 5 ° C.), the circulating pump 25 is stopped and the heat collecting operation is ended.

The water discharged from the discharge port of the circulation pump 25 is supplied from the electric three-way valve 27 to the solar heat collector 3 via the heat collector side circulation passage 9a. After being heated by the solar heat collector 3, the water returns to the main body 5 through the heat collector-side circulation passage 9 b, and returns to the bathtub 7 through the bathtub-side circulation passage 11 b that leads to the bathtub 7 from the main body passage 13 of the main body 5. Supplied. This is continuously performed to warm the bath water.

After the operation of the circulation pump 25 is stopped, the vacuum breaking valve 45 is opened and the air is sucked, so that the water in the solar heat collector 3 returns to the bathtub 17 through the main body passage 13.

On the other hand, under the condition that the temperature difference is secured during the daytime due to solar radiation, even if the water temperature of the bathtub 7 decreases due to heat radiation or use of hot water, the above-mentioned heat collecting operation is performed again and the bathtub 7 Temperature can be kept constant.

Next, when the solar radiation disappears in the evening and the temperature difference cannot be secured, the electric three-way valve 27 is switched,
The main body passage 13 is communicated with the bypass passage 29 to be a circulation passage passing through the electric heater 33, and the circulation pump 25 is operated to keep the bathtub water in the bathtub 7 warm for 2 to 3 hours. Also, in the case of rainy weather or cloudy weather, the user can boil the bathtub water with the electric heater 33 by the heater boiling switch 75 of the remote controller 39 (see FIG. 5). At this time, in the main body passage 13,
Collector side circulation passage 9b downstream of electric heater 33
The backflow to the solar heat collector 2 is prevented by the non-return valve 43 provided at the bottom.

A series of operations described above are controlled by the control unit 37 in the main body 5. In addition, the user
The following operations can be performed by the remote controller 39 shown in FIG. Setting of bathtub filling amount and filling, setting of boiling temperature, boiling and keeping warm by solar heat, boiling and keeping warm with electric heater, and above, and,
The automatic operation switch 71 can be used in conjunction with the automatic operation switch 71 to freely switch between circulation of warm water through the solar heat collector 3 and circulation of warm water through the electric heater 33, regardless of the amount of solar radiation. It boils up to the temperature set by the user.

Regarding the above, if there is residual water or the like on the previous day, by pressing the solar boiling switch 73 or the heater boiling switch 75 of the remote controller 39, the bathtub can be depressed by either method. It is possible to boil water.

In this embodiment, the installation work is performed by directly heating the bathtub water with solar heat without the need for a hot water storage tank required for a conventional solar water heater and water heater. Significant reduction in initial costs, including Also,
With one operation of the remote controller 39, the trouble of the user opening and closing the hot-water tap can be eliminated, and the bathtub 7 can be filled with a desired temperature, which is excellent in convenience.

[0047]

According to the first aspect of the present invention, the bathtub and the solar heat collector are connected only by the passage,
Since the bathtub is used as a hot water storage tank, the entire apparatus can be made simple and compact, and the construction is easy.

The water supply to the bathtub can be performed by using the bathtub-side circulation passage to supply hot water and to supply water to the bathtub, so that the configuration is simple and the operation of filling the bathtub is also possible. Easy.

According to the invention described in claim 2, according to claim 1
In addition to the above-mentioned effects, the main passage is provided with a bypass passage equipped with an electric heater, so in cases such as when the amount of solar radiation is low in rainy weather or when the temperature of hot water in winter does not rise sufficiently, auxiliary heating is performed in the bypass passage. After that, hot water can be supplied to the bathtub.

According to the invention of claim 3, according to claim 2,
As described above, the boiling temperature of the bathtub and the amount of hot water can be easily controlled by the remote controller, so that operability and user convenience are good.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a bath apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating a water supply hopper, wherein FIG. 2A is a configuration diagram illustrating a state when water is supplied, and FIG. 2B is a configuration diagram illustrating a state when water supply is stopped.

3A and 3B are diagrams illustrating an electric three-way valve, wherein FIG. 3A is a configuration diagram illustrating a state where a solar heat collector side is opened, and FIG. 3B is a configuration diagram illustrating a state where an electric heater side is opened.

4A and 4B are diagrams illustrating a water amount sensor, wherein FIG. 4A is a plan view and FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view.

FIG. 5 is a plan view of a remote controller.

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration of a conventional solar water heater.

FIG. 7 is a configuration diagram of a conventional solar water heater.

FIG. 8 is a configuration diagram of a bath apparatus using a conventional solar water heater.

[Explanation of Codes] Bath equipment 3. Solar heat collector 5. Main body 7. Bathtub 9a. Collector side circulation passage 9b. Collector side circulation passage 11a. Bathtub side circulation passage 11b. Bathtub side circulation passage 13. Main body passage 15. Water supply joint 17. Cheese 19. Water supply passage 21. Water supply hopper 23. Water volume sensor 25. Circulation pump 27. Electric three-way valve (switching valve) 29. Bypass passage 31. Cheese 33. Electric heater 35. Temperature sensor 37. Control unit 39. Remote controller 41. Circulation port 43. Check valve 44. Temperature sensor 45. Vacuum release valve 46. Valve hole 47. Valve element 49. Spring 51. Excitation coil 55. Check valve 57. Atmospheric release valve 58. Ball valve 59. Electric motor 61. Rotating wheel 63. Axis 65. Detection unit 67. Temperature / water supply display section 69. Temperature / water supply setting switch 71. Automatic operation switch 73. Solar boiling switch 75. Heater boiling switch 101. Solar water heater 103. Solar heat collectors 104, 105. Hot water storage tank 107. Circulation passage 109. Auxiliary tank 111. Heat exchanger 113. Circulation pump 115. Water inlet 117. Water supply passage 119. Hot water supply pipe 121. Hot water outlet 123. Auxiliary heat source device 125. Main body 127. Temperature sensor 129. Temperature sensor 131. Control unit 133. Solar water heater 134. Circulation hose 135. Circulation hose 137. Water supply pipe 139. Hot water supply pipe 141. Water pipe 143. Hot water tap 145. Bathtub 147. Ball tap hydrant 149. Partition tube 151. Hot water hose 153. float

Claims (3)

[Claims] 1. A solar heat collector, a bathtub, a main body for controlling circulation of water between the solar heat collector and the bathtub, and a heat collector side circulation passage connecting the solar heat collector and the main body. A bath apparatus that includes a bathtub-side circulation passage connecting the main body and the bathtub, and circulates water in the bathtub through a solar heat collector to heat the bathtub, wherein the main body includes a heat collector-side circulation passage, a bathtub-side circulation passage, A water supply hopper connecting the water supply port of the clean water and the main body passage, a water amount sensor for measuring the amount of water supplied from the water supply hopper, and a circulation pump provided in the main body passage, A bath apparatus capable of supplying clean water to a bath tub via a main body passage and circulating water in the bath tub to a solar heat collector only by the passage for heating. 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the main body includes a bypass passage that bypasses the main body passage, a switching valve that switches water flowing through the main body passage to the bypass passage, and an electric heater provided in the bypass passage. Bath equipment as described. 3. A remote controller provided outside the main body,
A control unit provided on the main body and a temperature sensor provided on the inlet side of the bathtub-side circulation passage, and the control unit controls the water supply hopper, the circulation pump, and the switching valve in response to a setting signal of the remote controller. The bath apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the temperature of the bath and the amount of hot water are controlled.