JP2000347753A - Solar battery controller and solar power generating device - Google Patents

Solar battery controller and solar power generating device

Info

Publication number
JP2000347753A
JP2000347753A JP11160435A JP16043599A JP2000347753A JP 2000347753 A JP2000347753 A JP 2000347753A JP 11160435 A JP11160435 A JP 11160435A JP 16043599 A JP16043599 A JP 16043599A JP 2000347753 A JP2000347753 A JP 2000347753A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
solar cell
output voltage
power
maximum power
output
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP11160435A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP3930999B2 (en
Inventor
Hideo Iwamoto
英雄 岩本
Takahiko Iida
隆彦 飯田
Nobuyuki Ryu
展幸 笠
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mitsubishi Electric Corp
Kake Educational Institution
Original Assignee
Mitsubishi Electric Corp
Kake Educational Institution
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mitsubishi Electric Corp, Kake Educational Institution filed Critical Mitsubishi Electric Corp
Priority to JP16043599A priority Critical patent/JP3930999B2/en
Publication of JP2000347753A publication Critical patent/JP2000347753A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP3930999B2 publication Critical patent/JP3930999B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a solar power generating device having a maximum power point tracking function capable of accurately detecting a maximum power point even when the output power-output voltage characteristic of a solar battery has a plurality of peaks without making the output voltage and output power of the solar battery fluctuate needlessly. SOLUTION: An output power-output voltage characteristic detecting means CD1 provided with a solar battery PV1 having the same environmental condition as a main solar battery PV2 is provided apart from a main generation circuit. Then, an output voltage controlling means CT1 obtains the numerical data of the output power-output voltage characteristic of the battery PV1 for characteristic detection by turning a switch SW on or off and detects a maximum power point. Then, control signals S1a to S1d are given to respective transistors T1 to T4 of a voltage type inverter IV1 so that the main solar battery PV2 can generate a voltage value corresponding to the detected maximum power point.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

【０００１】[0001]

【発明の属する技術分野】この発明は、気象や温度等に
よりその出力電力が刻々と変化する太陽電池から常時、
最大電力値を取り出し得るよう制御するための最大電力
点追尾機能を有する太陽光発電装置に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a solar cell whose output power is constantly changing due to weather, temperature, and the like.
The present invention relates to a photovoltaic power generator having a maximum power point tracking function for controlling so that a maximum power value can be extracted.

【０００２】[0002]

【従来の技術】近年、太陽電池を用いた発電装置の開発
が進んでおり、太陽電池の発電した直流電力を効率よく
負荷や既存の電力系統に与えるための研究が広く行われ
ている。2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, a power generation device using a solar cell has been developed, and researches for efficiently applying the DC power generated by the solar cell to a load or an existing power system have been widely conducted.

【０００３】一般に、太陽電池の出力電力特性は気象
（日射量）や温度等の環境条件によって変化する。すな
わち、環境条件によって出力電力が最大となるときの出
力電圧及び出力電流の値が変化するのである。よって、
太陽電池を最も有効に利用するためには、常に最大電力
を出力するよう太陽電池の出力電圧または出力電流を制
御する最大電力点追尾機能が必要となる。Generally, the output power characteristics of a solar cell change depending on environmental conditions such as weather (solar radiation) and temperature. That is, the values of the output voltage and the output current when the output power is maximized vary depending on the environmental conditions. Therefore,
In order to use the solar cell most effectively, a maximum power point tracking function for controlling the output voltage or output current of the solar cell so as to always output the maximum power is required.

【０００４】図７は、従来の最大電力点追尾機能を有す
る太陽光発電装置ＳＴ５を示したものである。この太陽
光発電装置ＳＴ５は、太陽電池ＰＶ２と、負荷ＬＤとを
備えている。そしてさらに太陽光発電装置ＳＴ５は、ノ
ードＮ４，Ｎ５において太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力端に、ノ
ードＮ６，Ｎ７において負荷ＬＤの入力端にそれぞれ接
続されて太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電力を負荷ＬＤに伝達す
る電力変換手段ＩＶを備え、また、ノードＮ４，Ｎ５間
の太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧を信号Ｓ２として出力する
電圧検出手段ＶＤ２と、信号Ｓ２を得て太陽電池ＰＶ２
の現在の最大電力点を検出し、太陽電池ＰＶ２をその最
大電力点の下で動作させるよう電力変換手段ＩＶに制御
信号Ｓ１を与える出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ２とを備えてい
る。FIG. 7 shows a conventional solar power generation apparatus ST5 having a maximum power point tracking function. This solar power generation device ST5 includes a solar cell PV2 and a load LD. Further, the solar power generation device ST5 is connected to the output terminal of the solar cell PV2 at the nodes N4 and N5, and is connected to the input terminal of the load LD at the nodes N6 and N7 to transmit the output power of the solar cell PV2 to the load LD. A voltage detecting means VD2 for outputting the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 between the nodes N4 and N5 as a signal S2; and a solar cell PV2 for obtaining the signal S2.
And the output voltage control means CT2 which supplies the control signal S1 to the power conversion means IV so as to operate the solar cell PV2 under the maximum power point.

【０００５】この太陽光発電装置ＳＴ５の動作を、太陽
電池の一般的な出力電力―出力電圧特性を示した図８を
用いて説明する。図８に示すとおり、太陽電池の出力電
力―出力電圧特性は、出力電圧が零から増大するにつれ
て出力電力が増加し、ピークとなる最大電力点Ｐ１を越
えると出力電力が急激に減少する、というものである。
よって、太陽電池から最大電力を取り出すためには、最
大電力点Ｐ１に対応する出力電圧Ｖ１に一致するよう太
陽電池の出力電圧を制御すればよい。The operation of the photovoltaic power generator ST5 will be described with reference to FIG. 8 showing a general output power-output voltage characteristic of a solar cell. As shown in FIG. 8, the output power-output voltage characteristics of the solar cell indicate that the output power increases as the output voltage increases from zero, and that the output power sharply decreases when the output power exceeds a peak maximum power point P1. Things.
Therefore, in order to extract the maximum power from the solar cell, the output voltage of the solar cell may be controlled to match the output voltage V1 corresponding to the maximum power point P1.

【０００６】太陽光発電装置ＳＴ５の場合、例えば電力
変換手段ＩＶとしてＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータやＤＣ／ＡＣ
インバータを採用し、それらの有するスイッチング素子
のゲートパルスのデューティ比を変化させることによっ
て太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧を任意の値に制御すること
が可能である。つまり、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ２が、電
圧検出手段ＶＤ２を介して太陽電池ＰＶ２の最大電力点
を検出し、太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧を最大電力点に対
応する値に一致させるように、デューティ比を変化させ
る制御信号Ｓ１を電力変換手段ＩＶに送ることで、太陽
電池ＰＶ２から最大電力を取り出すことが可能となる。In the case of the photovoltaic power generator ST5, for example, a DC / DC converter or DC / AC
It is possible to control the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 to an arbitrary value by employing an inverter and changing the duty ratio of the gate pulse of the switching element of the inverter. That is, the output voltage control means CT2 detects the maximum power point of the solar cell PV2 via the voltage detection means VD2, and adjusts the duty ratio so that the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 matches the value corresponding to the maximum power point. By sending the control signal S1 to be changed to the power conversion means IV, it becomes possible to extract the maximum power from the solar cell PV2.

【０００７】ここで、太陽電池ＰＶ２の最大電力点に対
応する出力電圧の値を出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ２が検出す
る手法の一例を示す。まず、太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧
が低めの値（例えば図８の動作点Ｐ２に対応する電圧
値）となるよう、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ２の制御信号Ｓ
１を設定しておく。次に、制御信号Ｓ１を変化させて太
陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧を徐々に高くしてゆく。このと
き出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ２は、電圧検出手段ＶＤ２の出
力する信号Ｓ２から太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧の値を得
て、出力電圧が微小量変化するごとに出力電力を計算す
る。そしてそれとともに、出力電力の変化量を出力電圧
の変化量で除した値、すなわち出力電力を出力電圧で微
分した値の近似値をも計算する。Here, an example of a method of detecting the value of the output voltage corresponding to the maximum power point of the solar cell PV2 by the output voltage control means CT2 will be described. First, the control signal S2 of the output voltage control means CT2 is set so that the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 becomes a lower value (for example, a voltage value corresponding to the operating point P2 in FIG. 8).
Set 1 in advance. Next, the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 is gradually increased by changing the control signal S1. At this time, the output voltage control means CT2 obtains the value of the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 from the signal S2 output from the voltage detection means VD2, and calculates the output power every time the output voltage changes by a small amount. At the same time, a value obtained by dividing the change amount of the output power by the change amount of the output voltage, that is, an approximate value of a value obtained by differentiating the output power with the output voltage is calculated.

