IT202000028865A1 - ELECTROCHROMIC WIRE AND RELATED FABRICS - Google Patents
ELECTROCHROMIC WIRE AND RELATED FABRICS Download PDFInfo
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- IT202000028865A1 IT202000028865A1 IT102020000028865A IT202000028865A IT202000028865A1 IT 202000028865 A1 IT202000028865 A1 IT 202000028865A1 IT 102020000028865 A IT102020000028865 A IT 102020000028865A IT 202000028865 A IT202000028865 A IT 202000028865A IT 202000028865 A1 IT202000028865 A1 IT 202000028865A1
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- Prior art keywords
- electrochromic
- conductive
- swcnt
- fact
- wire
- Prior art date
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- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 title claims description 18
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000002109 single walled nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 34
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 20
- QTQLUUDYDWDXNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-4-(1-ethylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)pyridin-1-ium Chemical compound C1=C[N+](CC)=CC=C1C1=CC=[N+](CC)C=C1 QTQLUUDYDWDXNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 9
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=CSC=C21 GKWLILHTTGWKLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000331 Polyhydroxybutyrate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- JXTHNDFMNIQAHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)Cl JXTHNDFMNIQAHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001746 electroactive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005015 poly(hydroxybutyrate) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000218 poly(hydroxyvalerate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000002166 wet spinning Methods 0.000 description 2
- ATOUXIOKEJWULN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,6-diisocyanato-2,2,4-trimethylhexane Chemical compound O=C=NCCC(C)CC(C)(C)CN=C=O ATOUXIOKEJWULN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNUQMTZUNUBOLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-octadecoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO HNUQMTZUNUBOLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000914 Metallic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910004882 Na2S2O8 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960005215 dichloroacetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000005442 diisocyanate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005594 polymer fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
- D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
- D01F1/10—Other agents for modifying properties
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
- D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
- D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
- D02G3/44—Yarns or threads characterised by the purpose for which they are designed
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/73—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with carbon or compounds thereof
- D06M11/74—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with carbon or compounds thereof with carbon or graphite; with carbides; with graphitic acids or their salts
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- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/195—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds sulfated or sulfonated
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/227—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated
- D06M15/233—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated aromatic, e.g. styrene
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/347—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated ethers, acetals, hemiacetals, ketones or aldehydes
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/356—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of other unsaturated compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, silicon or phosphorus atoms
- D06M15/3566—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of other unsaturated compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, silicon or phosphorus atoms containing sulfur
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/53—Polyethers
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/63—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing sulfur in the main chain, e.g. polysulfones
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/004—Dyeing with phototropic dyes; Obtaining camouflage effects
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/52—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders using compositions containing synthetic macromolecular substances
- D06P1/5207—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06P1/5214—Polymers of unsaturated compounds containing no COOH groups or functional derivatives thereof
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/52—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders using compositions containing synthetic macromolecular substances
- D06P1/5207—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06P1/5214—Polymers of unsaturated compounds containing no COOH groups or functional derivatives thereof
- D06P1/5221—Polymers of unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g. polystyrene polyalkylene
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/52—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders using compositions containing synthetic macromolecular substances
- D06P1/5207—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06P1/525—Polymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids or functional derivatives thereof
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/52—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders using compositions containing synthetic macromolecular substances
- D06P1/5264—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/60—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders using compositions containing polyethers
- D06P1/613—Polyethers without nitrogen
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F1/1516—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising organic material
- G02F1/15165—Polymers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/163—Operation of electrochromic cells, e.g. electrodeposition cells; Circuit arrangements therefor
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
- D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
- D01F1/04—Pigments
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
- D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
- D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
- D01F1/06—Dyes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Woven Fabrics (AREA)
Description
Sezione Classe Sottoclasse Gruppo Sottogruppo D 06 M 15 347 Section Class Subclass Group Subgroup D 06 M 15 347
Sezione Classe Sottoclasse Gruppo Sottogruppo D 06 M 15 356 Section Class Subclass Group Subgroup D 06 M 15 356
Sezione Classe Sottoclasse Gruppo Sottogruppo D 06 M 15 53 Section Class Subclass Group Subgroup D 06 M 15 53
Sezione Classe Sottoclasse Gruppo Sottogruppo D 06 M 15 63 Section Class Subclass Group Subgroup D 06 M 15 63
Sezione Classe Sottoclasse Gruppo Sottogruppo D 06 P 1 44 Section Class Subclass Group Subgroup D 06 P 1 44
Sezione Classe Sottoclasse Gruppo Sottogruppo D 06 P 1 52 Section Class Subclass Group Subgroup D 06 P 1 52
Sezione Classe Sottoclasse Gruppo Sottogruppo D 06 P 1 613 Section Class Subclass Group Subgroup D 06 P 1 613
Titolo Title
FILO ELETTROCROMICO E RELATIVI TESSUTI FILO ELETTROCROMICO E RELATIVI TESSUTI ELECTROCHROMIC WIRE AND RELATED FABRICS ELECTROCHROMIC WIRE AND RELATED FABRICS
Campo tecnico dell?invenzione Technical field of the invention
L?invenzione riguarda un filo elettrocromico che ? in grado di generare tessuti a colorazione variabile per applicazioni di piccoli voltaggi elettrici. A tutti gli effetti il filo dell?invenzione ? un super capacitore che dissipa una limitatissima potenza elettrica nei processi di carica e scarica. Il filo dell?invenzione, illustrato nella Fig. 1, ? costituito da due fibre intrecciate (11 e 12), isolate elettricamente da uno strato protettivo di polimero non elettricamente conduttivo (13). Ciascuna delle due fibre ? costituita da una stratificazione di tre strati concentrici (Fig. 2) di cui il primo ? il core di supporto e elettricamente conduttivo (21), il secondo ? uno strato elettrocromicamente attivo contenente nanoparticelle conduttive (22), il terzo ? un blend polimerico dielettrico (23). Sono anche oggetto della presente invenzione i tessuti che potranno essere fabbricati con detto filo, il sistema di alimentazione elettrica e di controllo della colorazione del tessuto, schematizzato nella Fig.3. Il tessuto (31) ? alimentato da una batteria a tensione variabile (32) gestita da un microprocessore (33) connesso, attraverso un modulo Bluetooth (34), ad una applicazione installata su uno Smartphone (34) che consente di variare il colore del tessuto. The invention concerns an electrochromic thread which is capable of generating fabrics with variable colors for applications of small electrical voltages. To all intents and purposes, the thread of the invention ? a super capacitor that dissipates a very limited electric power in the charge and discharge processes. The thread of the invention, illustrated in Fig. 1, is consisting of two intertwined fibers (11 and 12), electrically insulated by a protective layer of non-electrically conductive polymer (13). Each of the two fibers ? constituted by a stratification of three concentric layers (Fig. 2) of which the first ? the support core is electrically conductive (21), the second ? an electrochromically active layer containing conductive nanoparticles (22), the third ? a dielectric polymer blend (23). Also objects of the present invention are the fabrics which can be manufactured with said thread, the system for electric power supply and control of the color of the fabric, schematically shown in Fig.3. The fabric (31) ? powered by a variable voltage battery (32) managed by a microprocessor (33) connected, via a Bluetooth module (34), to an application installed on a Smartphone (34) which allows to vary the color of the fabric.
