ITPR20130070A1 - A BUILDING STRUCTURE OF WOODEN BUILDINGS AND BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION MADE THAT MADE - Google Patents

Description

DESCRIPTION

TITLE: A CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF SUPPORTING STRUCTURES, IN WOOD, OF BUILDINGS, AND CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTED

FIELD OF APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is part of the building field and concerns a construction system with a particular wooden supporting structure.

This system uses prefabricated structural elements such as beams, sawn timber and panels arranged according to a precise and effective arrangement, described and claimed hereinafter. The structure thus obtained is fixed to a system of quay beams integral with the foundations so as to create, together with other similar structures, the load-bearing skeleton of the building.

In other words, the invention deals with a construction system using structural elements (beams, uprights, etc.) which can be fixed together directly on site or partially prefabricated.

STATE OF THE ART

Building construction is represented by the assembly of different materials, which from their union generate a new object, which, together with others, creates the built environment.

In the field of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists in the construction of a set of connected structures on the basis of a project or in any case of some level of planning. It is not a single activity but rather a system of components, systems, finishes. For large-scale constructions the work is organized by a project manager and supervised by engineers, architects, construction companies, contractors.

For the success of the realization of a work the general plan of the intervention is essential. This links the architectural design to the construction and must consider several correlated factors: environmental impact and sustainability, the timing of the works, the safety of the construction site, the availability of resources and materials, logistics.

A construction can be represented by a simple masonry work (wall, etc.), a structure (staircase, etc.), a building (housing, offices, shops), a public work (bridge, stadium, etc.).

A construction can be classified:

• by different typology: construction in wood, stone, brick, reinforced concrete, mixed

• for different characteristics of resistance and environmental relationship: light (tensile structures), anti-seismic, bio-architectural etc.

STATE OF THE ART OF WOODEN CONSTRUCTIONS

Over time, various techniques have developed that use wood to create building elements capable of performing various functions within a building. The geographical spread and the temporal continuity of the use of wood have made it possible to perfect a considerable amount of construction techniques, the differentiations of which depend substantially on environmental, climatic, social, cultural and productive factors as well as, of course, on the availability of the raw material. .

In fact, in areas and times characterized by a large availability of wood, the technique of massive constructions with overlapping wooden trunks prevailed, otherwise known as "log house", still in use with various adaptations. On the other hand, in conditions of scarcity of the material, techniques have been developed, such as the “fachwerk” or “colombage”, which combines a wooden frame with brick infill. Although there are still valuable constructions built with this technique, it is not currently adopted on a large scale due to the construction complexities it implies.

Currently, the construction systems in use can be grouped into two broad categories (each of which includes different techniques):

Massive constructions, consisting of:

- overlapping logs

- structural multilayer panels

Light constructions, consisting of:

- load-bearing framework systems

- load-bearing panels with wooden frame

- supporting cage frame

The most popular techniques today are:

- evolved systems with overlapping trunks;

- cross-board structural panels joined with various systems (glues, pins, nails);

- platform frame, which belongs to the "supporting frame" systems, used extensively in the United States but spread all over the world;

- load-bearing panel systems with wooden frames, an evolution of the aforementioned platform frame, which allow for high prefabrication.

Each of the aforementioned techniques has specific characteristics, briefly described below:

- overlapping log system: involves the use of large quantities of wood (which gives the building thus created excellent massive characteristics) but is subject to considerable vertical expansion; moreover, due to today's essential energy efficiency needs, it requires further insulation.

- cross-board structural panel system: those joined with wooden pins or nails represent a market niche; those with glued boards prevail. This system allows the prefabrication of entire walls but has the limit of a massive use of glue.

- platform frame system: it is not a prefabricated system but a construction system codified in detail. It is aesthetically and / or architecturally adaptable, and is characterized by panels consisting of a frame of uprights and beams in "two by four" wood, that is 2 by 4 inches. This frame is covered, on both sides, with structural plywood panels or O.S.B. Similarly to the systems described above, it requires additional thermal insulation and makes extensive use of glues (present in the panels).

- load-bearing panel system with wooden frame, evolution of the aforementioned platform frame: it allows a very thorough prefabrication but has the same drawbacks as the platform frame (presence of glues).

EXPOSURE OF THE ADVANTAGES OF THE FOUND

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a new construction technique with a load-bearing structure, made entirely of natural materials, which is characterized by the aspects described below:

A. Structural: the perimeter walls, the structure of the floors and the roof, suitably positioned, form a "box" structure where the structural wooden elements are mainly stressed by compression or traction perpendicular to the grain, making the most of their physical-mechanical characteristics. The fixings are carried out with cylindrical shank connectors on elements placed orthogonally to each other; being numerous and uniformly distributed, they perform at best the function of dissipating the forces. This, combined with the construction typology that also exploits favorable compression and friction actions between the structural elements and the low specific weight of the materials used, gives the building excellent mechanical characteristics and excellent behavior against seismic actions.