【０００８】このようにすれば、出力電力を出力電圧で
微分した値の近似値が正から負に転じたときに最大電力
点Ｐ１を越えたと判断できる。すなわち、そのときの出
力電圧の値が最大電力点Ｐ１に対応する値である。よっ
て、太陽電池ＰＶ２がこの出力電圧値を発生するように
制御信号Ｓ１を電力変換手段ＩＶに与えれば、太陽電池
ＰＶ２から最大電力が取り出せることになる。In this manner, it can be determined that the maximum power point P1 has been exceeded when the approximate value of the value obtained by differentiating the output power with the output voltage changes from positive to negative. That is, the value of the output voltage at that time is a value corresponding to the maximum power point P1. Therefore, if the control signal S1 is given to the power converter IV so that the solar cell PV2 generates this output voltage value, the maximum power can be extracted from the solar cell PV2.

【０００９】上記の手法は、動作点がＰ２からＰ１へと
山を昇るように変化することから「山登り法」と呼ばれ
ている。The above technique is called the "hill climbing method" because the operating point changes from P2 to P1 so as to climb the mountain.

【００１０】[0010]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】先述のように、最大電
力点Ｐ１は環境条件によって時々刻々と変化する。よっ
て従来の太陽光発電装置ＳＴ５では、常時、太陽電池か
ら最大電力を取り出すために、山登り法のような検出動
作が頻繁に行われていた。As described above, the maximum power point P1 changes every moment depending on environmental conditions. Therefore, in the conventional solar power generation device ST5, a detection operation such as a hill-climbing method is frequently performed in order to always extract the maximum power from the solar cell.

【００１１】しかし、上記の太陽光発電装置ＳＴ５でそ
のような検出動作を頻繁に行うと、環境条件にほとんど
変化がなく太陽電池がほぼ一定の電力を出力することが
可能な場合であっても、太陽電池の出力電圧及び出力電
力を絶えず変動させてしまうことになる。そのため、太
陽光発電装置全体の動作の安定度が損なわれる可能性が
あり、また、負荷ＬＤが商用周波電力系統である場合に
は電力系統全体に対しても安定度の低下をもたらす可能
性があった。However, if such a detecting operation is frequently performed in the solar power generation device ST5, even if the solar cell can output substantially constant power with little change in environmental conditions. As a result, the output voltage and output power of the solar cell are constantly fluctuated. Therefore, the stability of the operation of the entire photovoltaic power generator may be impaired, and when the load LD is a commercial frequency power system, the stability may be reduced for the entire power system. there were.

【００１２】またさらに、先述の山登り法自身にも問題
が存在する。例えば太陽電池の受光面の一部が日陰とな
った場合などには、太陽電池の出力電力−出力電圧特性
が、図８ではなく図９に示すグラフのようになる場合が
ある。図９では、出力電圧の値がＶ３のときに一つの出
力電力のピークＰ５を有し、さらに、出力電圧の値がＶ
２のときにＰ５よりも大きな値の出力電力のピークＰ４
を有している。もしこのような出力電力−出力電圧特性
のもとで山登り法を行えば、真の最大電力点である動作
点Ｐ４を検出する前に、誤って動作点Ｐ５を最大電力点
であると認識し、太陽電池の出力電圧の値をＶ２ではな
くＶ３に設定してしまう可能性がある。Further, there is a problem in the above-mentioned hill-climbing method itself. For example, when a part of the light receiving surface of the solar cell is shaded, the output power-output voltage characteristic of the solar cell may become a graph shown in FIG. 9 instead of FIG. In FIG. 9, when the value of the output voltage is V3, there is one output power peak P5, and when the value of the output voltage is V3.
In the case of 2, a peak P4 of output power having a value larger than P5
have. If the hill-climbing method is performed under such output power-output voltage characteristics, the operating point P5 is erroneously recognized as the maximum power point before the operating point P4, which is the true maximum power point, is detected. There is a possibility that the value of the output voltage of the solar cell is set to V3 instead of V2.

【００１３】この発明は、上記の問題に鑑みて、太陽電
池の出力電圧及び出力電力を不必要に変動させずに、か
つ、太陽電池の出力電力−出力電圧特性が複数のピーク
を有する場合であっても正確に最大電力点を検出するこ
とが可能な、最大電力点追尾機能を有する太陽光発電装
置を実現するものである。The present invention has been made in consideration of the above problems, and has been made in consideration of a case where the output voltage and output power of a solar cell do not needlessly fluctuate and the output power-output voltage characteristic of the solar cell has a plurality of peaks. The present invention realizes a photovoltaic power generator having a maximum power point tracking function capable of accurately detecting the maximum power point.

【００１４】[0014]

【課題を解決するための手段】この発明のうち請求項１
にかかるものは、第１の太陽電池と、前記第１の太陽電
池に並列に接続された第１のコンデンサと、前記第１の
コンデンサの一端に接続された一端及び他端を有するス
イッチと、前記スイッチの前記他端に接続された一端及
び前記コンデンサの他端に接続された他端を有する抵抗
と、前記スイッチを制御して前記第１の太陽電池の前記
最大電力点に対応する出力電圧を検出する出力電圧制御
手段とを備える太陽電池制御装置である。Means for Solving the Problems Claim 1 of the present invention
A first solar cell, a first capacitor connected in parallel to the first solar cell, a switch having one end and the other end connected to one end of the first capacitor, A resistor having one end connected to the other end of the switch and the other end connected to the other end of the capacitor; and an output voltage corresponding to the maximum power point of the first solar cell by controlling the switch. And an output voltage control means for detecting the voltage.

【００１５】この発明のうち請求項２にかかるものは、
請求項１記載の太陽電池制御装置であって、前記第１の
太陽電池の前記最大電力点は所定の範囲内にあることが
既知であり、前記抵抗は、前記スイッチがオンして前記
第１の太陽電池と前記第１のコンデンサと前記抵抗とが
第１の定常状態にあるときに、前記第１の太陽電池の出
力電圧が前記所定の範囲の下限よりも低くなる値を有
し、前記出力電圧制御手段は、前記第１の太陽電池の出
力電圧及び前記出力電力を検出しつつ、前記第１の定常
状態から前記スイッチをオフして前記第１の太陽電池と
前記第１のコンデンサとを第２の定常状態へと移行させ
る第１の動作、及び前記第２の定常状態から前記スイッ
チをオフして前記第１の定常状態へと移行させる第２の
動作を行って、前記第１及び第２の動作のいずれにおい
ても前記第１の太陽電池の出力電圧及び出力電力の経時
変化を求めることによって前記第１の太陽電池の前記最
大電力点に対応する出力電圧を検出する。According to a second aspect of the present invention,
2. The solar cell control device according to claim 1, wherein the maximum power point of the first solar cell is known to be within a predetermined range, and the resistance of the first solar cell is reduced when the switch is turned on. When the solar cell, the first capacitor, and the resistor are in a first steady state, the output voltage of the first solar cell has a value that is lower than a lower limit of the predetermined range, The output voltage control means turns off the switch from the first steady state while detecting the output voltage and the output power of the first solar cell, and the first solar cell and the first capacitor Performing a first operation of shifting the first steady state to a second steady state, and a second operation of turning off the switch from the second steady state to the first steady state. The first sun in any of the first and second operations. Detecting an output voltage corresponding to the maximum power point of the first solar cell by measuring the change in the output voltage and output power of the pond.

【００１６】この発明のうち請求項３にかかるものは、
請求項１または２記載の太陽電池制御装置であって、前
記抵抗に並列接続された第２のコンデンサをさらに備え
る。According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
The solar cell control device according to claim 1, further comprising a second capacitor connected in parallel to the resistor.

【００１７】この発明のうち請求項４にかかるものは、
請求項１乃至請求項３のいずれか一つに記載の太陽電池
制御装置と、前記第１の太陽電池の前記最大電力点と一
定の関係を有する最大電力点を有し、前記第１の太陽電
池と同じ環境条件に置かれた第２の太陽電池と、負荷
と、前記第２の太陽電池の出力電圧を、前記第１の太陽
電池の前記最大電力点に対応する出力電圧と前記一定の
関係とに基づいて制御しつつ、前記負荷に伝達する電力
変換手段とを備える太陽光発電装置である。According to a fourth aspect of the present invention,
4. The solar cell control device according to claim 1, wherein the first solar cell has a maximum power point having a fixed relationship with the maximum power point of the first solar cell. 5. A second solar cell placed under the same environmental conditions as the battery, a load, and an output voltage of the second solar cell, the output voltage of the first solar cell corresponding to the maximum power point and the constant And a power conversion unit that transmits the load to the load while controlling based on the relationship.