Stato dell?arte State of art
Nella letteratura sono presenti due esempi di fili elettrocromici che rappresentano l?arte pregressa alla presente invenzione. Uno ? relativo alla domanda di brevetto TW200907129A nel quale viene descritto un filo elettrocromico costituito dalla sovrapposizione di due fili, ciascuno dei quali a sua volta ? costituito da una filo metallico centrale al quale viene sovrapposto un polimero conduttore che a sua volta viene ricoperto da un elettrolita. I due fili vengono accoppiati e tenuti insieme da un ultimo strato di polimero trasparente. Le principali differenze della presente invenzione rispetto a quella relativa alla domanda di brevetto TW200907129A sono: In the literature there are two examples of electrochromic wires which represent the prior art of the present invention. One ? relating to the patent application TW200907129A which describes an electrochromic wire consisting of the superimposition of two wires, each of which in turn ? consisting of a central metal wire to which a conductive polymer is superimposed which in turn is covered by an electrolyte. The two wires are coupled and held together by a last layer of transparent polymer. The main differences of the present invention compared to the one relating to the patent application TW200907129A are:
Lo strato elettrocromicamente attivo di ciascuno dei due fili che compongono il filo, nel caso della presente invenzione, ? una miscela polimerica contente nanoparticelle conduttive, con particolare preferenza per i Carbon Nano Tube (CNT). La presenza di dette particelle nel film elettro-cromicamente attivo rappresenta un fattore di notevole innovazione rispetto al passato. Da una parte non ? pi? strettamente necessario che il polimero costitutivo del secondo strato debba essere un polimero elettrocromico conduttivo, in quanto la funzione conduttiva viene assegnata alle nano particelle, mentre la funzione elettrocromica pu? essere assegnata a molecole elettrocromiche di piccole dimensioni che insieme alle nano particelle vengono disperse in una matrice polimerica di elevatissime propriet? ottiche e meccaniche. I polimeri conduttori di cui alla domanda di brevetto TW200907129A hanno limitazioni che sono tipiche dei polimeri conduttivi: scarse propriet? meccaniche, vita media piuttosto breve, conducibilit? elettriche non molto elevate. Lo strato attivo della presente invenzione pu? invece essere costituito con un polimero di elevate qualit? meccaniche ed ottiche come ad esempio il Polivinil Butirrale (PVB) o anche polimeri altrettanto performanti, ma con l?aggiunta della loro biodegradabilita (propriet? ecologicamente importante a fine vita) come il Polidrossibutirrato (PHB), l?Acido Polilattico (PLA), il Polidrossivalerato (PHV), o miscele di questi. Tutti questi polimeri diventano estrinsecamente conduttivi quando sono addizionati di nano particelle conduttive e diventano elettrocromici quando sono addizionati di piccole molecole stabili elettrocromiche. In sostanza, si sta asserendo che la realizzazione di uno strato conduttivo elettrocromico con propriet? ottimali da tutti i punti di vista, nell?attuale invenzione viene assegnata ad un composito polimerico piuttosto che ad un solo Polimero Intrinsecamente Conduttivo (ICP). Ci? non esclude che in particolari applicazioni di questa invenzione non debbano essere utilizzati compositi polimerici in cui anche i Polimeri Intrinsecamente Conduttivi, attraverso l?aggiunta di nano particelle conduttive ottimizzano le propriet? di conduzione (la cui conduzione pu? essere di ordini di grandezza superiore rispetto a quella dei polimeri intrinsecamente conduttivi). Le propriet? elettrocromiche dei polimeri conduttivi sono inoltre estremamente limitate come frequenze spettrali, mentre ? disponibile una gamma praticamente illimitata di piccole molecole elettrocromiche sia di tipo anodico sia di tipo catodico, che consentono di operare elettrocromicamente in campi molto ampi dello spettro del visibile e del vicino infrarosso e che possono essere impiegate dissolvendole in matrici polimeriche del tipo sopra menzionato. The electrochromically active layer of each of the two wires which make up the wire, in the case of the present invention, is a polymer blend containing conductive nanoparticles, with particular preference for Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT). The presence of said particles in the electrochromically active film represents a factor of considerable innovation with respect to the past. On the one hand isn't it? more strictly necessary that the constituent polymer of the second layer must be an electrochromic conductive polymer, as the conductive function is assigned to the nano particles, while the electrochromic function can be assigned to small electrochromic molecules which together with the nano particles are dispersed in a polymeric matrix of very high properties? optics and mechanics. The conductive polymers referred to in patent application TW200907129A have limitations which are typical of conductive polymers: poor properties? mechanical, average life rather short, conductivity? electrical not very high. The active layer of the present invention can instead be made with a polymer of high quality? mechanical and optical properties such as Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) or equally performing polymers, but with the addition of their biodegradability (ecologically important property at the end of their life) such as Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), or mixtures of these. All these polymers become extrinsically conductive when conductive nano particles are added and become electrochromic when electrochromic stable small molecules are added. In essence, it is asserted that the creation of an electrochromic conductive layer with properties? optimal from all points of view, in the present invention it is assigned to a polymeric composite rather than to a single Intrinsically Conductive Polymer (ICP). There? does not exclude that in particular applications of this invention polymeric composites should not be used in which also the Intrinsically Conductive Polymers, through the addition of conductive nano particles, optimize the properties? conduction (whose conduction can be orders of magnitude higher than that of intrinsically conductive polymers). The properties? electrochromic characteristics of conductive polymers are also extremely limited in terms of spectral frequencies, while ? available a practically unlimited range of small electrochromic molecules of both the anodic and cathodic type, which allow to operate electrochromically in very broad fields of the visible and near infrared spectrum and which can be used by dissolving them in polymeric matrices of the type mentioned above.
