ITMI971056A1 - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FITTED WITH ROTATING SLEEVE TIMING - Google Patents

Description

DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to an alternative internal combustion engine of the type which uses a distribution system with jacket (or sleeve) rotating coaxially to the cylinder and provided with openings or holes adapted to be brought in correspondence with channels obtained in the cylinder head to allow performance of the thermal cycle (eight or Diesel).

As is known, attempts have been made in the past to replace the traditional distribution with poppet valves in endothermic engines with movable sleeve valves. Said sleeve must be rotating on its axis at a well-defined speed and equipped with one or more openings, normally holes, arranged so as to cover and uncover, during its rotation, as many openings or ducts made in the cylinder, so as to put the combustion chamber in communication with the external environment in such a way as to allow the realization of the phases of the operating cycle.

Although the distribution system with movable sheath essentially involves many advantages, such as a reduced number of components and therefore costs, high rotation speeds and reduced noise, in practice it has also led to problems and drawbacks that have hindered its implementation up to now. such as in particular an unsatisfactory seal, an excessive consumption of lubricating oil and lower thermodynamic efficiencies, in general, compared to a classic valve engine, due to greater friction and imperfect seals with leakage of the burnt gases.

To try to solve these problems at least in part, a particular distribution system with a rotating sleeve has been proposed for a four-stroke endothermic engine, with one or more cylinders in any case oriented, which has been the subject of Italian patent application N ° MI93A 001587 ; said distribution system provides for the sliding sleeve of the piston of each cylinder separated from the cylinder itself and rotating in contact with the internal surface of the same cylinder, without axial translation, at a speed equal to half that of the crankshaft of the engine; at least one opening or window sized and arranged in such a way as to be able to be brought, during rotation, to coincide with similar intake and exhaust openings correspondingly obtained in the cylinder itself is formed on said rotating jacket.

However, in practice, even this particular distribution system with rotating sleeve, although satisfactory in the case of engines with a not very high compression ratio, has not proved capable of solving some problems presented especially by endothermic engines with a high ratio of compression, problems that have been highlighted in the practical implementation and which consist of:

- low engine torque due to excessive organic friction and poor sealing of the explosion gases,

- in insufficient cooling and lubrication of the rotating sleeve,

- in low thermodynamic yields.

The purpose of the present invention is that of realizing an internal combustion engine using an improved rotary sleeve timing system in order to solve the aforementioned problems and overcome the relative drawbacks, and capable of being used reliably on both eight and two cycle engines. diesel cycle even with very high compression ratios, without danger of compression losses and oil and / or burnt gas leaks between the rotating sleeve and the internal surface of the cylinder.

Another object of the invention is to provide a rotating sleeve distribution conceived and structured in such a way as to be highly reliable and usable on engines with high thermodynamic efficiency.

Still another object of the invention is to provide an endothermic engine capable of operating using a simple incandescent spiral for ignition, that is, without using a synchronized spark, with considerable cost savings and with considerable simplification of the entire equipment.

A further object is to provide an endothermic engine of great mechanical simplicity and low cost, and therefore advantageously usable also for small displacements in place of the two-stroke engine. These and other objects and related advantages, which will be more clearly highlighted by the following description, are achieved by an internal combustion engine of the type which provides a distribution with a rotating sleeve separate from the cylinder mounted rotatably coaxially thereto and provided with holes or openings or windows adapted to be brought, during rotation, to coincide with the intake and exhaust openings, which motor, according to the present invention, comprises:

- a fixed cylinder and relative head, said head being provided with at least one hole, at least one exhaust duct and at least one intake duct;

- ignition means of the combustible mixture inserted in said hole present in said head;

- a rotating jacket or sheath closed at the top like a cup by a bottom or ceiling, the external surface of said ceiling being shaped in such a way as to fit together and adhere perfectly by sliding on the internal surface of said head, said ceiling being provided with one or more windows and / or holes positioned so as to be in correspondence with said exhaust duct, with said intake duct and with said ignition means present in said head, during rotation of the sleeve;

- at least one thrust element for said rotating sleeve, sized and positioned in such a way as to allow an axial translation (flotation) of said sleeve until it mates and perfectly adheres to sliding in rotation of the external surface of said crown to the internal surface of said head and the consequent pressure resistance in the compression phase;

means for lubrication being also provided, as well as means for connecting the connecting rod to the piston sliding in said sleeve.