B. Ecological: all the materials used are of natural origin, widely available and renewable. The processes required are not very energy-intensive and produce few processing waste, which is, moreover, reusable. At the end of its life, everything is fully reusable and / or recyclable. The entire process is therefore characterized by high sustainability.

C. Energy: the structure, the stratigraphy and the predisposition for the systems, was conceived as an organic whole, easy to create, which allows to obtain energy performance at the passive house level in the most diverse environmental contexts both in winter and summer conditions. , also through dimensional optimization and the choice of the most appropriate insulating materials.

D. Fire protection: the fire protection, despite the prejudices on wood, is good and can be further improved by protecting the wooden structural elements with finishing plates in fireproof material. The internal dividing walls are covered on both sides with plasterboard and / or fiberboard, therefore protected.

E. Comfort: in addition to the comfort typical of passive houses, due to the great insulation, which determines a uniform and constant temperature on all surfaces, in the presence of the controlled ventilation system, which ensures constant air exchange, this system benefits also of the excellent massive properties of the materials provided for the interior of the envelope. The construction, carried out entirely with materials of natural origin and without glues, ensures conditions of healthiness and absence of harmful emissions. The acoustic performance is high and superior to the standard requirements, thanks to the good characteristics of the materials used and the type of stratigraphy envisaged, which creates a mass-spring-mass system in each structural part.

F. Aesthetics: the flexibility of the system is such that it does not place great limits on the designer, except that of an accurate detailed design, which is always desirable and necessary to achieve the declared results. A wide choice of materials and finishes is possible for the exterior of the building; for the interiors, the wooden uprights, the quay beams and the beams of the floors can be left exposed or covered, leaving the designer maximum expressive possibilities.

G. Economical: the assembly system is quick and precise and, with the use of standard production materials, allows you to obtain exactly the results expected from the project specifications. This has a positive effect on costs, which do not undergo changes compared to the estimate and remain competitive with those of other less performing systems.

H. Flexibility: the system is suitable for the construction of the most varied construction types: houses with one or more floors, buildings, terraced houses, industrial, artisanal, commercial buildings, schools. It is particularly suitable for renovations with overhead and finally, it can be built in self-construction.

As for the materials, these are:

A) Wooden beams that can be of solid wood, KVH, or bilam / duo (formaldehyde-free) of variable sections, depending on the construction types and on the basis of structural calculations, from 50,60,80,100,120 or more mm for the shorter side (b) while the other side can be equal to the shorter or longer side; these beams are all of standard production and easily available.

In the following examples, reference will conventionally be made to uprights with a base width of 80 mm and to insulating panels with a width of 600 mm (the resulting center distance is, therefore, equal to 680 mm).

The measurement of the center distance of the uprights is in fact given by the width of the uprights themselves plus the width of the insulating panels inserted between them.

B) Other wood-based materials such as: glued board panels (formaldehyde-free), wood plywood panels (formaldehyde-free), rough and sawn wood boards, wood fiber, mineralized wood wool.

C) Other products made with widely available and renewable materials such as: fiber gypsum panels, plasterboard panels, fiber-reinforced concrete panels.

D) Insulating panels of mineral fibers, insulating cellular glass in gravel and panels.

E) Cellulose based insulation (recycled paper) in panels or flakes.

F) Hemp-based insulation.

G) Straw bales.

The objects and advantages described above are all achieved by the construction method and system object of the present invention, which is characterized by the provisions of the claims set forth below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The figures illustrate and highlight, purely by way of non-limiting example, the salient features of the invention.

- Figure 1: illustrates the portal structure, part of the invention, with which the construction system in question is realized;

- Figure 2: illustrates the union of several portals;

- Figure 3: illustrates the junction of the uprights with the beams;

- Figure 4: illustrates an overall construction example made with the system in question;

- Figure 5: illustrates the anchors to the stalls;

- Figure 6A: illustrates the union of the ground floor deck to the foundation slab and to the external uprights;

- Figure 6B: illustrates what is described in Figure 6A plus the planking of the ground floor;

- Figures 7A, 7B: illustrate the fixing of the external uprights of the various sides with the beams;

- Figure 8: illustrates the cross-board joining / bracing layer seen from the inside;

- Figure 9: illustrates the union / cross-bracing layer seen from the outside;

- Figure 10: illustrates the internal uprights, the quay beams, the floor beams, the main beam and the respective pillars;

- Figure 11A, 11B: illustrate, in plan and section, the union of the beams with the relative uprights and the bracing layer;

- Figure 12: illustrates a truss of the portal structure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FOUND

With reference to the figures indicated above, 11 indicates, as a whole, the supporting structure object of the invention, which uses structural elements such as:

A) vertical structures (load-bearing walls) consisting of:

- 2 internal uprights, one floor high, on which 3 platform beams rest

- Layer 4 of joining / bracing

- 5 external uprights, which extend vertically from the foundation to the roof.