【００１８】この発明のうち請求項５にかかるものは、
請求項４記載の太陽光発電装置であって、前記第１の太
陽電池は、複数の同特性の第３の太陽電池を直列に接続
したものであり、前記第３の太陽電池の各々が、前記第
２の太陽電池と絶縁されつつ前記第２の太陽電池の各部
分と同じ環境条件に置かれている。According to a fifth aspect of the present invention,
The photovoltaic power generator according to claim 4, wherein the first solar cell is obtained by connecting a plurality of third solar cells having the same characteristics in series, and each of the third solar cells is: While being insulated from the second solar cell, it is placed in the same environmental condition as each part of the second solar cell.

【００１９】この発明のうち請求項６にかかるものは、
請求項１乃至請求項３のいずれか一つに記載の太陽電池
制御装置と、負荷と、前記第１の太陽電池の出力電圧
を、前記第１の太陽電池の前記最大電力点に対応する出
力電圧に基づいて制御しつつ、前記負荷に伝達する電力
変換手段とを備える太陽光発電装置である。According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided:
4. The solar cell control device according to claim 1, a load, and an output voltage of the first solar cell corresponding to the maximum power point of the first solar cell. 5. And a power converter that transmits the load to the load while controlling based on the voltage.

【００２０】この発明のうち請求項７にかかるものは、
請求項６記載の太陽光発電装置であって、前記電力変換
手段から前記太陽電池制御装置への電力の逆流を阻止す
る電力逆流阻止手段をさらに備える。According to a seventh aspect of the present invention,
7. The photovoltaic power generator according to claim 6, further comprising a power backflow prevention unit for preventing a backflow of power from the power conversion unit to the solar cell control device.

【００２１】[0021]

【発明の実施の形態】実施の形態１．図１は、本実施の
形態にかかる太陽光発電装置ＳＴ１を示したものであ
る。この太陽光発電装置ＳＴ１は、太陽電池ＰＶ２と、
負荷の一例として交流負荷ＬＤ１とを備えている。そし
てさらに太陽光発電装置ＳＴ１は、ノードＮ４において
太陽電池ＰＶ２の正極に、ノードＮ５において太陽電池
ＰＶ２の負極に、ノードＮ６，Ｎ７において交流負荷Ｌ
Ｄ１の入力端にそれぞれ接続されて太陽電池ＰＶ２の出
力電力を交流負荷ＬＤ１に伝達する電力変換手段の一例
として電圧形インバータＩＶ１を備え、また、信号Ｓ２
を出力し、太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電力−出力電圧特性を
検出するために用いられる特性検出手段ＣＤ１と、信号
Ｓ２を受信し、特性検出手段ＣＤ１に制御信号Ｓ３を与
え、太陽電池ＰＶ２を最大電力点の下で動作させるよう
電圧形インバータＩＶ１に制御信号Ｓ１ａ〜Ｓ１ｄを与
える出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１とを備えている。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Embodiment 1 FIG. 1 shows a solar power generation device ST1 according to the present embodiment. This solar power generation device ST1 includes a solar cell PV2,
An AC load LD1 is provided as an example of the load. Further, the photovoltaic power generation device ST1 further includes the positive electrode of the solar cell PV2 at the node N4, the negative electrode of the solar cell PV2 at the node N5, and the AC load L at the nodes N6 and N7.
A voltage type inverter IV1 is provided as an example of power conversion means connected to the input terminals of D1 to transmit the output power of the solar cell PV2 to the AC load LD1, and the signal S2
, And receives a signal S2 and a signal S2 used to detect the output power-output voltage characteristic of the solar cell PV2, and supplies a control signal S3 to the characteristic detecting means CD1 to supply the maximum power to the solar cell PV2. And an output voltage control means CT1 for supplying control signals S1a to S1d to the voltage source inverter IV1 so as to operate below the point.

【００２２】なお、特性検出手段ＣＤ１は、特性検出用
太陽電池ＰＶ１と、ノードＮ１，Ｎ２において特性検出
用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力端にその両端が接続されたコン
デンサＣ１と、ノードＮ１，Ｎ２間の特性検出用太陽電
池ＰＶ１の出力電圧を信号Ｓ２として出力電圧制御手段
ＣＴ１に出力する電圧検出手段ＶＤ１と、一端がノード
Ｎ１に接続され、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１からの制御信
号Ｓ３によりオンオフするスイッチＳＷと、一端がスイ
ッチＳＷの他端に接続され、他端がノードＮ２に接続さ
れた抵抗ＲＳとを有している。The characteristic detecting means CD1 includes a characteristic detecting solar cell PV1, a capacitor C1 having both ends connected to the output terminal of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 at the nodes N1 and N2, and a node N1 and a node N2. A voltage detection means VD1 for outputting the output voltage of the characteristic detection solar cell PV1 as a signal S2 to the output voltage control means CT1, and a switch SW having one end connected to the node N1 and turned on and off by a control signal S3 from the output voltage control means CT1. And a resistor RS having one end connected to the other end of the switch SW and the other end connected to the node N2.

【００２３】ここで太陽電池ＰＶ２は、特性検出用太陽
電池ＰＶ１とほぼ同様の特性を有するものを例えば直列
にＮ（Ｎ≧１を満たす整数）個接続して構成されたもの
であり、また、太陽電池ＰＶ２と特性検出用太陽電池Ｐ
Ｖ１とは、日射量や温度等の環境条件が等しくなるよ
う、例えば両者が同一平面上に近接して設置されてい
る。なお出力電圧の数値例としては、特性検出用太陽電
池ＰＶ１の出力電圧を例えば１０Ｖ程度とした場合、太
陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧が２００Ｖ程度となるようにす
る。Here, the solar cell PV2 is formed by connecting, for example, N (an integer that satisfies N ≧ 1) cells having substantially the same characteristics as the solar cell PV1 for detecting characteristics. Solar cell PV2 and solar cell P for characteristic detection
For example, V1 is installed close to the same plane so that environmental conditions such as the amount of solar radiation and temperature are equal. As a numerical example of the output voltage, when the output voltage of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 is set to, for example, about 10 V, the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 is set to be about 200 V.

【００２４】なお、電圧形インバータＩＶ１は周知の構
造と同じものであり、両端がノードＮ４，Ｎ５に接続さ
れたコンデンサＣ２と、コレクタがノードＮ４に、エミ
ッタがノードＮ７にそれぞれ接続されたトランジスタＴ
１と、コレクタがノードＮ７に、エミッタがノードＮ５
にそれぞれ接続されたトランジスタＴ２と、コレクタが
ノードＮ４に、エミッタがノードＮ６にそれぞれ接続さ
れたトランジスタＴ３と、コレクタがノードＮ６に、エ
ミッタがノードＮ５にそれぞれ接続されたトランジスタ
Ｔ４とを有し、直流電力を交流電力に変換する。なお、
トランジスタＴ１〜Ｔ４の各ゲートには、制御信号Ｓ１
ａ〜Ｓ１ｄの各信号が与えられている。The voltage-source inverter IV1 has the same structure as that of the well-known one, and includes a capacitor C2 having both ends connected to nodes N4 and N5, a transistor T2 having a collector connected to node N4 and an emitter connected to node N7.
1, the collector is at the node N7, and the emitter is at the node N5.
, A transistor T3 having a collector connected to the node N4, an emitter connected to the node N6, and a transistor T4 having a collector connected to the node N6 and an emitter connected to the node N5, respectively. Converts DC power to AC power. In addition,
A control signal S1 is provided to each gate of the transistors T1 to T4.
Signals a to S1d are provided.

【００２５】以下に、この太陽光発電装置ＳＴ１の動作
について図８を用いて説明する。Hereinafter, the operation of the photovoltaic power generator ST1 will be described with reference to FIG.