More particularly, said axial translation is suitable for distributing the lubricating liquid with the known squish effect over the entire surface. Both the external surface of said crown and the internal surface of said head are preferably flat shaped. According to variants of the present invention, the external surface of said crown is shaped conical or truncated cone male while the internal surface of said head is shaped conical or truncated cone female or, the external surface of said crown is shaped hemispherical convex while the internal surface of said head it is hemispherical concave shaped.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, said ignition means consist of at least one spark plug provided with the normal devices for synchronizing the spark.

Said spark plug is mounted integral with the head in said hole arranged centrally in the head and provides for the ignition of the mixture in the bursting phase through a corresponding central hole present in said crown.

According to a variant of the present invention, said spark plug is fixedly mounted in said central hole provided in said crown through the central hole provided in cylinder head, and rotates integrally with said sleeve, receiving current by means of sliding contacts, or by spark or the like.

In a four-stroke engine the rotating sleeve rotates with a number of revolutions equal to 1/2 of the number of revolutions of the crankshaft and the teeth of the bevel gear are in the ratio of 1: 2. However, multiple ratios such as 1: 4, 1: 8, etc. are also achievable.

It has been seen that the pressure generated by the explosion pushes the rotating sleeve against the cylinder head making the external surface of the crown adhere against the corresponding internal surface of the cylinder head, ensuring a perfect seal against gases on the sliding surface and thus eliminating any leak with considerable advantages. regarding environmental pollution and engine power.

Naturally, between the outer surface of the crown and the inner surface of the head there is a film of lubricant which ensures lubrication, eliminating the danger of seizure. Lubrication can be carried out either using a mixture consisting of oil and petrol, or with oil forced by means of a volumetric pump or the like through a network of channels associated with scrapers suitably positioned and oriented particularly on the external surface of the crown on the basis of theoretical and / or theoretical evaluations. of indications obtained from experimental tests, both as a result of the lubrication obtained directly from petrol and the use of known materials with a very low coefficient of friction or self-lubricating.

As already mentioned, in order to allow the sleeve crown to mate and adhere against the internal surface of the cylinder head during the explosion phase, said thrust and centering element is positioned in such a way as to leave the sleeve a play along its longitudinal axis. between 0.01 and 0.10 mm.

In this way, the thrust generated by the explosion inside the sleeve is in fact substantially discharged against the entire surface of the cylinder head, thus ensuring a perfect seal precisely and in particular in the most critical phase of maximum stress.

The thrust of the explosion is in fact very high (in the case of a 50cc engine it reaches 5000 Newton). Said thrust element for said sleeve is constituted, according to a first embodiment, by a ball (or roller) bearing which also has a radial centering function (with oblique races according to an ideal angle). This bearing is preferably positioned in the lower part of the sleeve and is in an ideal situation as the lower part is cold and extremely well oiled by the splashing of the oil in the crankcase.

According to another embodiment, said thrust element is constituted by an annular wing protruding radially from the top of said crown of the sheath and forming a single whole with the surface of the crown itself, able to adhere by sliding on the internal surface of the head and thus increasing the tightness in the compression and bursting phase and stopping the axial translation of the sleeve towards the bottom by pressing against a special step provided in the cylinder body.

Obviously, in particular cases it is possible to realize both thrust elements described above, for example in the case of motors with a very high number of revolutions, of large dimensions, etc.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention, said hole present in the head and said ignition means inserted in said hole, are positioned in an eccentric way with respect to the center of the head and with respect to the center of the crown of the sheath. Furthermore, in this way it is possible to produce an engine according to the invention in which the top of the sleeve is provided with a single opening or window which is arranged in succession in correspondence with the supply duct, the hole bearing said ignition means in an eccentric position. and of the exhaust duct present in the cylinder head and through which supply, ignition and exhaust are made.

This embodiment allows to use ignition means constituted by a spiral which is always kept incandescent. In fact, the spiral is isolated from the combustion chamber from the top of the sleeve and comes into contact with the mixture only in the ignition phase when the window provided in the sleeve is positioned in correspondence with the ignition means. There is thus the advantage of not having to use the expensive and complex device for timing the spark.