Un secondo aspetto innovativo della presente invenzione ? connesso al fatto che il filo core centrale non debba essere soltanto un filo metallico. I fili di tipo metallico infatti hanno ottime propriet? di resistenza meccanica e hanno una ottima conduttivit? elettrica ma presentano vari inconvenienti, quali la bassa elasticit?, una notevole pesantezza, una notevole fragilit?, un costo elevato, che sono da evitare in fili che debbano generare tessuti indossabili e confortevoli. La presente invenzione prevede l?impiego di un core centrale che possa anche essere costituito da un conduttore intrinseco polimerico drogato con CNT (ad esempio polianilina (PANI) drogata con CNT, che consente l?ottenimento di filati con propriet? fisiche straordinarie (high aspect ratio, leggerezza, buone conduttivit? elettriche e termiche). Anche le propriet? meccaniche delle fibre di polimeri come il PANI, ottenute per addizione di CNT, sono migliori rispetto a quelle delle fibre originarie. Attualmente, tali fibre possono essere ottenute mediante processi di wet spinning facili da realizzare. Sono riportati in letteratura dati che confermano il fatto che fibre di questo tipo possono raggiungere una conducibilit? dell?ordine di circa 2000 S cm<-1>. Anche se queste conducibilit? restano ovviamente inferiori a quelle dei metalli per pi? di un ordine di grandezza, si pu? senza dubbio recuperare conduttivit? incrementando adeguatamente il diametro del core di supporto. Ci? non esclude che per particolari tessuti anche la nostra invenzione possa prevedere il fatto che il core centrale del filo elettrocromico possa essere costituito da una filo metallico. A second innovative aspect of the present invention? related to the fact that the central core wire should not be just a metal wire. In fact, metallic-type wires have excellent properties? of mechanical resistance and have an excellent conductivity? electricity but have various drawbacks, such as low elasticity, considerable heaviness, considerable fragility, high cost, which are to be avoided in threads which have to generate wearable and comfortable fabrics. The present invention provides for the use of a central core which can also be constituted by a CNT-doped polymeric intrinsic conductor (for example CNT-doped polyaniline (PANI), which allows to obtain yarns with extraordinary physical properties (high aspect ratio, lightness, good electrical and thermal conductivity).The mechanical properties of polymer fibers such as PANI, obtained by addition of CNT, are also better than those of the original fibers.Currently, these fibers can be obtained by means of easy to make wet spinning.Data are reported in the literature which confirm the fact that fibers of this type can reach a conductivity of the order of about 2000 S cm<-1>.Although these conductivities obviously remain lower than those of metals for more than an order of magnitude, conductivity can undoubtedly be recovered by suitably increasing the diameter of the support core. that for particular fabrics also our invention can foresee the fact that the central core of the electrochromic thread can be constituted by a metallic thread.
Per completezza, si riporta che recentemente ? stata introdotta da Yang Zhou, Yan Zhao, Jian Fang and Tong Lin in Electrochromic/supercapacitive dual functional fibres (RSC Advances, 2016, 6, 110164), una nuova tipologia di fibra elettrocromica. In questo lavoro viene presentato un sistema su singola fibra nel quale uno strato di polimero elettroattivo viene depositato su un elettrodo superficiale di oro. Il core del film ? stato costituito da una fibra in PVC avente un diametro di 2 mm. Su questo substrato sono state depositate, mediante tecnica di sputtering, due strisce elicoidali conduttive di oro, sulle quali ? stato depositato per elettrodeposizione il polimero conduttivo elettrocromico PEDOT. Infine sull?intera fibra ? stato depositato uno strato elettrolitico sottile costituito da un gel a base di Polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) plasticizzato con Propilen Carbonato (PC) ed addizionato da sali di litio. Questo sistema richiede l?uso di un metallo molto costoso e di tecniche di manifattura piuttosto complesse. Inoltre lo stato esterno della fibra elettrocromica ? un gel comunque dotato di conducibilit? elettrica di tipo ionico e non sarebbe stabile a processi di lavaggio. For completeness, it is reported that recently ? was introduced by Yang Zhou, Yan Zhao, Jian Fang and Tong Lin in Electrochromic/supercapacitive dual functional fibers (RSC Advances, 2016, 6, 110164), a new type of electrochromic fiber. In this work a single fiber system is presented in which an electroactive polymer layer is deposited on a gold surface electrode. The core of the film? was made of a PVC fiber having a diameter of 2 mm. On this substrate two conductive helical strips of gold were deposited by sputtering technique, on which ? the PEDOT electrochromic conductive polymer was deposited by electrodeposition. Finally on the entire fiber? a thin electrolytic layer was deposited consisting of a Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based gel plasticized with Propylene Carbonate (PC) and added with lithium salts. This system requires the use of a very expensive metal and rather complex manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, the external state of the electrochromic fiber? a gel, however, equipped with conductivity? electrical type and would not be stable in washing processes.
L?innovativit? del presente brevetto sar? meglio compresa dalle figure e nella discussione degli esempi di realizzazione del filo elettrocromico oggetto del brevetto, dati a titolo illustrativo e non limitativo The innovation of this patent will be? better understood from the figures and in the discussion of the embodiments of the electrochromic wire subject of the patent, given for illustrative and non-limiting purposes
Breve descrizione delle figure Brief description of the figures
La figura 1 rappresenta un filo elettrocromico completo, secondo la presente invenzione, costituito da due fibre intrecciate, rivestite da uno strato di polimero elettricamente isolante, in cui sono rappresentati con 11 il filo elettrocromico 1, con 12 il filo elettrocromico 2 e con 13 il rivestimento polimerico isolante. Figure 1 represents a complete electrochromic wire, according to the present invention, consisting of two intertwined fibres, coated with an electrically insulating polymer layer, in which the electrochromic wire 1 is represented with 11, the electrochromic wire 2 with 12 and with 13 the insulating polymer coating.