【００２６】まず最初に、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１は、
スイッチＳＷがオフとなるよう制御信号Ｓ３を設定す
る。するとコンデンサＣ１は、その両端の電圧が特性検
出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の最大発電可能電圧近くになるまで
充電されて定常状態に至る（なお、特性検出用太陽電池
ＰＶ１の内部抵抗が存在するため、特性検出用太陽電池
ＰＶ１の最大発電可能電圧までは充電されない）。つま
り、この定常状態での特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の状態
は、図８に示した出力電力−出力電圧特性の動作点Ｐ３
に相当する。First, the output voltage control means CT1
The control signal S3 is set so that the switch SW is turned off. Then, the capacitor C1 is charged until the voltage at both ends thereof becomes close to the maximum power generation possible voltage of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1, and reaches a steady state (note that the internal resistance of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 has an It is not charged up to the maximum power generation voltage of the detection solar cell PV1). That is, the state of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 in the steady state is the operating point P3 of the output power-output voltage characteristic shown in FIG.
Is equivalent to

【００２７】そして、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１は、信号
Ｓ２によってコンデンサＣ１の充電を検知してスイッチ
ＳＷがオンとなるよう制御信号Ｓ３を設定する。する
と、コンデンサＣ１と抵抗ＲＳとの並列接続が特性検出
用太陽電池ＰＶ１にとっての新たな負荷となるので、特
性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力電圧はこの負荷に対応す
る他の定常状態へと移行することになる。抵抗ＲＳへと
特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１から電流が流れるので、特性
検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の内部抵抗により特性検出用太陽
電池ＰＶ１の出力電圧、すなわちノードＮ１，Ｎ２間の
電圧は低下する。この際、コンデンサＣ１に蓄積された
電荷の一部も抵抗ＲＳへと流れるので、ノードＮ１，Ｎ
２間の電圧は、急峻にではなくコンデンサＣ１の容量値
と抵抗ＲＳの抵抗値とで定まる時定数で変動する。よっ
て、予め抵抗ＲＳの値を小さく調整しておけば、特性検
出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力電圧が図８における電圧Ｖ１
よりも低い値となり、動作点Ｐ３から最大電力点Ｐ１を
経て動作点Ｐ２へと所定の時定数で至るようにすること
ができる。なお、通常は最大電力点Ｐ１の位置は、ある
程度の範囲内に収まっていることが既知であるので、抵
抗ＲＳの値は、スイッチＳＷをオンして定常状態にした
ときに動作点Ｐ２がこの範囲よりもグラフ上で左側に存
在する程度に、小さく設定することができる。そして、
コンデンサＣ１の容量値は、後述するサンプリング時間
の間隔よりも時定数が大きくなるように設定される。The output voltage control means CT1 detects the charging of the capacitor C1 based on the signal S2 and sets the control signal S3 so that the switch SW is turned on. Then, since the parallel connection of the capacitor C1 and the resistor RS becomes a new load for the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1, the output voltage of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 shifts to another steady state corresponding to this load. Will be. Since a current flows from the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 to the resistor RS, the output voltage of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1, that is, the voltage between the nodes N1 and N2, decreases due to the internal resistance of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1. At this time, a part of the electric charge accumulated in the capacitor C1 also flows to the resistor RS, so that the nodes N1, N1
The voltage between the two varies not steeply but with a time constant determined by the capacitance value of the capacitor C1 and the resistance value of the resistor RS. Therefore, if the value of the resistance RS is adjusted in advance to a small value, the output voltage of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 becomes equal to the voltage V1 in FIG.
Thus, the operating point P3 reaches the operating point P2 via the maximum power point P1 with a predetermined time constant. Since the position of the maximum power point P1 is usually known to be within a certain range, the value of the resistor RS is set such that the operating point P2 is It can be set small enough to be on the left side of the graph than the range. And
The capacitance value of the capacitor C1 is set so that the time constant becomes larger than the sampling time interval described later.

【００２８】そして、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１は信号Ｓ
２によってコンデンサＣ１の両端の電圧の低下を検知し
て、再びスイッチＳＷがオフとなるよう制御信号Ｓ３を
設定し、コンデンサＣ１を充電して特性検出用太陽電池
ＰＶ１の出力電圧の値を増加させる。すなわち、動作点
Ｐ２の定常状態から最大電力点Ｐ１を経て動作点Ｐ３の
定常状態にまで戻す。The output voltage control means CT1 outputs the signal S
2, the control signal S3 is set so that the switch SW is turned off again, and the capacitor C1 is charged to increase the value of the output voltage of the characteristic detection solar cell PV1. . That is, the operation state is returned from the steady state at the operating point P2 to the steady state at the operating point P3 via the maximum power point P1.

【００２９】以上のようなスイッチＳＷのオンオフの動
作を繰り返すことで、特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力
電力及び出力電圧が、最大電力点Ｐ１を含む広い範囲の
出力電力−出力電圧特性を何度も描くことになる。つま
りこれによって、環境条件により時々刻々と変化する出
力電力−出力電圧特性及び最大電力点Ｐ１の最新の情報
を採取することができる。なお、スイッチＳＷのオンオ
フのスイッチング周波数をコンデンサＣ１の容量値と抵
抗ＲＳの抵抗値とで定まる時定数の逆数よりも小さく、
例えば数Ｈｚ〜数十Ｈｚ程度にしておけば、環境条件の
時間変化には充分に対応できる。By repeating the ON / OFF operation of the switch SW as described above, the output power and the output voltage of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 change over a wide range of output power-output voltage characteristics including the maximum power point P1. Will also draw. That is, this makes it possible to collect the latest information on the output power-output voltage characteristics and the maximum power point P1 that change moment by moment due to environmental conditions. Note that the on / off switching frequency of the switch SW is smaller than the reciprocal of a time constant determined by the capacitance value of the capacitor C1 and the resistance value of the resistor RS,
For example, if the frequency is set to several Hz to several tens Hz, it is possible to sufficiently cope with a temporal change in environmental conditions.

【００３０】また以上のことは、特性検出用太陽電池Ｐ
Ｖ１の出力電力−出力電圧特性が図９に示すような複数
のピークを有する形状やその他の形状になった場合であ
っても、同様に当てはまる。The above is also true of the characteristic detecting solar cell P
The same applies to the case where the output power-output voltage characteristic of V1 has a shape having a plurality of peaks as shown in FIG. 9 or another shape.

【００３１】さて特性検出手段ＣＤ１にこのような動作
をさせている間、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１では、電圧検
出手段ＶＤ１の出力する信号Ｓ２から特性検出用太陽電
池ＰＶ１の出力電圧の値を微小時間ごとにサンプリング
しており、それとともに各サンプリング時点において出
力電力を計算している。このときのサンプリング周波数
はコンデンサＣ１の容量値と抵抗ＲＳの抵抗値とで定ま
る時定数の逆数よりも大きく、例えば数百Ｈｚとしてお
けばよい。なお、出力電力は出力電圧と出力電流との積
で求めることができるので、計算は以下のようにして行
う。While the characteristic detecting means CD1 performs such an operation, the output voltage control means CT1 determines the value of the output voltage of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 from the signal S2 output from the voltage detecting means VD1 for a very short time. And the output power is calculated at each sampling time. The sampling frequency at this time is larger than the reciprocal of a time constant determined by the capacitance value of the capacitor C1 and the resistance value of the resistor RS, and may be set to, for example, several hundred Hz. Since the output power can be obtained by the product of the output voltage and the output current, the calculation is performed as follows.

【００３２】まず特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力電流
は、スイッチＳＷがオフの場合は、First, when the switch SW is off, the output current of the solar cell PV1 for detecting characteristics is

【００３３】[0033]

【数１】 (Equation 1)

【００３４】で表される。ここで、ｉは出力電流を、ｖ
は出力電圧を、ｔは時間を、Ｃ1はコンデンサＣ１の容
量をそれぞれ表している。よって、このときの出力電力
をｐとすれば、Is represented by Here, i is the output current, v
The output voltage, t the time, C 1 represents respectively the capacitance of the capacitor C1. Therefore, if the output power at this time is p,

【００３５】[0035]

【数２】 (Equation 2)

【００３６】として特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力電
力を計算することが可能である。ここで、Δｖは一つ前
のサンプリング時点と現在のサンプリング時点との間の
出力電圧ｖの変化量を、Δｔはサンプリングの時間間隔
をそれぞれ表している。The output power of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 can be calculated. Here, Δv represents the amount of change in the output voltage v between the immediately preceding sampling point and the current sampling point, and Δt represents the sampling time interval.

【００３７】またスイッチＳＷがオンの場合、特性検出
用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力電流は数１と同様に、When the switch SW is turned on, the output current of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 is calculated by

【００３８】[0038]

【数３】 (Equation 3)

【００３９】で表される。ここで、Ｒは抵抗ＲＳの抵抗
値を表している。よって、このときの出力電力ｐは、Is represented by Here, R represents the resistance value of the resistor RS. Therefore, the output power p at this time is

【００４０】[0040]

【数４】 (Equation 4)

【００４１】として計算することが可能である。It is possible to calculate

【００４２】すると、スイッチＳＷがオンまたはオフす
るごとに、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１において特性検出用
太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力電力−出力電圧特性の数値データ
が得られることになる。よってそのデータから、そのと
き採取した出力電力−出力電圧特性の最大電力点及び最
大電力点に対応する出力電圧値が判明する。Then, every time the switch SW is turned on or off, the output voltage control means CT1 obtains numerical data of the output power-output voltage characteristic of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1. Therefore, from the data, the maximum power point and the output voltage value corresponding to the maximum power point of the output power-output voltage characteristic collected at that time are found.