B) Horizontal and / or inclined structures (specifically those of the floors and roofing) consisting of double beams 6 which rest on the quay beams 3 and clamp the external uprights of the walls like a "jaw".

The set of these elements forms "portals" 10, as illustrated in figure 1, which, arranged at regular intervals, are joined, by means of the vertical joining / bracing layer 4 (in the walls) and by the planks 7, horizontal or inclined, of the floors and the roof, as shown in Figure 2.

The portal structure 10 thus formed can be repeated to form the construction system 11 object of the invention.

The system can be assembled starting from prefabricated elements in the factory in the form of panels constituted by the frame, formed by the external uprights 5 or by the internal uprights 2 plus the joining / bracing layer 4; in this way, semi-closed panels are obtained already prepared with the openings for doors, windows, holes for the passage of the ceiling beams and sealing sheath which are positioned on site with the aid of mechanical means; bolted together, they support subsequent installations favoring a fast, accurate and precise realization.

It is also possible to assemble on site starting from wooden beams, sawn timber, panels and boards, all of standard production sized according to the calculations (in the following examples, for simplicity, we will refer to structures with cross-section beams with an 80 mm base. ). The individual parts of the system are prepared with simple cutting operations (previously performed in the factory or even on the construction site itself), simply assembled with staples, nails and screws, with a procedure that guarantees a precise and error-proof result. Figure 4 is an example of this, which generically illustrates a construction assembly.

The structure thus created has compartments already sized and designed to accommodate standard-sized insulating materials, fixtures and subsequent finishes, facilitating and speeding up the subsequent work phases.

The details of the structural elements are described below. PLAQUE OF THE GROUND FLOOR

On top of a suitable ground support system, for example a foundation slab 8 in reinforced concrete, the following are laid:

- a waterproofing sheath (not shown)

- of the quay beams 3 along the perimeter of the building and other beams inside them and at a suitable distance as a section breaker;

- the beams 6 of the foundation deck which, in pairs, "jaw" clamp the external uprights of the perimeter walls perpendicular to the beams themselves. The joints will be made with 9 "L" -shaped brackets anchored to the foundation plate with bottom pulls (Figure 5 illustrates precisely said anchors to the floor).

- the wooden plank 7 fixed with screws (detail in figure 6B) which is laid over the deck beams after filling the empty spaces with loose insulation.

STRUCTURE OF THE EXTERNAL LOADING WALLS

The structure of the perimeter walls, starting from the outside, consists of:

A) External uprights 5: they rest on the foundation quay beams 3 with their major axis perpendicular to these and are high up to the beams of the roof structure.

With reference to figures 7A and 7B it can be seen that the uprights 5 placed on the sides perpendicular to the beams are clamped "like a jaw" by the double beams 6 of the various floors, including the beams of the roofing plane; they are also fixed to the internal uprights 2, to the quay beams 3 and to the joining / bracing layer 4.

On the other hand, it is observed, again from figures 7A and 7B, that the external uprights 5 arranged on the other sides of the perimeter of the building are fixed to the internal uprights, to the quay beams and to the lateral beams of the deck of each floor and of the roof and to any herringbone walls and / or main beams, with screws crossing the joining / bracing layer.

B) Layer 4 of joining / bracing: on the internal side of the external uprights, structural panels are fixed, or two layers of 25 mm thick rough boards, rotated 45 ° with respect to the uprights and 90 ° between them. In this regard, see Figure 8 (union / bracing layer seen from the inside) and figure 9 (union / bracing layer seen from the outside).

C) Internal 2 uprights: with reference to figure 10, it is observed that the internal uprights are installed inside the joining / bracing layer, with a center distance of 1,360 mm (therefore two for every three external uprights); these generally have dimensions of 80 x 160 millimeters and a height that goes from the planking of the floor below to the quay beams of the next floor placed at their top.

The internal uprights 2 are laid orthogonally to the external uprights 5 and fixed to them with screws, clamping the bracing layer (which is therefore arranged between them) and forming a set of high strength and ductility.

Figures 11A and 11B illustrate, in vertical and horizontal section, the connection system of the beams 2, 5, 6, 13. This system provides for arranging the internal uprights 5 orthogonally with respect to the external uprights 2 and to fix them together by interposing the bonding / bracing layer 4; above the internal 5 uprights, the quay beams 3 are laid, also fixed to the 2 external uprights. Furthermore, the double beams 6 and 13 of all the floors rest on the quay beams 3 and, passing through holes in the joining / bracing layer 4, clamp the external uprights 2 into a jaw.