Moreover, with the eccentric arrangement of the ignition means, the lubricant is fed through suitable ducts in the center of the head in correspondence with the center of the sleeve crown, thus achieving a better and more uniform distribution of the lubricant itself.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, said ignition means consist of a high turbulence pre-chamber, such as Comet / Riccardo or the like, into which diesel oil is introduced and vaporized during the passive cycle of the engine, said vaporized diesel being then mixed in the pre-chamber itself with the highly compressed air coming from the sheath through a single opening or window present in the crown of the sheath when it communicates with the inlet hole of said pre-chamber present in said head, thus causing ignition of the mixture formed and creating a diesel cycle without injector.

As already mentioned, one (or more) openings are made on the "ceiling" of the sleeve, while two (or more) openings are made on the cylinder head, one for the exhaust and one for the intake. The openings are angularly positioned so as to coincide at the appropriate moment to open and close them, coinciding with the ascent and descent of the piston, creating the classic phases of the four-stroke cycle (both diesel and eight): suction, with pressure , explosion, expansion, discharge.

The sleeve is connected to the motor shaft by a system of gears which have the number of teeth in a ratio of two to one (or multiples of two). The simplest system is a single bevel pair but numerous other connections can be made. The important thing is that the sleeve rotates at a speed of one by two (or multiples of two) with respect to the axis of the engine. It should be noted the great mechanical simplicity and consequently the low manufacturing cost of the engine according to the present invention, which makes it particularly suitable for small displacements, where the mechanical complication and the high cost of valve timing have prevented its diffusion in favor of the two-stroke engine, accepting the defects of the same which are high pollution, both acoustic and atmospheric, and the need for fuel mixed with oil. A classic example of application are fifty scooter engines, small auxiliary engines, etc. Another advantage of the invention is the low overall height, slightly higher than that of a two-stroke engine. Another advantage is due to the fact that in the engine made according to the present invention, the rotation of the sleeve and therefore of the chamber containing the gas mixture favors and enhances an intimate mixing of the constituents of the mixture, thus achieving maximum efficiency and low atmospheric pollution.

A further advantage is the fact of not having any reciprocating element with elastic return (spring) as in the case of classic valves, which limit the rotation speed, otherwise it will wobble. An engine according to the invention can run at 15/20 thousand revolutions as demonstrated by the tested prototypes. It should be borne in mind that the sheath has a freedom of upward movement that allows the "sky" of the sheath to be strongly pressed on the cylinder head during the explosion, and guarantees perfect gas tightness. This movement also has the purpose of promoting lubrication through the well-known "squish" effect (ie lubrication by violent compression) which has excellent coefficients of friction. This lubrication can be with oil or with the fuel itself (for example diesel oil in the case of diesel).

Furthermore, by specifically positioning the spark plug in an eccentric way, it is kept separate from the "ceiling" of the sleeve by the combustion chamber, and communicates with it only in a very specific phase of the cycle, ie at the moment of ignition / explosion. This allows for new engine developments, in particular the following:

1) Possibility for Otto cycle engines to operate without the need for a synchronized spark, but with a simple incandescent pigtail always on. Naturally, the position of the glow plug defines the ignition advance (fixed advance). Being able to avoid the cost of the spark synchronized with its components (magnetic flywheel, breaker, coil, spark plug, etc.) leads to considerable savings, and the cost of the engine becomes even less than a two-stroke equivalent.

2) Alternatively, the present invention makes it possible to operate the four-stroke modeled self-igniting engines (today running on methanol plus nitromethane) with a petrol plus oil mixture. According to the known art, in fact, the use of petrol is impossible for modeling as there is a fixed presence in the combustion chamber of an incandescent candle, the petrol would detonate (early ignition), while according to the present invention the incandescent candle "appears in the scabbard window "only when the ignition is needed. Taking into account that the current fuel - (methyl alcohol plus nitromethane) costs five to ten times more expensive than gasoline, and contains about half the calories / gram, we can see the interest of this discovery also in the modeling field. Furthermore, in this case there is no problem of separate lubrication with oil (and related exhaust losses) as an oil mixture is absolutely accepted in model making.