La figura 2 rappresenta una vista assonometrica e una sezione di un filo elettrocromico con i diversi strati che lo compongono, in cui sono rappresentati con 21 il core di supporto/conduttivo, con 22 lo strato elettrocromicamente attivo e con 23 lo strato di blend Polimerico elettrolitico. Figure 2 represents an axonometric view and a section of an electrochromic wire with the different layers that compose it, in which the support/conductive core is represented with 21, with 22 the electrochromic active layer and with 23 the electrolytic polymer blend layer .
La figura 3 rappresenta un tessuto elettrocromico e il sistema di controllo della tensione di switching del tessuto elettrocromico, in cui sono rappresentati con 31 il tessuto elettrocromico, con 32 il regolatore di tensione, con 33 il microprocessore, con 34 il modulo Bluetooth e con 35 l?interfaccia utente per la scelta del colore del tessuto. Figure 3 shows an electrochromic fabric and the switching voltage control system of the electrochromic fabric, in which the electrochromic fabric is represented with 31, the voltage regulator with 32, the microprocessor with 33, the Bluetooth module with 34 and with 35 the user interface for choosing the color of the fabric.
Esempi di realizzazione del presente brevetto Examples of embodiment of the present patent
Esempio 1: Filo elettrocromico in cui ciascuna delle fibre intrecciate ? formata da core conduttivo e di supporto in PANI/SWCNT, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 1: Electrochromic yarn in which each of the intertwined fibers ? formed by conductive core and support in PANI/SWCNT, electrochromically active layer in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, dielectric polymer blend layer in PMMA/PEO
Ciascuna fibra che costituisce il filo intrecciato ? stata realizzata secondo la seguente procedura: Each fiber that makes up the twisted wire ? was made according to the following procedure:
1) Core conduttivo e di supporto, formato da una fibra di Polianilina (PANI) realizzata seguendo la procedura illustrata da Pomfret et al. Polymer 41 (2000) 2265?2269, mediante wet spinning. ? stata impiegata una soluzione di PANI protonata con 2-acriloammide-2-metil-1-propane sulfonic acid (rapporto molare 1:0.6) in acido dicloroacetico (soluzione al 10%), impiegando come solvente coagulante l?acetone. Le fibre, dal diametro di 150 micrometri, sono state tirate a temperatura ambiente e risultavano avere una conducibilit? di 1920 Siemens cm<-1 >ed un modulo di Young pari a 48MPa. 1) Conductive and support core, formed by a Polyaniline fiber (PANI) made following the procedure illustrated by Pomfret et al. Polymer 41 (2000) 2265?2269, by wet spinning. ? A solution of PANI protonated with 2-acryloamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (molar ratio 1:0.6) in dichloroacetic acid (10% solution) was used, using acetone as coagulating solvent. The fibers, with a diameter of 150 micrometers, were pulled at room temperature and were found to have a conductivity? of 1920 Siemens cm<-1 >and a Young modulus equal to 48MPa.
2) Strato elettrocromico attivo, realizzato nel seguente modo: una soluzione contenente il 40% di Metil Metacrilato (MM), il 5% di Poli Etilene Ossido (PEO), il 50 % di N-Metil Pirrolidone nel quale sono stati preventivamente sospesi dei Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) in proporzione pari 0.5 mg/ml, il 2% di Ferrocene (Fc), il 2.9% di Etil Viologeno (EV) e lo 0.1% di un iniziatore radicalico per polimerizzazione UV. La fibra di cui allo step 1, ? stata immersa in questa soluzione, tenendo fuori le due estremit?, facendola cos? ricoprire da una sottile strato di questa. La fibra ? stata poi sottoposta per 5 minuti ad irraggiamento UV. Lo strato di soluzione si ? cos? rappreso in un coating polimerico di Polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA). La procedura ? stata ripetuta fino a quando il coating di PMMA ha formato uno strato di 50 micrometri. 2) Active electrochromic layer, made as follows: a solution containing 40% Methyl Methacrylate (MM), 5% Poly Ethylene Oxide (PEO), 50% N-Methyl Pyrrolidone in which some Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) in a proportion of 0.5 mg/ml, 2% Ferrocene (Fc), 2.9% Ethyl Viologen (EV) and 0.1% of a radical initiator for UV polymerization. The fiber referred to in step 1, ? been immersed in this solution, keeping out the two ends?, doing it cos? cover with a thin layer of this. The fiber? was then subjected to UV irradiation for 5 minutes. The solution layer yes? what? set in a polymeric coating of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The procedure ? was repeated until the PMMA coating formed a 50 micrometer layer.
3) Strato di blend polimerico dielettrico, realizzato mediante una soluzione contenente il 50 % di metil metacrilato, il 25% di PEO, il 25% di Propilen Carbonato (PC). A tale soluzione ? stato aggiunto perclorato di litio (LiClO4) in concentrazione 1 molare e lo 0.5% sulla massa totale di un iniziatore radicalico. Il filo uscito dallo stadio 2 ? stato pi? volte immerso nella soluzione, tenendo fuori le estremit?, ed ogni volta irraggiato con UV fino a quando sullo stesso si ? formato uno strato di 50 micrometri di film polimerico dielettrico. 3) Dielectric polymer blend layer, made using a solution containing 50% methyl methacrylate, 25% PEO, 25% Propylene Carbonate (PC). To this solution? lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was added in a concentration of 1 molar and 0.5% of the total mass of a radical initiator. The wire that came out of stage 2 ? been more times immersed in the solution, keeping the ends out?, and each time irradiated with UV until the same is? formed a 50 micrometer layer of dielectric polymer film.
4) Formazione del filo elettrocromico intrecciato. Due porzioni di fibra preparate come illustrato negli step precedenti sono state intrecciate insieme. 4) Formation of the interwoven electrochromic thread. Two portions of fiber prepared as illustrated in the previous steps were braided together.