【００４３】さて太陽電池ＰＶ２は、特性検出用太陽電
池ＰＶ１と同特性の太陽電池をＮ個直列に接続したもの
であって同じ環境条件下に置かれているので、その出力
電力−出力電圧特性は、図８に示したグラフと同じ形
で、縦軸、横軸をともにＮ倍しただけのものとなる。よ
って、太陽電池ＰＶ２の最大電力点と特性検出用太陽電
池ＰＶ１の最大電力点とは一定の関係を有することにな
り、そのため、太陽電池ＰＶ２の最大電力点に対応する
出力電圧値は、特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の最大電力点
に対応する出力電圧値をＮ倍した値に一致する。Since the solar cell PV2 is composed of N solar cells having the same characteristics as those of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 connected in series and placed under the same environmental conditions, the output power-output voltage characteristics Is the same as the graph shown in FIG. 8 and is obtained by simply multiplying both the vertical and horizontal axes by N times. Therefore, the maximum power point of the solar cell PV2 and the maximum power point of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 have a fixed relationship, and the output voltage value corresponding to the maximum power point of the solar cell PV2 is determined by the characteristic detection. It is equal to a value obtained by multiplying the output voltage value corresponding to the maximum power point of the solar cell PV1 by N times.

【００４４】そこで、太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧が、特
性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の最大電力点に対応する出力電
圧値をＮ倍した値となるように、電圧形インバータＩＶ
１の各トランジスタＴ１〜Ｔ４を動作させればよい。す
なわち出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１が、各トランジスタＴ１
〜Ｔ４のオン期間を計算して、各トランジスタＴ１〜Ｔ
４が上記の動作をするように制御信号Ｓ１ａ〜Ｓ１ｄを
与える。Therefore, the voltage-source inverter IV is set so that the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 becomes N times the output voltage value corresponding to the maximum power point of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1.
One transistor T1 to T4 may be operated. That is, the output voltage control means CT1
To T4 are calculated, and each transistor T1 to T4 is calculated.
4 provides control signals S1a to S1d so as to perform the above operation.

【００４５】本実施の形態にかかる太陽光発電装置ＳＴ
１を用いれば、従来の太陽光発電装置ＳＴ５の場合と異
なり、特性検出手段ＣＤ１を用いて太陽電池ＰＶ２の最
大電力点及び最大電力点に対応する出力電圧を検出する
ので、太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧及び出力電力を不必要
に変動させることがなく、そのため太陽光発電装置全体
の動作の安定度を損なうことがない。また、山登り法の
ように出力電力を出力電圧で微分した値の近似値を用い
るのではなく、広い範囲の出力電力−出力電圧特性の数
値データを採取した上で最大電力点を検出するので、出
力電力−出力電圧特性が複数のピークを有する場合であ
っても、正確に最大電力点を検出することが可能であ
る。The photovoltaic power generator ST according to the present embodiment
1, the maximum power point of the solar cell PV2 and the output voltage corresponding to the maximum power point are detected using the characteristic detecting means CD1, unlike the case of the conventional solar power generation apparatus ST5. The voltage and the output power do not needlessly fluctuate, so that the stability of operation of the entire photovoltaic power generator is not impaired. Also, instead of using the approximate value of the value obtained by differentiating the output power with the output voltage as in the hill-climbing method, the maximum power point is detected after sampling numerical data of the output power-output voltage characteristics in a wide range. Even when the output power-output voltage characteristic has a plurality of peaks, it is possible to accurately detect the maximum power point.

【００４６】なお、図１のうちノードＮ２をノードＮ５
と共通にして図２に示すような回路構成にしたとして
も、上記の説明は全てそのまま当てはまり、動作上支障
が生じることはない。図２のようにすれば、ノードＮ５
とノードＮ２とのそれぞれに固定電位を与える必要がな
くなる、必要配線数が削減できる、といった利点が生ま
れる。It should be noted that the node N2 in FIG.
Even if a circuit configuration as shown in FIG. 2 is used in common with the above, all of the above description applies as it is, and there is no problem in operation. According to FIG. 2, the node N5
It is no longer necessary to apply a fixed potential to each of the node and the node N2, and the number of required wirings can be reduced.

【００４７】また上記の説明では、太陽電池ＰＶ２は、
特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１とほぼ同様の特性を有するも
のがＮ個直列に接続されて構成されていたが、この他に
も直並列構造のものであってもよい。In the above description, the solar cell PV2 is
Although the solar cell PV1 having substantially the same characteristics as the solar cell PV1 for characteristic detection is configured to be connected in series, N may be a series-parallel structure.

【００４８】さらに、上記の説明では負荷として交流負
荷を用い、電力変換手段として電圧形インバータを用い
ていたが、例えば他に、負荷として直流負荷を採用する
場合には、電力変換手段として昇降圧形チョッパなどの
ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータを用いればよい。Further, in the above description, an AC load is used as the load and a voltage source inverter is used as the power conversion means. However, for example, when a DC load is used as the load, a step-up / step-down voltage is used as the power conversion means. A DC / DC converter such as a chopper may be used.

【００４９】なお、特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１について
は、例えば図３に示すように複数の同特性の太陽電池を
直列に接続したものを用いてもよい。図３では、回路的
に太陽電池ＰＶ２と絶縁されつつ太陽電池ＰＶ２が設け
られたパネルの各部分に配置された複数の太陽電池ＰＶ
１ａ〜ＰＶ１ｄを直列接続したものが、全体として一つ
の特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１を構成している。As the solar cell PV1 for detecting characteristics, for example, a solar cell having a plurality of solar cells having the same characteristics connected in series as shown in FIG. 3 may be used. In FIG. 3, a plurality of solar cells PV arranged in each part of the panel provided with the solar cells PV2 while being insulated from the solar cells PV2 in a circuit manner.
One in which 1a to PV1d are connected in series constitutes one characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 as a whole.

【００５０】もし特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１が一つの太
陽電池しか有していなかったとすると、例えば、太陽電
池ＰＶ２の受光面の一部は日陰になるが特性検出用太陽
電池ＰＶ１の受光面が日陰にならないという状況になっ
た場合に、太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電力−出力電圧特性は
変化するにもかかわらず、特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の
出力電力−出力電圧特性にその変化が反映されないこと
になる。If the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 has only one solar cell, for example, a part of the light receiving surface of the solar cell PV2 is shaded but the light receiving surface of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 is shaded. When the situation does not occur, although the output power-output voltage characteristic of the solar cell PV2 changes, the change is not reflected in the output power-output voltage characteristic of the characteristic detection solar cell PV1. .

【００５１】よって、図３のように太陽電池ＰＶ２の各
部分に分散して太陽電池ＰＶ１ａ〜ＰＶ１ｄを配置して
おれば、太陽電池ＰＶ２の受光面の環境条件の変化が、
特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１でも検出できることになる。
すなわち、太陽電池ＰＶ２がその各部分で異なる環境条
件となった場合であっても、特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１
の最大電力点が、太陽電池ＰＶ２の最大電力点との一定
の関係を保つようにすることができる。ただしこの場
合、特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１が複数の同特性の太陽電
池の直列接続から構成されているので、特性検出用太陽
電池ＰＶ１の最大電力点に対応する出力電圧値をＮ倍し
て太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧とするのではなく、Ｎ／
（特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の有する太陽電池の数）倍
して太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧とする必要がある。Therefore, if the solar cells PV1a to PV1d are arranged dispersedly in each part of the solar cell PV2 as shown in FIG. 3, the change in the environmental condition of the light receiving surface of the solar cell PV2 is
It can be detected even by the solar cell PV1 for detecting characteristics.
That is, even when the solar cell PV2 has different environmental conditions in each part thereof, the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1
Can maintain a constant relationship with the maximum power point of the solar cell PV2. However, in this case, since the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 is composed of a plurality of solar cells having the same characteristic connected in series, the output voltage value corresponding to the maximum power point of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 is multiplied by N to obtain the solar cell. Instead of using the output voltage of battery PV2, N /
It is necessary to multiply (the number of solar cells included in the characteristic detection solar cell PV1) by the output voltage of the solar cell PV2.