3) A further application of the present invention is the possibility of building small diesel cycle engines without injector. It is known that the high cost and the mechanical complication of an injector which must pulverize the fuel at very high pressure in a very short time, has prevented the spread of diesel engines of small or very small displacement, also because the injection hole cannot go down to below a certain diameter, under penalty of its occlusion. According to the present invention, on the other hand, it is possible to keep the pre-chamber separate, which can be of the Comet / Riccardo type (or other type) and saturate it with diesel vapors during the entire duration of the cycle, and with the continuous injection of fuel without an injector. This continuous injection can take place with a continuous and relatively low pressure volumetric micropump. In the pre-chamber there is time during the entire passive cycle of the engine (pumping) to vaporize the diesel. At the right time, that is, when the piston is close to the F.H.S. of explosion the opening on the sleeve puts the pre-chamber in communication with the highly compressed air of the cylinder; which invades the pre-chamber at very high speed and turbulence, igniting it and putting the gas back into the combustion chamber at an even higher pressure. This system allows the construction of diesel cycle engines without injector of displacement which was previously unthinkable (for example 50/100 cc.). This extension of diesel to small displacements is of considerable interest in particular for auxiliary static engines (small electric generators, motor pumps, mowers, etc.) where today petrol engines are used which consume a much more expensive and valuable fuel.

Basically, the engine according to the present invention comprises two distinct "spaces or" zones "or" volumes ", of which the first is fixed and comprises said ignition means while the second has a variable volume according to the position of the piston, called spaces being separated from each other during the passive phase of the cycle (exhaust, intake, start of compression) and being instead in communication with each other during the active phase of the cycle (end of compression, explosion, expansion).

Further characteristics and advantages of the present invention will be further highlighted by the following detailed description, made with reference to the attached drawing tables, given only for indicative and non-limiting purposes, in which:

Figure 1 schematically shows, in section, a single-cylinder engine according to the present invention, of the flat head type,

Figure 2 shows, again schematically but on an enlarged scale, a section of the engine of Figure 1 seen from above according to A-A,

Figure 3 schematically shows a section of the engine of Figure 1 seen from below according to, B-B, Figure 4 schematically shows in section the engine according to the embodiment of the present invention which provides the thrust element consisting of an annular wing protruding from the top of the sleeve crown and the ignition means positioned eccentrically with respect to the center of the sleeve crown, Figure 5 shows, again schematically on an enlarged scale, a section of the engine of Figure 4 seen from above according to E-E,

Figure 6 schematically shows a section of the engine of Figure 4 seen from below, according to F-F, while Figure 7 shows, again schematically, a diesel cycle engine without injector made according to the present invention.

The engine according to the invention provides a cylinder 1 inside which the rotating sleeve 2 is rotatably mounted, closed at the top like a cup from the flat bottom or top 3, moved by the crankshaft 4 by means of a pair of bevel gears 5. As already mentioned, in a four-stroke engine the teeth of the bevel gear are in the ratio 1: 2, so that the sleeve rotates with a number of revolutions equal to 1/2 with respect to the number of revolutions of the shaft.

Furthermore, as already mentioned, the external surface of the crown 3 which in the embodiment shown in the figures is flat, can be made conical, frustoconical, or hemispherical or in any other shape suitable for allowing its rotation in mating against the corresponding surface lower head 7.

An alternative piston 6 is mounted inside the sleeve 2; the crown 3 of the sleeve 2 is provided with a central hole 9 for the passage of the end of the spark plug 10 for the ignition of the mixture, and with a window 8 which, during the rotation of the sleeve, is placed in succession in correspondence with the windows 11 and 12, present in the head 7 and in connection respectively with the intake duct 13 and with the exhaust duct 14 obtained in the head. The dimensions and positions of the windows can be chosen so that, for a minimum fraction of time during the phases of the cycle, a connection occurs between the supply and exhaust pipes in order to ensure the washing of the cylinder.

The windows 11 and 12, in the case of the four-stroke engine, are arranged at 90 ° to each other.

The hole 15 is then drilled centrally in the head 7, inside which the spark plug 10 is fixedly housed. In this case the edge of the hole 9 present in the crown 3 of the rotating sleeve 2 rotates freely around the end of the spark plug. According to a different embodiment of the present invention, the spark plug 10 is mounted integral with the crown 3 of the rotating sleeve 2 and rotates with this inside the hole 15 present in the head.

Since in this case the spark plug is rotating, it is possible to regulate the passage of current to the spark plug by equipping the sleeve-spark plug assembly with a radial relief connected to the electrode of the spark plug, causing this electrode during the rotation of the sleeve to slide with a similar non-rotating relief, connected to the high voltage circuit and preferably housed on the cylinder.