5) Isolamento elettrico del filo. Il filo proveniente dallo step 4 ? stato inserito in un reattore, tenendo fuori le estremit?, nel quale sono stati nebulizzati Polietilene glicole 1400 e il diisocianato alifatico 2,2,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate in microgocce di 25 micrometri di diametro. I suddetti componenti, reagendo per formare il legame uretanico, hanno generato la copertura del filo con uno strato di poliuretano trasparente, isolante, meccanicamente resistente. ? stato ottenuto un filo del diametro medio di 0.6 mm. 5) Electrical insulation of the wire. The wire coming from step 4 ? It was placed in a reactor, keeping the ends out, in which Polyethylene glycol 1400 and the aliphatic diisocyanate 2,2,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate were atomized in microdroplets of 25 micrometers in diameter. The aforementioned components, reacting to form the urethane bond, generated the covering of the wire with a layer of transparent, insulating, mechanically resistant polyurethane. ? a wire with an average diameter of 0.6 mm was obtained.
Il filo cos? prodotto, ? un sistema elettrocromico che passa dalla trasparenza all?intensa colorazione bleu quando alimentato con un voltaggio di 2 Volts. La resistenza a trazione di tale filo ? risultata essere 102 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% What's the thread? product, ? an electrochromic system that goes from transparency to intense blue color when powered with a voltage of 2 Volts. The tensile strength of this wire? found to be 102 Mpa and its ultimate elongation greater than 5%
Esempio 2: Filo elettrocromico formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in PANI/MWCNT, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEOFibra Example 2: Electrochromic yarn formed by fibers with conductive core and support in PANI/MWCNT, electrochromically active layer in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, dielectric polymer blend layer in PMMA/PEOFibre
L?esempio ? analogo all?Esempio 1, differendone per il fatto che al posto degli SWCNT sono stati impiegati i MWCNT. La resistenza a trazione del filo ? risultata pari a 85 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The example ? analogous to Example 1, differing in that the MWCNTs were used instead of the SWCNTs. The tensile strength of the wire? found to be equal to 85 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 3: Filo formato da fibre con core di supporto conduttivo in PEDOT:PSS, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 3: Yarn formed by fibers with conductive support core in PEDOT:PSS, electrochromically active layer in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, dielectric polymer blend layer in PMMA/PEO
Il filo ? realizzato come descritto nell?Esempio 1. La procedura di preparazione delle fibre da intrecciare ? del tutto analoga a quella dell?Esempio 1 ma, il core di supporto e conduttivo ? fatto di polimero PEDOT:PSS invece che di PANI. Il filo elettrocromico si comporta in modo analogo a quello dell?Esempio 1. . La resistenza a trazione del filo ? risultata pari a 92 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The wire ? carried out as described in Example 1. The procedure for preparing the fibers to be braided ? completely analogous to that of? Example 1 but, the core of support and conduction ? made of PEDOT:PSS polymer instead of PANI. The electrochromic wire behaves in a similar way to that of Example 1. . The tensile strength of the wire? found to be equal to 92 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 4: Filo formato da fibre con core di supporto conduttivo in PEDOT:PSS, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/MWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 4: Yarn formed by fibers with conductive support core in PEDOT:PSS, electrochromically active layer in PMMA/PEO/MWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, dielectric polymer blend layer in PMMA/PEO
L?esempio ? analogo all?esempio 3, differendone per il fatto che al posto degli SWCNT sono stati impiegati i MWCNT. . La resistenza a trazione del filo ? risultata pari a 75 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The example ? analogous to example 3, differing in that the MWCNTs were used instead of the SWCNTs. . The tensile strength of the wire? found to be equal to 75 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 5: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in metallo, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 5: Wire formed by fibers with conductive core and metal support, PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc electrochromically active layer, PMMA/PEO dielectric polymer blend layer
Il filo ? realizzato come descritto nell?Esempio 1. La procedura di preparazione della fibra elettrocromica ? analoga a quella dell?Esempio 1, a parte il fatto che lo step 1 viene eliminato in quanto il core conduttivo e di supporto ? stato sostituito da un filo di rame dal diametro di 50 micrometri. La fibra elettrocromica si comporta in modo analogo a quella dell?Esempio 1. La resistenza a trazione del filo ? risultata pari a 178 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The wire ? made as described in Example 1. The preparation procedure of the electrochromic fiber ? analogous to that of? Example 1, apart from the fact that step 1 is eliminated as the conductive core and support ? been replaced by a copper wire with a diameter of 50 micrometres. The electrochromic fiber behaves in a similar way to that of Example 1. The tensile strength of the yarn ? found to be equal to 178 Mpa and its elongation at failure greater than 5%
Esempio 6: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in metallo, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 6: Wire formed by fibers with conductive core and metal support, PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc electrochromically active layer, PMMA/PEO dielectric polymer blend layer
L?esempio ? analogo all?esempio 5, differendone per il fatto che al posto degli SWCNT sono stati impiegati i MWCNT. . La resistenza a trazione del filo ? risultata pari a 152 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The example ? analogous to example 5, differing in that the MWCNTs were used instead of the SWCNTs. . The tensile strength of the wire? found to be equal to 152 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 7: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in metallo, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PVB/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 7: Wire formed by fibers with conductive core and metal support, PVB/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc electrochromically active layer, PMMA/PEO dielectric polymer blend layer
La preparazione del filo ? stata fatta come nell?Esempio 1. In questo esempio, la preparazione delle singole fibra ha richiesto i seguenti step: Wire preparation? was done as in Example 1. In this example, the preparation of the individual fibers required the following steps:
1) Il core di supporto e conduttivo ? costituito da un filo di rame dello spessore di 50 micrometri. 1) Is the supporting and conductive core ? made of a copper wire with a thickness of 50 micrometers.
2) Lo strato elettrocromicamente attivo ? stato realizzato nel seguente modo: il core di rame ? stato co-estruso in un estrusore insieme ad una miscela polimerica, preformata per estrusione in pellet granulometrici, mediante estrusore a doppia vite, e contenente il 45% di Polivinil Butirrale (PVB), il 10% di Poli Etilene Ossido (PEO), il 40% di N-Metil Pirrolidone nella quale sono stati previamente dispersi SWCNT in proporzione di 1mg/ml, il 2% di Ferrocene, il 3% Etil-viologeno. La co-estrusione del film ? stata fatta a caldo alla temperatura di testa di 150?C e temperatura di uscita pari ad 80 ?C, ha generato un coating di 100 micrometri di polimero elettroattivo sul filo di rame. 2) The electrochromically active layer? been made in the following way: the copper core ? been co-extruded in an extruder together with a polymer blend, preformed by extrusion into particle size pellets, using a twin screw extruder, and containing 45% Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB), 10% Poly Ethylene Oxide (PEO), the 40% N-Methyl Pyrrolidone in which SWCNTs have been previously dispersed in a proportion of 1mg/ml, 2% Ferrocene, 3% Ethyl-viologen. The co-extrusion of the film ? was made hot at a head temperature of 150?C and outlet temperature equal to 80?C, it generated a coating of 100 micrometres of electroactive polymer on the copper wire.