【００５２】さて、本実施の形態と類似した技術思想と
して、特開平８−２９７５１６号公報に記載の太陽光発
電装置がある。この技術を太陽光発電装置ＳＴ２として
図４に示す。太陽光発電装置ＳＴ２は、太陽電池１と、
負荷４と、太陽電池１の動作電圧を所望の電圧に変換し
ＰＷＭ制御する制御部２と、制御部２へ太陽電池１の最
大電力点検出動作を指令するとともに最大電力点での動
作電圧を指令する演算部３とを備え、太陽電池１と制御
部２との間にスイッチ５、コンデンサ６及び抵抗７をさ
らに備えている。なお、制御部２はスイッチ５に対し、
コンデンサ６を太陽電池１に並列に接続するか、放電の
ためにコンデンサ６を抵抗７に接続するかを切り替える
制御信号１１を与える。Now, as a technical idea similar to that of the present embodiment, there is a photovoltaic power generator described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-297516. This technology is shown in FIG. 4 as a solar power generation device ST2. The solar power generation device ST2 includes a solar cell 1,
A load 4, a control unit 2 that converts the operating voltage of the solar cell 1 to a desired voltage and performs PWM control, and instructs the control unit 2 to perform an operation of detecting the maximum power point of the solar cell 1, and also converts the operating voltage at the maximum power point to It has a computing unit 3 for instructing, and further comprises a switch 5, a capacitor 6 and a resistor 7 between the solar cell 1 and the control unit 2. The control unit 2 controls the switch 5
A control signal 11 is provided to switch between connecting the capacitor 6 to the solar cell 1 in parallel or connecting the capacitor 6 to the resistor 7 for discharging.

【００５３】この太陽光発電装置ＳＴ２の動作は以下の
ようなものである。すなわち、コンデンサ６が太陽電池
１に並列に接続されているときに、演算部３が、太陽電
池１の出力電圧をサンプリングして、各サンプリング値
とその時間微分値とから出力電力を計算し、太陽電池１
の出力電力−出力電圧特性の数値データを得る。そし
て、演算部３はそのデータから、そのとき採取した出力
電力−出力電圧特性の最大電力点に対応する出力電圧値
を太陽電池１が出力するよう制御部２へと制御信号９，
１０を送信する。そしてその後、コンデンサ６を抵抗７
に接続してコンデンサ６に蓄積した電荷を放電させる。
このような特性検出動作を頻繁に繰り返し、太陽電池１
から常に最大電力を取り出すようにする。The operation of the photovoltaic power generator ST2 is as follows. That is, when the capacitor 6 is connected to the solar cell 1 in parallel, the calculation unit 3 samples the output voltage of the solar cell 1 and calculates the output power from each sampled value and its time derivative, Solar cell 1
Numerical data of the output power-output voltage characteristics of FIG. Then, the arithmetic unit 3 sends the control signal 9 and the control signal 9 to the control unit 2 so that the solar cell 1 outputs the output voltage value corresponding to the maximum power point of the output power-output voltage characteristic collected at that time from the data.
Send 10 Then, the capacitor 6 is connected to the resistor 7
To discharge the charge accumulated in the capacitor 6.
Such a characteristic detection operation is frequently repeated, and the solar cell 1
To always extract the maximum power from

【００５４】この特開平８−２９７５１６号公報に記載
の太陽光発電装置と本実施の形態にかかる太陽光発電装
置とは、太陽電池と並列接続されたコンデンサの端子電
圧を利用して太陽電池の出力電力−出力電圧特性を求め
最大電力点を検出する、という発想においては類似して
いるものの、以下に示すような大きな差異が存在する。The photovoltaic power generation device described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-297516 and the photovoltaic power generation device according to the present embodiment use the terminal voltage of a capacitor connected in parallel with the photovoltaic cell. Although the concept of obtaining the output power-output voltage characteristic and detecting the maximum power point is similar, there are significant differences as described below.

【００５５】まず、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ２ではコンデン
サ６がスイッチ５によって太陽電池１に接続されたりさ
れなかったりするが、本実施の形態にかかる太陽光発電
装置ＳＴ１ではコンデンサＣ１が常に特性検出用太陽電
池ＰＶ１に接続されている。そのため、太陽光発電装置
ＳＴ２では、コンデンサ６を抵抗７に接続してコンデン
サ６に蓄積した電荷を放電させている間は、太陽電池１
の最大電力点を検出することはできない。一方、太陽光
発電装置ＳＴ１では、コンデンサＣ１の両端の電圧は、
常に特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力電圧を示している
ので、スイッチＳＷがオンであってもオフであっても特
性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の最大電力点を検出することが
可能である。すると、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ１と太陽光発
電装置ＳＴ２との間で、同一回数分だけ太陽電池の出力
電力−出力電圧特性を求めるのに、スイッチＳＷのオン
オフのスイッチング周波数は、スイッチ５のスイッチン
グ周波数の半分でよいことになる。スイッチング周波数
を低く抑えることができると、出力電圧制御手段ＣＴ１
での制御が容易になる、という利点がある。First, in the photovoltaic power generator ST2, the capacitor 6 is connected or not connected to the solar cell 1 by the switch 5, but in the photovoltaic power generator ST1 according to the present embodiment, the capacitor C1 is always connected to the solar cell for characteristic detection. Connected to battery PV1. Therefore, in the solar power generation device ST2, while the capacitor 6 is connected to the resistor 7 and the electric charge stored in the capacitor 6 is discharged, the solar cell 1
Cannot be detected. On the other hand, in the solar power generation device ST1, the voltage across the capacitor C1 is
Since the output voltage of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 is always shown, it is possible to detect the maximum power point of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 regardless of whether the switch SW is on or off. Then, in order to obtain the output power-output voltage characteristics of the solar cell for the same number of times between the photovoltaic power generation devices ST1 and ST2, the on / off switching frequency of the switch SW is set to the switching frequency of the switch 5. Half of that would be fine. If the switching frequency can be kept low, the output voltage control means CT1
There is an advantage that the control in is easy.

【００５６】また、スイッチＳＷのスイッチング周波数
をスイッチ５のスイッチング周波数と同じ値にした場合
には、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ２では一回しか最大電力点を
検出できないところを、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ１では最大
電力点を二回検出できるので、最大電力点の時間変化を
より正確に捉えることが可能となる。When the switching frequency of the switch SW is set to the same value as the switching frequency of the switch 5, the point at which the maximum power point can be detected only once in the photovoltaic power generator ST2 is different from that in the photovoltaic power generator ST1. Since the power point can be detected twice, the time change of the maximum power point can be grasped more accurately.

【００５７】また、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ２では、特性を
検出するためのコンデンサ６が直接、太陽電池１に接続
されるので、コンデンサ６の検出動作が太陽電池１の出
力電力に対して変動等の悪影響を与える可能性がないと
はいえない。一方、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ１では、特性検
出手段ＣＤ１が太陽電池ＰＶ２を含む主回路側と回路的
に分離されているので、特性検出手段ＣＤ１での検出動
作が主回路の太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電力に対して悪影響
を与える可能性はほとんどない。In the photovoltaic power generator ST2, since the capacitor 6 for detecting the characteristics is directly connected to the solar cell 1, the operation of detecting the capacitor 6 may vary with respect to the output power of the solar cell 1. It cannot be said that there is no possibility of adverse effects. On the other hand, in the photovoltaic power generation device ST1, the characteristic detecting means CD1 is separated in circuit from the main circuit side including the solar cell PV2, so that the detection operation in the characteristic detecting means CD1 determines the output power of the solar cell PV2 in the main circuit. Is unlikely to have an adverse effect on

【００５８】さて、主回路の太陽電池とは別に特性検出
用太陽電池を設けた太陽光発電装置の他の例として、例
えば特開平６−１３１０６５号公報に記載の技術があ
る。しかし、この公報に記載の技術では制御信号Ｓ１に
相当する信号を計算する際に主回路側から電流を抽出し
ているので、やはり太陽電池の特性検出動作が主回路の
太陽電池の出力電力に対して悪影響を与える可能性がな
いとはいえない。As another example of a photovoltaic power generator provided with a solar cell for characteristic detection separately from the solar cell of the main circuit, there is a technique described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H6-131065. However, in the technique described in this publication, the current is extracted from the main circuit side when calculating a signal corresponding to the control signal S1, so that the characteristic detection operation of the solar cell also reduces the output power of the solar cell of the main circuit. It cannot be said that there is no possibility that it will adversely affect the situation.