When the two reliefs are in proximity, current will flow and therefore a spark will occur between the two electrodes of the spark plug. In this way, in addition to the transmission of current to the rotating spark plug, an extremely simple breaker on the high voltage circuit will also be obtained.

Again according to the invention, the sleeve 2 is mounted on thrust bearings 16 interposed between the cylinder and the sleeve, in a number and position such as to counteract the radial stresses so as to prevent the sleeve from any bell ringing, but to allow an axial translation movement (flotation) of the order of a few tenths of a millimeter so that the thrust due to the explosion pushes the external surface of the crown 3 against the internal surface of the head 7 and thus ensures a perfect sliding seal. It has been seen that this is achieved by mounting the thrust bearing 16 in such a way as to ensure a clearance 17, of the order of 0.01 - 0.10 mm between the crown and the head.

According to the present invention, the rotating sleeve timing system can be structured so as to be applicable to both two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines by varying the rotation speed of the sleeve as a function of the rotation speed of the crankshaft, i.e. choosing the speed of the sleeve in relation to the number of engine strokes, the number and position of the holes that can be obtained in the sleeve crown and the number and position of the intake and exhaust ducts that can be obtained in the cylinder head.

According to the other embodiment illustrated in Figure 4, the crown 23 of the rotating sleeve 22 is provided with the thrust element constituted by the annular wing 24 which prevents the axial translation downwards of the sleeve 22, acting against the step 25 obtained in cylinder 1.

The ignition means constituted by the spark plug 10, is positioned eccentrically with respect to the center of the crown of the sheath 23 and is inserted in the hole 26 present in the head 27. The windows 11 and 12 are then also obtained in the head 27 in connection respectively with the the intake duct 13 and with the exhaust duct 14. On the other hand, the only window 28 is formed in the crown of the sleeve 23 which is placed in succession in correspondence with the intake duct 13, the hole 26 in which the spark plug 10 is housed and of the exhaust pipe 14.

Figure 7 illustrates a further embodiment in which the ignition means are positioned eccentrically with respect to the center of the crown of the sleeve 23 and the center of the head 32 and consist of a high turbulence pre-chamber 30 into which it is introduced the diesel fuel continuously through the duct 31. In the pre-chamber 30 the diesel fuel is vaporized mixed with the highly compressed air coming from the sleeve through the only window 28 present in the crown of the sleeve when this is located in correspondence with the duct 33 of exit of the prechamber 30 at the end of compression.

An incandescent ignition network may be present in the pre-chamber, not shown in the figure.

Claims (1)