3) Strato di blend polimerico dielettrico, realizzato con una soluzione contenente il 50 % di metil metacrilato, il 25% di PEO, il 25% di Propilen Carbonato (PC). A tale soluzione ? stato aggiunto perclorato di Litio (LiClO4) in concentrazione 1 molare e lo 0.5% sulla massa totale di un iniziatore radicalico. La fibra uscita dallo stadio 2 ? stato pi? volte immersa nella soluzione, tenendo fuori le estremit?, e poi irraggiata con UV fino a quando sulla stessa si ? formato uno strato di 50 micron di film polimerico dielettrico. 3) Dielectric polymer blend layer, made with a solution containing 50% methyl methacrylate, 25% PEO, 25% Propylene Carbonate (PC). To this solution? Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was added in a concentration of 1 molar and 0.5% of the total mass of a radical initiator. The fiber output from stage 2 ? been more times immersed in the solution, keeping the ends out?, and then irradiated with UV until the same is? formed a layer of 50 microns of dielectric polymer film.
4) Due porzioni di fibra preparate come illustrato negli step precedenti sono state intrecciate insieme. 4) Two portions of fiber prepared as illustrated in the previous steps were braided together.
5) Le fibre intrecciate provenienti dallo step 4 sono state inserite in un reattore, tenendo fuori le estremit?, nel quale sono stati nebulizzati Polietilene glicole 1400 e il diisocianato alifatico 2,2,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanatein (microgocce di 25 micrometri di diametro). I suddetti componenti, reagendo per formare il legame uretanico, hanno ricoperto le fibre intrecciate di un poliuretano trasparente, isolante, meccanicamente resistente. Il diametro medio della fibra ? risultato essere di 0.6 mm. 5) The braided fibers from step 4 were inserted into a reactor, keeping the ends out, in which Polyethylene glycol 1400 and the aliphatic diisocyanate 2,2,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanatein (microdrops of 25 micrometers of diameter). The above components, reacting to form the urethane bond, coated the woven fibers with a clear, insulating, mechanically strong polyurethane. The mean diameter of the fiber? found to be 0.6 mm.
Il filo cos? prodotto, ? un sistema elettrocromico che passa dalla trasparenza all?intensa colorazione bleu quando alimentata con un voltaggio di 2 Volts.. La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 185 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% What's the thread? product, ? an electrochromic system that goes from transparency to intense blue color when powered with a voltage of 2 Volts. found to be equal to 185 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 8: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in metallo, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PVB/PEO/MWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 8: Wire formed by fibers with conductive core and metal support, PVB/PEO/MWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc electrochromically active layer, PMMA/PEO dielectric polymer blend layer
L?esempio ? analogo all?esempio 7, differendone per il fatto che al posto degli SWCNT sono stati impiegati i MWCNT.. La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 174 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The example ? analogous to example 7, differing in that the MWCNTs were used instead of the SWCNTs. The wire breaking strength ? was found to be equal to 174 Mpa and its elongation at failure greater than 5%
Esempio 9: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in metallo, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PVB/PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT/NMP, strato di blend polimerico dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 9: Wire formed from fibers with conductive core and metal support, electrochromically active layer of PVB/PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT/NMP, dielectric polymer blend layer of PMMA/PEO
Il filo ? stato preparato in modo analogo all?Esempio 7 tranne per il fatto che la miscela polimerica elettrocromica da estrudere ? formata da PVB-PEDOT:PSS-SWCNT ed ? stata preparata modificando la procedura proposta da P.J. Bora et al. Materials Letters 252 (2019) 178?181. Ad una soluzione etanolica (etanolo assoluto) di PVB al 35% in peso ? stato aggiunto il PEDOT:PSS in misura del 10% in peso sotto costante agitazione. Dopo 1 h di agitazione, alla soluzione di PVB-PEDOT:PSS ? stato aggiunto un dato volume di una sospensione di nanotubi di carbonio (1 mg di nanotubi/mL di etanolo assoluto) per avere l?1% in peso di nanotubi nel blend finale. Il blend cos? ottenuto ? stato posto in continua agitazione per 3 h. Il blend ? stato poi essiccato all?aria per 48 h. . La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 156 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The wire ? been prepared in a similar way to Example 7 except for the fact that the electrochromic polymer mixture to be extruded ? formed by PVB-PEDOT:PSS-SWCNT and ? was prepared by modifying the procedure proposed by P.J. Bora et al. Materials Letters 252 (2019) 178?181. To an ethanol solution (absolute ethanol) of PVB at 35% by weight ? 10% by weight of PEDOT:PSS was added under constant stirring. After 1 h of stirring, the PVB-PEDOT:PSS solution? A given volume of carbon nanotube suspension (1 mg nanotubes/mL absolute ethanol) was added to give 1 wt% nanotubes in the final blend. The blend what? obtained ? was placed under continuous stirring for 3 h. The blend? was then dried in the air for 48 hours. . The breaking strength of the wire? found to be equal to 156 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 10: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in metallo, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PVB/PEDOT:PSS/MWCNT/NMP, strato di blend polimerico dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 10: Wire formed from fibers with conductive core and metal support, electrochromically active layer of PVB/PEDOT:PSS/MWCNT/NMP, dielectric polymer blend layer of PMMA/PEO
L?esempio ? analogo all?esempio 9, differendone per il fatto che al posto degli SWCNT sono stati impiegati i MWCNT.. La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 148 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The example ? analogous to example 9, differing in that the MWCNTs were used instead of the SWCNTs. The wire breaking strength ? found to be equal to 148 Mpa and its elongation at failure greater than 5%
Esempio 11: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in cellulosa rivestita con PEDOT:PSS, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimerico dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 11: Yarn formed by fibers with conductive core and support in cellulose coated with PEDOT:PSS, electrochromically active layer in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, layer of dielectric polymeric blend in PMMA/PEO
Il sistema ? stato realizzato impiegando come filo centrale un filo di cellulosa il quale ? stato rivestito con il polimero conduttivo PEDOT:PSS. Il rivestimento ? stato fatto come nell?Esempio 1 polimerizzando il PEDOT:PSS in situ impiegando la procedura di polimerizzazione ossidativa del monomero 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), in accordo alla letteratura (Bayer AG, Eur. Patent 440957, 1991). La preparazione del filo ? stata fatta mediante i seguenti step: The system ? been made using a cellulose thread as the central thread which? been coated with the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS. The coating? was done as in Example 1 by polymerizing PEDOT:PSS in situ using the oxidative polymerization procedure of the monomer 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), according to the literature (Bayer AG, Eur. Patent 440957, 1991). Wire preparation? was done through the following steps:
1) Core di supporto e conduttivo, preparato immergendo la cellulosa in una soluzione acquosa costituita da acido poly(4-styrenesulfonate (PSS) e da EDOT nel rapporto molare 2.5, dall?1% in peso dell?agente ossidante persolfato di sodio (Na2S2O8) e dallo 0.2 % in peso del catalizzatore FeSO47H2O. La polimerizzazione ossidativa ? stata fatta sotto agitazione a temperatura ambiente per 24 h. La fibra cos? ottenuta ? stata successivamente lavata in acqua pura per rimuovere gli ioni residui e successivamente disidratata. 1) Supporting and conductive core, prepared by immersing the cellulose in an aqueous solution consisting of poly(4-styrenesulfonate (PSS) acid and EDOT in the molar ratio 2.5, from 1% by weight of the oxidizing agent sodium persulphate (Na2S2O8 ) and 0.2% by weight of the catalyst FeSO47H2O. The oxidative polymerization was carried out under stirring at room temperature for 24 hours. The fiber thus obtained was subsequently washed in pure water to remove the residual ions and subsequently dehydrated.