【００５９】なお、本実施の形態を変形して、特性検出
用太陽電池ＰＶ１を用いずに直接、太陽電池ＰＶ２の特
性を検出することも不可能ではない。図５は、その場合
の変形例である太陽光発電装置ＳＴ３を示したものであ
る。この太陽光発電装置ＳＴ３は、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ
１における特性検出手段ＣＤ１の代わりに、特性検出用
太陽電池ＰＶ１を除去して、ノードＮ１をノードＮ４と
共通にし、ノードＮ２をノードＮ５と共通にした構造の
特性検出手段ＣＤ２を備えるものである。さらに太陽光
発電装置ＳＴ４は、ノードＮ４にアノードが接続され、
インバータＩＶ１のトランジスタＴ１のコレクタにカソ
ードが接続されたダイオードＤＩをも備えている。この
ダイオードＤＩは、太陽電池ＰＶ２の出力電圧が小さく
なってしまった場合に、コンデンサＣ２に蓄積されたエ
ネルギーが太陽電池ＰＶ２またはコンデンサＣ１または
抵抗ＲＳへと逆流して最大電力点を誤検知するのを防止
する目的で挿入されている。It is not impossible to modify the present embodiment to directly detect the characteristics of the solar cell PV2 without using the solar cell PV1 for detecting characteristics. FIG. 5 shows a photovoltaic power generation device ST3 which is a modified example in that case. This solar power generation device ST3 is a solar power generation device ST3.
In place of the characteristic detecting means CD1 in FIG. 1, a characteristic detecting means CD2 having a structure in which the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 is removed, the node N1 is made common to the node N4, and the node N2 is made common to the node N5. . Further, in the solar power generation device ST4, an anode is connected to the node N4,
It also has a diode DI whose cathode is connected to the collector of the transistor T1 of the inverter IV1. When the output voltage of the solar cell PV2 is reduced, the energy stored in the capacitor C2 flows back to the solar cell PV2, the capacitor C1, or the resistor RS, and the diode DI erroneously detects the maximum power point. It is inserted for the purpose of preventing.

【００６０】特性検出手段ＣＤ２を直接、太陽電池ＰＶ
２に接続しても支障がないことが明らかな場合には、こ
のような簡易な回路構成にしてもよい。The characteristic detecting means CD2 is directly connected to the solar cell PV.
If it is clear that there is no problem even if the connection is made to the second connection, such a simple circuit configuration may be adopted.

【００６１】実施の形態２．図６は、本実施の形態にか
かる太陽光発電装置ＳＴ３を示したものである。この太
陽光発電装置ＳＴ３は、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ１にさら
に、抵抗ＲＳに並列に接続されたコンデンサＣ３を加え
たものである。この太陽光発電装置ＳＴ３も、太陽光発
電装置ＳＴ１とほぼ同様の動作を行う。Embodiment 2 FIG. 6 shows a photovoltaic power generator ST3 according to the present embodiment. This solar power generation device ST3 is obtained by further adding a capacitor C3 connected in parallel with the resistor RS to the solar power generation device ST1. The photovoltaic power generation device ST3 also performs substantially the same operation as the photovoltaic power generation device ST1.

【００６２】ただし、コンデンサＣ３が追加されている
ことから、スイッチＳＷがオンの場合の特性検出用太陽
電池ＰＶ１の出力電流は、数３の代わりに、However, since the capacitor C3 is added, the output current of the characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 when the switch SW is turned on becomes

【００６３】[0063]

【数５】 (Equation 5)

【００６４】で計算される。ここで、Ｃ3はコンデンサ
Ｃ３の容量値を表している。よって、このときの出力電
力ｐは、数４の代わりに、Is calculated. Here, C 3 represents the capacitance value of the capacitor C3. Therefore, the output power p at this time is:

【００６５】[0065]

【数６】 (Equation 6)

【００６６】として計算される。Is calculated.

【００６７】また、スイッチＳＷがオフのときには、コ
ンデンサＣ３が追加されているので、抵抗ＲＳにはコン
デンサＣ３からの放電電流が流れることになる。When the switch SW is turned off, the discharge current from the capacitor C3 flows through the resistor RS because the capacitor C3 is added.

【００６８】本実施の形態にかかる太陽光発電装置を用
いれば、スイッチＳＷのオンオフにかかわらず、常に抵
抗ＲＳに電流を流し続けられるので、抵抗ＲＳで消費さ
れる電力の全部または一部を、例えば出力電圧制御回路
ＣＴ１の直流電源用電力として有効に活用することが可
能となる。そうすれば、太陽光発電装置ＳＴ３全体とし
ての電力効率が上昇する。When the photovoltaic power generator according to the present embodiment is used, the current can be continuously supplied to the resistor RS regardless of the on / off state of the switch SW. For example, it can be effectively used as DC power for the output voltage control circuit CT1. Then, the power efficiency of the entire solar power generation device ST3 increases.

【００６９】さらに例えば、太陽電池ＰＶ２から出力電
圧制御回路ＣＴ１の直流電源用電力を得るとすれば、そ
のために太陽電池ＰＶ２の２００Ｖ程度の出力電圧に耐
え得る高耐圧の半導体素子を用いた降圧回路が必要とな
る。しかし、特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１の出力電圧は１
０Ｖ程度であるので、高耐圧素子を備えない簡単な降圧
回路を使用することができる。Further, for example, if the power for the DC power supply of the output voltage control circuit CT1 is to be obtained from the solar cell PV2, a step-down circuit using a high withstand voltage semiconductor element capable of withstanding the output voltage of about 200V of the solar cell PV2 is used for that purpose. Is required. However, the output voltage of the characteristic detection solar cell PV1 is 1
Since the voltage is about 0 V, a simple step-down circuit having no high-voltage element can be used.

【００７０】[0070]

【発明の効果】この発明のうち請求項１にかかる太陽電
池制御装置を用いれば、第１のコンデンサの両端には常
時第１の太陽電池の出力電圧が与えられているので、ス
イッチがオンする期間においても、オフする期間におい
ても、第１の太陽電池の最大電力点を検出することが可
能となる。According to the solar cell controller of the present invention, the switch is turned on because the output voltage of the first solar cell is always applied to both ends of the first capacitor. The maximum power point of the first solar cell can be detected both during the period and during the period during which the first solar cell is turned off.

【００７１】この発明のうち請求項２にかかる太陽電池
制御装置を用いれば、最大電力点を含む範囲の第１の太
陽電池の出力電力−出力電圧特性が判明するので、環境
条件により時々刻々と変化する最大電力点の最新の情報
を採取することができる。さらに、第１の太陽電池の出
力電力−出力電圧特性が複数のピークを有する形状やそ
の他の形状になった場合であっても、最大電力点を正確
に検出することができる。また、第１及び第２の動作を
行うので第１の太陽電池の最大電力点の時間変化を正確
に捉えることができ、スイッチのスイッチング周波数を
高くする必要がなく、出力電圧制御手段の制御が容易で
ある。According to the solar cell control device of the second aspect of the present invention, the output power-output voltage characteristic of the first solar cell in the range including the maximum power point can be determined, so that it can be changed momentarily according to environmental conditions. The latest information of the changing maximum power point can be collected. Further, even when the output power-output voltage characteristic of the first solar cell has a shape having a plurality of peaks or another shape, the maximum power point can be accurately detected. Further, since the first and second operations are performed, the time change of the maximum power point of the first solar cell can be accurately grasped, and it is not necessary to increase the switching frequency of the switch, and the control of the output voltage control means can be performed. Easy.

【００７２】この発明のうち請求項３にかかる太陽電池
制御装置を用いれば、スイッチのオンオフにかかわら
ず、常に抵抗に電流を流し続けられるので、抵抗で消費
される電力の全部または一部を有効に活用することが可
能となる。例えば、出力電圧制御手段に活用することが
できる。According to the third aspect of the present invention, since the current can be continuously supplied to the resistor regardless of whether the switch is on or off, all or a part of the power consumed by the resistor can be effectively used. It can be used for For example, it can be used for output voltage control means.

【００７３】この発明のうち請求項４にかかる太陽光発
電装置を用いれば、第１の太陽電池を用いて第２の太陽
電池の最大電力点に対応する出力電圧が検出されるの
で、第２の太陽電池の出力電圧及び出力電力を不必要に
変動させることなく、常時その最大電力下で動作させる
ことができる。従って動作が安定しつつ最大電力を供給
する太陽光発電を行うことができる。When the photovoltaic power generator according to claim 4 of the present invention is used, the output voltage corresponding to the maximum power point of the second solar cell is detected using the first solar cell. Can be constantly operated at its maximum power without unnecessarily changing the output voltage and output power of the solar cell. Therefore, it is possible to perform solar power generation that supplies the maximum power while stabilizing the operation.

【００７４】この発明のうち請求項５にかかる太陽光発
電装置を用いれば、第２の太陽電池がその各部分で異な
る環境条件となった場合であっても、第１の太陽電池の
最大電力点が第２の太陽電池の最大電力点との関係を一
定に保つようにすることができる。According to the photovoltaic power generator of the present invention, the maximum power of the first solar cell can be obtained even when the second solar cell has different environmental conditions in each part. The point can maintain a constant relationship with the maximum power point of the second solar cell.