STRUCTURE OF INTER-FLOOR FLOORS

The structure of the inter-floor slabs is made with double beams, spaced apart, with a base of 80 mm and of adequate height which rest on the quay beams and, passing through holes in the joining / bracing layer, tighten the "jaws" external uprights to which they are fixed with screws.

Above these beams are fixed some wooden panels or boards with the function of distributing static and dynamic loads.

To create attic surfaces with large spans, it is necessary to prepare load-bearing walls of spine or beams 16 main section breakers. These are composed of the union of two lateral beams of equal height with a beam of lower height in between; the whole forms an inverted "U" section. These beams are fixed (in a similar way to the secondary beams - figure 7A) to the external uprights 2 of the walls perpendicular to them and supported by suitable pillars 17; see figure 10.

STRUCTURE OF THE COVER

The roof structure, figure 12, can be made up of trusses 12 composed of double inclined beams 13 (struts), which are spaced apart, are fixed and clamp both the external uprights 2 and a horizontal beam 14 with the function of tie rod and a section of vertical beam at the top (monk 15).

Or, similarly to the floors, the roof structure is made with main beams 16 supported by pillars 17 carrying the double beams connected to the external uprights 2.

To the extrados of the inclined beams 13 is fixed a planking, a vapor barrier sheath, then a first layer of panels of insulating material, alternating with joists laid orthogonally to the roof beams and fixed to these with screws; still above, a further layer of insulation laid continuously.

The eaves projections are made with false struts incorporated in the second layer of insulating material and fixed to the underlying joists; in this way they remain separated by an adequate insulating layer from the internal environment, to avoid thermal bridges.

Also for this reason, any loggias or balconies need their own structure that does not interfere with the insulated envelope; these are anchored to the structure with specific fixings.

Claims (10)

CLAIMS 1) A constructive system of load-bearing structures, in wood, of buildings, these structures extend from a foundation level (8) and provide for a roofing structure; characterized in that it includes: to. internal uprights (2), one storey high, on which the quay beams (3) rest, b. external uprights (5), high from the foundation plane to the roof structure, c. layer (4) of connection / vertical bracing, clamped between the internal uprights (2) and the quay beams (3) on one side and the external uprights (5) on the other, d. horizontal and / or inclined structures consisting of the double beams (6, 13) of the various floors that rest on the quay beams (3) and, crossing the union / bracing layer (4), clamp the uprights (5) like a "jaw" exteriors which are arranged on the sides of the structure perpendicular to the beams (6, 13) themselves, e. a layer of wooden panels or boards (7), with the function of distributing static and dynamic loads, fixed above the beams (6, 13). 2) System according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that the joining / bracing layer (4) is inserted and fixed between the internal side of the external uprights (5) and the external side of both the internal uprights (2) and the beams (3) of quay. 3) System according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that the joining / bracing layer (4) consists of structural panels or two layers of boards rotated by 45 ° with respect to the uprights (2, 5) and 90 ° between them. 4) System according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that the external uprights (5), placed on the sides of the perimeter perpendicular to the beams of the floors, are clamped "like a jaw" by the double beams themselves, they are also fixed with screws that cross the layer for joining / bracing to the internal uprights and to the quay beams. 5) System according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that the external uprights (5), placed on the sides of the perimeter parallel to the beams of the floors, are fixed with screws that pass through the joining / bracing layer to the internal uprights, to the lateral beams of the deck of each floor and roof as well as any spine walls and / or main beams. 6) System according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that the fixing to the ground support system, such as a foundation slab (8) provides: a waterproofing sheath; the quay beams (3) along the perimeter of the building on which the external uprights (5) rest; in the perimeter walls perpendicular to the beams (3), the uprights (5) are clamped to the jaw by the double beams (6) of the foundation deck; the joints are made with L-shaped brackets (9) anchored to the foundation plate with anchor bolts. 7) System according to claim 6 characterized by the fact that the fixing to the ground of the external uprights (5) placed on the sides parallel to the beams are made with “L” -shaped brackets (9) anchored to the foundation plate with anchor bolts. 8) System according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that the internal uprights (2) are placed orthogonally to the external uprights (5) and fixed to them with screws, clamping the bracing layer (4). 9) Construction according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that the external uprights (5) are placed on the quay beams of the ground floor orthogonally to the perimeter of the construction; they are fixed to the ground, to the internal uprights (2), to the quay beams (3) of the various floors, to the double beams (6) of all floors and to the beams (13) of the roofing surface. 10) A construction or building comprising at least part of a wooden structure made according to claim 1.