CLAIMS 1. Endothermic engine of the type which provides for a distribution with a rotating sleeve separated from the cylinder mounted rotating coaxially to it and provided with holes or openings suitable for being carried, during rotation, to coincide with the intake and exhaust openings, characterized in that it comprises : - a fixed cylinder (1) and relative head (7, 27), said head (7, 27) being provided with at least one hole (15, 26), at least one exhaust duct (14) and at least one duct suction (13); - ignition means of the combustible mixture inserted in said hole (15, 26) present in said head (7, 27); - a mechanical connection (bevel gear, chain of gears or other) between the engine shaft and the sleeve such that the sleeve rotates at half speed (or multiples of two) with respect to the engine axis; - a rotating liner or sheath (2, 22) closed at the top like a cup by a bottom or top (3, 23), the external surface of said top (3, 23) being shaped so as to fit together and adhere perfectly by sliding on the surface interior of said head, said ceiling (3, 23) being provided with one or more windows and / or holes (8, 9, 28) positioned so as to be in correspondence with said exhaust duct (14), with said duct suction (13) and with said ignition means present in said head, during rotation of the sleeve; - at least one thrust element (16, 24) for said rotating sleeve (2), sized and positioned so as to allow an axial translation (flotation) of said sleeve until it mates and perfectly adheres to sliding in rotation of the external surface of said crown (3, 23) to the internal surface of said head (7, 27) and the consequent pressure seal in the compression phase; means for lubrication being also provided, as well as connecting means between connecting rod and piston (6) sliding in said sleeve (2). 2. Motor according to claim 1, characterized in that said allowed axial translation is comprised between 0.01 and 0.10 mm, suitable for achieving a perfect distribution of the lubricant on said surfaces. 3. Engine according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that said thrust and centering element (16, 24) is positioned so as to leave a clearance (17) along its longitudinal axis between 0.01 and 0.10 mm, that is, such as to allow said axial translation. 4. Engine according to claim 1, characterized in that both the external surface of said crown (3, 23) and the internal surface of said head (7, 27) are flat shaped. 5. Motor according to claim 1, characterized in that the external surface of said crown is shaped conical or truncated cone male or convex hemisphere while the internal surface of said head is shaped conical or truncated cone female or hemispherical concave. 6. Engine according to claim 1, characterized in that said ignition means consisting of a spark plug (10) are mounted integral with the cylinder head (7) in said central hole (15) of the cylinder head and provide for ignition of the mixture in the burst through said central hole (9) present in said ceiling (3). 7. Engine according to claim 1, characterized in that said ignition means consisting of a spark plug (10) are fixedly mounted in said central hole (9) provided in said ceiling (3) through the central hole (15) provided in the cylinder head (7), and rotate integrally with said sheath, receiving current by means of sliding contacts, or by spark or the like. 8. Engine according to claim 1, characterized in that said thrust element consists of an annular wing (24) protruding radially from the top of said crown (23) of the sleeve and forming a single whole with the surface of the crown itself, suitable for adhering sliding on the internal surface of the cylinder head and thus increasing the seal in the compression and bursting phase and stopping the downward axial translation of the sleeve (22) by pressing against a special step (25) provided in the cylinder body (1). 9. Engine according to claim 1, characterized in that said hole (26) present in the head (27) and said ignition means inserted in said hole (26)., Are positioned eccentrically with respect to the center of the head and with respect in the center of the scabbard sky. 10. Motor according to claim 1, characterized by. the fact that the crown of the sheath is provided with a single opening or window (28) which arises in succession in correspondence with the supply duct (13), the hole (26) carrying said ignition means in an eccentric position and the exhaust (14) present in the head (27) and through which supply, ignition and exhaust are made. 11. Motor according to claims 1, 9 and 10, characterized in that said ignition means consist of a pigtail which is always kept incandescent. 12. Engine according to claims 1 and 9 characterized in that the lubricant is fed through suitable ducts in the center of the head in correspondence with the center of the sleeve crown. 13. Engine according to claims 1 and 12, characterized in that said axial translation of said floating sleeve carries out a "squish" -type lubrication made with both forced oil and mixtures containing oil (self-lubrication), and with the fuel itself ( in particular diesel in the case of diesel). 14. Engine according to claim 1 characterized in that said ignition means consist of a high turbulence pre-chamber, such as Comet / Riccardo or the like, into which diesel oil is introduced and vaporized during the passive cycle of the engine, said vaporized diesel oil being then mixed in the pre-chamber itself with the highly compressed air coming from the combustion chamber through a single opening (28) or window present in the top of the sleeve when this is placed in communication with the inlet hole (26) of said pre-chamber present in said head (27), thus causing ignition of the mixture formed and creating a diesel cycle without injector. 15. Motor according to claim 9, characterized by the fact that all the moving members are contained inside the motor shell which is consequently devoid of external kinematics. 16. Engine according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises two distinct "spaces or" zones "or" volumes ", of which the first is fixed and comprises said ignition means while the second has a variable volume according to the position of the piston, said spaces being separated from each other during the passive phase of the cycle (exhaust, intake, start of compression) and being instead in communication with each other during the active phase of the cycle (end of compression, explosion, expansion). 17. Engine according to claims 9 and 16, characterized by the fact that said crown of the sleeve carries out a separation during the whole passive cycle between the ignition system and the combustion chamber (in the case of the Otto cycle) and the two portions of space are put into communication at each cycle during the active phase (compression-explosion) obtaining a mechanical ignition synchronization, thus eliminating the synchronized spark, which is replaced with a permanently lit ignition source such as an incandescent pigtail or the like. 18. Engine according to claims 14 and 16, characterized by the fact that said "crown" of the sleeve operates a separation (for the whole passive cycle) between the high turbulence pre-chamber and the combustion chamber (in the diesel cycle), the two portions of space being put into communication only during the active cycle (end of compression-ignition) obtaining a mechanical synchronization of the opening of the prechamber and allowing operation without the need for an injector, said prechamber being continuously saturated by fuel which vaporizes inside it and which burns in very high turbulence regime when it is put in communication with the combustion chamber containing only compressed air very high pressure air.