【００７５】この発明のうち請求項６にかかる太陽光発
電装置を用いれば、簡易な回路構成で、最大電力を得る
ための制御を行って太陽光発電を行うことができる。According to the photovoltaic power generator of the present invention, the photovoltaic power generation can be performed with a simple circuit configuration by performing control for obtaining the maximum power.

【００７６】この発明のうち請求項７にかかる太陽光発
電装置を用いれば、第１の太陽電池の出力電圧が小さく
なった場合であっても、太陽電池制御装置の誤動作を回
避することができる。According to the photovoltaic power generator of the present invention, even if the output voltage of the first photovoltaic cell becomes small, it is possible to avoid malfunction of the photovoltaic cell control device. .

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of the drawings]

【図１】 この発明の実施の形態１の太陽光発電装置を
示す回路図である。FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a photovoltaic power generator according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

【図２】 この発明の実施の形態１の太陽光発電装置の
変形例を示す回路図である。FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a modified example of the photovoltaic power generator according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

【図３】 この発明の実施の形態１の太陽光発電装置に
用いられる太陽電池ＰＶ２と特性検出用太陽電池ＰＶ１
の物理的配置例を示した図である。FIG. 3 shows a solar cell PV2 and a characteristic detecting solar cell PV1 used in the solar power generation device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of a physical arrangement of FIG.

【図４】 従来の太陽光発電装置を示す図である。FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a conventional solar power generation device.

【図５】 この発明の実施の形態１の太陽光発電装置の
変形例を示す回路図である。FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing a modified example of the photovoltaic power generator according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

【図６】 この発明の実施の形態２の太陽光発電装置を
示す回路図である。FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram showing a photovoltaic power generator according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

【図７】 従来の太陽光発電装置を示す図である。FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a conventional solar power generation device.

【図８】 太陽電池の出力電力−出力電圧特性を示す図
である。FIG. 8 is a diagram showing output power-output voltage characteristics of a solar cell.

【図９】 太陽電池の出力電力−出力電圧特性を示す図
である。FIG. 9 is a diagram showing output power-output voltage characteristics of a solar cell.

【符号の説明】[Explanation of symbols]

ＰＶ１ 特性検出用太陽電池、ＰＶ２ 太陽電池、ＶＤ
１，ＶＤ２ 電圧検出手段、Ｃ１〜Ｃ３ コンデンサ、
ＲＳ 抵抗、ＳＷ スイッチ、ＣＤ 特性検出手段、Ｃ
Ｔ１ 出力電圧制御手段、ＩＶ１ 電圧形インバータ、
ＬＤ１ 交流負荷。PV1 solar cell for characteristic detection, PV2 solar cell, VD
1, VD2 voltage detecting means, C1 to C3 capacitors,
RS resistance, SW switch, CD characteristic detecting means, C
T1 output voltage control means, IV1 voltage source inverter,
LD1 AC load.

フロントページの続き (72)発明者 笠 展幸 岡山県岡山市津島本町３−８パルテール桑 の木307 Ｆターム(参考） 5H420 BB03 BB12 CC03 DD03 EA10 EA45 FF03 Continued on the front page (72) Inventor Nobuyuki Kasa 3-8 Palter Mulberry Tree 3-8 Tsushimahonmachi, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture F-term (reference) 5H420 BB03 BB12 CC03 DD03 EA10 EA45 FF03

Claims (7)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項１】 第１の太陽電池と、 前記第１の太陽電池に並列に接続された第１のコンデン
サと、 前記第１のコンデンサの一端に接続された一端及び他端
を有するスイッチと、 前記スイッチの前記他端に接続された一端及び前記コン
デンサの他端に接続された他端を有する抵抗と、 前記スイッチを制御して前記第１の太陽電池の前記最大
電力点に対応する出力電圧を検出する出力電圧制御手段
とを備える太陽電池制御装置。A first solar cell; a first capacitor connected in parallel to the first solar cell; a switch having one end and the other end connected to one end of the first capacitor; A resistor having one end connected to the other end of the switch and the other end connected to the other end of the capacitor; and an output voltage corresponding to the maximum power point of the first solar cell by controlling the switch. And a voltage control means for detecting the voltage. 【請求項２】 前記第１の太陽電池の前記最大電力点は
所定の範囲内にあることが既知であり、 前記抵抗は、前記スイッチがオンして前記第１の太陽電
池と前記第１のコンデンサと前記抵抗とが第１の定常状
態にあるときに、前記第１の太陽電池の出力電圧が前記
所定の範囲の下限よりも低くなる値を有し、 前記出力電圧制御手段は、 前記第１の太陽電池の出力電圧及び前記出力電力を検出
しつつ、 前記第１の定常状態から前記スイッチをオフして前記第
１の太陽電池と前記第１のコンデンサとを第２の定常状
態へと移行させる第１の動作、及び前記第２の定常状態
から前記スイッチをオフして前記第１の定常状態へと移
行させる第２の動作を行って、前記第１及び第２の動作
のいずれにおいても前記第１の太陽電池の出力電圧及び
出力電力の経時変化を求めることによって前記第１の太
陽電池の前記最大電力点に対応する出力電圧を検出す
る、請求項１記載の太陽電池制御装置。2. It is known that the maximum power point of the first solar cell is within a predetermined range, and the resistance is such that the switch is turned on and the first solar cell and the first solar cell are connected to each other. When the capacitor and the resistor are in a first steady state, the output voltage of the first solar cell has a value that is lower than a lower limit of the predetermined range, and the output voltage control unit includes: While detecting the output voltage and the output power of the first solar cell, the switch is turned off from the first steady state to bring the first solar cell and the first capacitor into the second steady state. A first operation for shifting, and a second operation for turning off the switch from the second steady state to shift to the first steady state, and performing any of the first and second operations. Also the output voltage and output voltage of the first solar cell. Detecting an output voltage by determining the change over time corresponding to the maximum power point of the first solar cell, solar battery control device according to claim 1. 【請求項３】 前記抵抗に並列接続された第２のコンデ
ンサをさらに備える請求項１または２記載の太陽電池制
御装置。3. The solar cell control device according to claim 1, further comprising a second capacitor connected in parallel to said resistor. 【請求項４】 請求項１乃至請求項３のいずれか一つに
記載の太陽電池制御装置と、 前記第１の太陽電池の前記最大電力点と一定の関係を有
する最大電力点を有し、前記第１の太陽電池と同じ環境
条件に置かれた第２の太陽電池と、 負荷と、 前記第２の太陽電池の出力電圧を、前記第１の太陽電池
の前記最大電力点に対応する出力電圧と前記一定の関係
とに基づいて制御しつつ、前記負荷に伝達する電力変換
手段とを備える太陽光発電装置。4. The solar cell control device according to claim 1, comprising: a maximum power point having a fixed relationship with the maximum power point of the first solar cell; A second solar cell placed under the same environmental conditions as the first solar cell; a load; and an output voltage corresponding to the maximum power point of the first solar cell. A photovoltaic power generator comprising: power conversion means for transmitting to the load while controlling based on a voltage and the predetermined relationship. 【請求項５】 前記第１の太陽電池は、複数の同特性の
第３の太陽電池を直列に接続したものであり、 前記第３の太陽電池の各々が、前記第２の太陽電池と絶
縁されつつ前記第２の太陽電池の各部分と同じ環境条件
に置かれた、請求項４記載の太陽光発電装置。5. The first solar cell is obtained by connecting a plurality of third solar cells having the same characteristics in series, and each of the third solar cells is insulated from the second solar cell. The photovoltaic power generation device according to claim 4, wherein the photovoltaic power generation device is placed under the same environmental conditions as those of the respective parts of the second solar cell. 【請求項６】 請求項１乃至請求項３のいずれか一つに
記載の太陽電池制御装置と、 負荷と、 前記第１の太陽電池の出力電圧を、前記第１の太陽電池
の前記最大電力点に対応する出力電圧に基づいて制御し
つつ、前記負荷に伝達する電力変換手段とを備える太陽
光発電装置。6. The solar cell control device according to claim 1, wherein: a load; and an output voltage of the first solar cell, the maximum power of the first solar cell. And a power converter that transmits the load to the load while controlling based on an output voltage corresponding to the point. 【請求項７】 前記電力変換手段から前記太陽電池制御
装置への電力の逆流を阻止する電力逆流阻止手段をさら
に備える請求項６記載の太陽光発電装置。7. The photovoltaic power generator according to claim 6, further comprising power backflow prevention means for preventing backflow of power from said power conversion means to said solar cell control device.
JP16043599A 1999-06-08 1999-06-08 Solar cell control device and solar power generation device Expired - Fee Related JP3930999B2 (en)

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