2) Strato elettrocromico attivo, realizzato da una soluzione contenente il 50 % di metil metacrilato, il 25% di PEO, il 25% di Propilen Carbonato (PC) e l?1% di ETV. A tale soluzione ? stato aggiunto perclorato di Litio (LiClO4) in concentrazione 1 molare e lo 0.5% sulla massa totale di un iniziatore radicalico. La fibra uscita dallo step 1 ? stata pi? volte immersa nella soluzione, tenendo fuori le estremit?, e poi irraggiata con UV fino alla formazione, sulla stessa, di uno strato do 50 micrometri di film polimerico dielettrico. 2) Active electrochromic layer, made from a solution containing 50% methyl methacrylate, 25% PEO, 25% Propylene Carbonate (PC) and 1% ETV. To this solution? Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was added in a concentration of 1 molar and 0.5% of the total mass of a radical initiator. The fiber output from step 1? been more times immersed in the solution, keeping the ends out, and then irradiated with UV until the formation, on the same, of a 50 micrometer layer of dielectric polymeric film.
3) La fibra ottenuta nello step 2) ? stata rivestita con un elettrolita solido polimerico realizzato analogamente a come riportato nello step 2) dell?Esempio 1. 3) The fiber obtained in step 2) ? been coated with a solid polymer electrolyte made in the same way as reported in step 2) of Example 1.
4) Due porzioni di fibra preparate come illustrato negli step precedenti sono state intrecciate insieme. 4) Two portions of fiber prepared as illustrated in the previous steps were braided together.
5) Le fibre intrecciate provenienti dallo step 4 sono state rivestite con un poliuretano isolante ottenuto analogamente a come riportato nell?Esempio 1. 5) The woven fibers coming from step 4 were coated with an insulating polyurethane obtained similarly to what is reported in Example 1.
Il filo cos? prodotto, ? un sistema elettrocromico che passa dalla trasparenza all?intensa colorazione bleu quando alimentata con un voltaggio di 2.5 Volts.. La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 35 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% What's the thread? product, ? an electrochromic system that goes from transparency to intense blue color when powered with a voltage of 2.5 Volts. found to be equal to 35 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 12: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in cellulosa rivestita con PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT (MWCNT), strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT, strato di blend polimerico dielettrico in PMMA/PEO L?Esempio ? analogo all?Esempio 11 differendone per il fatto che lo strato elettrocromicamente attivo ? costituito da PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT invece che da PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc. La realizzazione del filo ha previsto gli stessi step 1), 3), 4) e 5) dell?esempio 11 con la differenza che nello step 1) nella soluzione acquosa di PSS e EDOT sono stati dispersi i nanotubi di carbonio in concentrazione di 1 mg/mL. . La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 55 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% Example 12: Yarn formed by fibers with conductive core and cellulose support coated with PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT (MWCNT), electrochromically active layer in PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT, dielectric polymeric blend layer in PMMA/PEO Example ? analogous to Example 11 differing in that the electrochromically active layer ? consisting of PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT instead of PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc. The construction of the wire involved the same steps 1), 3), 4) and 5) of example 11 with the difference that in step 1) the carbon nanotubes were dispersed in the aqueous solution of PSS and EDOT in a concentration of 1 mg/mL. . The breaking strength of the wire? found to be equal to 55 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 13 Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in cellulosa rivestita con PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 13 Yarn formed by fibers with conductive core and cellulose support coated with PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT, electrochromically active layer in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, dielectric polymer blend layer in PMMA/PEO
L?Esempio ? analogo all?Esempio 11 differendone per il fatto il supporto di cellulosa ? stato rivestito con un blend PEDOT:PSS/SWCN, realizzato come nell?Esempio 12 (step 1). Gli step da 2) a 5) dell?Esempio 11 si ripetono anche in questo esempio.. La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 65 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% The example ? analogous to Example 11, differing in that the cellulose support ? been coated with a PEDOT:PSS/SWCN blend, carried out as in Example 12 (step 1). The steps from 2) to 5) of Example 11 are repeated also in this example.. The wire breaking strength ? found to be equal to 65 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 14: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in cellulosa rivestita con SWCNT, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 14: Yarn formed by fibers with SWCNT coated cellulose conductive and support core, PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc electrochromically active layer, PMMA/PEO dielectric polymer blend layer
Il sistema ? stato realizzato impiegando come core centrale una fibra di cellulosa la quale ? stata rivestita con i SWCNT. La realizzazione del filo ? stata fatta mediante i seguenti step: The system ? been made using a cellulose fiber as a central core which? coated with SWCNTs. The making of the wire? was done through the following steps:
1) Strato di supporto e conduttivo, realizzato modificando leggermente il metodo proposto da Haisong Qi et al. (J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 5541): la fibra centrale di cellulosa ? stata immersa per 5 min in una sospensione acquosa omogenea all?1% di SWCNT (~ 1 mg/mL) e allo 0.65% del tensioattivo Brij76, tenendo fuori le due estremit?. Successivamente, il filo ? stato essiccato per 30 minuti all?aria. 1) Support and conductive layer, made by slightly modifying the method proposed by Haisong Qi et al. (J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 5541): the central cellulose fiber ? was immersed for 5 min in a homogeneous aqueous suspension of 1% SWCNT (~ 1 mg/mL) and 0.65% of the surfactant Brij76, keeping both ends out. Subsequently, the thread ? been air dried for 30 minutes.
Il processo di immersione e disidratazione ? stato ripetuto pi? volte fino ad ottenere una resistivit? normalizzata sulla lunghezza del filo non superiore a 5 kW cm<-1 >(che corrisponde a circa 250 S cm<-1>) sulla fibra disidratata sotto vuoto a 40 ?C per 8 h. The process of immersion and dehydration ? been repeated more times until you get a resistivity? normalized on the length of the yarn not exceeding 5 kW cm<-1 >(which corresponds to approximately 250 S cm<-1>) on the fiber dehydrated under vacuum at 40 ?C for 8 hours.
Step da 2) a 5) analoghi all?Esempio 1.. La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 85 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% Steps from 2) to 5) similar to Example 1.. Is the breaking strength of the wire ? found to be equal to 85 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 15: Filo formato da fibre con core conduttivo e di supporto in poliestere rivestito con PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT, strato elettrocromicamente attivo in PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc, strato di blend polimero dielettrico in PMMA/PEO Example 15: Yarn formed by fibers with conductive core and polyester support coated with PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT, PMMA/PEO/SWCNT/NMP/EV/Fc electrochromically active layer, PMMA/PEO dielectric polymer blend layer
Il sistema ? stato realizzato impiegando come core centrale una fibra di poliestere rivestita con un blend conduttivo ed elettrocromico formato dal polimero PEDOT:PSS e dai SWCNT. La realizzazione del filo ? stata fatta mediante i seguenti step: The system ? It was made using a polyester fiber coated with a conductive and electrochromic blend formed by the PEDOT:PSS polymer and SWCNTs as a central core. The making of the wire? was done through the following steps:
1) Core conduttivo e di supporto, fatto come nello step 1) dell?Esempio 12. 1) Conductive and support core, done as in step 1) of Example 12.
Step da 2) a 5) analoghi all?Esempio 1. Steps from 2) to 5) similar to Example 1.
. La resistenza a rottura del filo ? risultata pari a 42 Mpa ed il suo allungamento a rottura maggiore del 5% . The breaking strength of the wire? found to be equal to 42 Mpa and its elongation at break greater than 5%
Esempio 16: Tessuto in cui trama e ordito sono costituiti dal filo dell?Esempio 4. Sono stati realizzati 20 m del filo di cui all?Esempio 4 e con questi sono state realizzate 10 spolette ciascuna con 1 metro di filo ed 1 spoletta con 10 metri di filo. Le 10 spolette con 1 metro di filo sono state sostituite ad altrettanti fili di ordito di un nastro di altezza 10 cm realizzato con ordito di 80 fili di Raffia in PP da 4500 dTex e trama in Monofilo di PP da 450 dTex di titolo, tessuto su un telaio J. M?ller NC 2/130 con armatura Tela. I nuovi fili inseriti in ordito sono stati posti in posizioni equispaziate. La spoletta con 10 metri di filo ? stata utilizzata per alimentare la trama con densit? di 8 inserzioni al centimetro. ? stato effettuato il bonding elettrico delle estremit? dei fili di ordito e trama con due conduttori di rame. Il tessuto ? stato alimentato da una batteria in grado di erogare Example 16: Fabric in which the warp and weft are made up of the yarn of Example 4. 20 m of the yarn of Example 4 were made and with these 10 spools were made, each with 1 meter of thread and 1 spool with 10 meters of wire. The 10 spools with 1 meter of thread were replaced by the same number of warp threads of a 10 cm high ribbon made with warp of 80 threads of Raffia in PP of 4500 dTex and weft in PP monofilament of 450 dTex count, woven on a J. M?ller NC 2/130 frame with plain weave. The new threads inserted in the warp have been placed in equally spaced positions. The spool with 10 meters of thread? been used to feed the plot with density? of 8 insertions per centimetre. ? been performed the electrical bonding of the extremities? of warp and weft threads with two copper conductors. The fabric? been powered by a battery capable of delivering
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| IT102020000028865A IT202000028865A1 (en) | 2020-11-27 | 2020-11-27 | ELECTROCHROMIC WIRE AND RELATED FABRICS |
| EP20829658.2A EP4073299A1 (en) | 2019-12-10 | 2020-12-05 | Electrochromic wire thread and relative fabrics |
| CN202080095927.1A CN115066522A (en) | 2019-12-10 | 2020-12-05 | Electrochromic threads and related fabrics |
| PCT/IB2020/061555 WO2021116869A1 (en) | 2019-12-10 | 2020-12-05 | Electrochromic wire thread and relative fabrics |
| US17/783,787 US20230011723A1 (en) | 2019-12-10 | 2020-12-05 | Electrochromic wire thread and relative fabrics |
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| TW200907129A (en) | 2007-08-14 | 2009-02-16 | Ming-Tsai Liang | Electrochromic fiber and electrochromic fabric |
| US8349131B1 (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2013-01-08 | Louisiana Tech Research Foundation: a division of Louisiana Tech University Foundation, Inc. | Method for the manufacture of smart paper and smart wood microfibers |
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| US8349131B1 (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2013-01-08 | Louisiana Tech Research Foundation: a division of Louisiana Tech University Foundation, Inc. | Method for the manufacture of smart paper and smart wood microfibers |
| TW200907129A (en) | 2007-08-14 | 2009-02-16 | Ming-Tsai Liang | Electrochromic fiber and electrochromic fabric |
| TWI321170B (en) * | 2007-08-14 | 2010-03-01 | Univ Ishou |
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