IL304293A - Sustainable Desalination Plant and Sustainable Method for the Desalination of Water - Google Patents

Sustainable Desalination Plant and Sustainable Method for the Desalination of Water

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Publication number
IL304293A
IL304293A IL304293A IL30429323A IL304293A IL 304293 A IL304293 A IL 304293A IL 304293 A IL304293 A IL 304293A IL 30429323 A IL30429323 A IL 30429323A IL 304293 A IL304293 A IL 304293A
Authority
IL
Israel
Prior art keywords
hydroxide
calcium
combination
nacl
based chemical
Prior art date
Application number
IL304293A
Other languages
Hebrew (he)
Inventor
Drak Alex
Efrat Tomer
Original Assignee
Ide Americas Inc
Drak Alex
Efrat Tomer
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ide Americas Inc, Drak Alex, Efrat Tomer filed Critical Ide Americas Inc
Priority to IL304293A priority Critical patent/IL304293A/en
Priority to PCT/US2024/036881 priority patent/WO2025010402A1/en
Priority to AU2024288924A priority patent/AU2024288924A1/en
Publication of IL304293A publication Critical patent/IL304293A/en
Priority to IL325450A priority patent/IL325450A/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/36—Pervaporation; Membrane distillation; Liquid permeation
    • B01D61/362—Pervaporation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/58—Multistep processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D1/00—Oxides or hydroxides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
    • C01D1/04—Hydroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D3/00—Halides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
    • C01D3/04—Chlorides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D5/00—Sulfates or sulfites of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
    • C01D5/02—Preparation of sulfates from alkali metal salts and sulfuric acid or bisulfates; Preparation of bisulfates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F11/00—Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
    • C01F11/02—Oxides or hydroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F11/00—Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
    • C01F11/18—Carbonates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F11/00—Compounds of calcium, strontium, or barium
    • C01F11/20—Halides
    • C01F11/24—Chlorides
    • C01F11/28—Chlorides by chlorination of alkaline-earth metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F5/00—Compounds of magnesium
    • C01F5/14—Magnesium hydroxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F5/00—Compounds of magnesium
    • C01F5/24—Magnesium carbonates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
    • C01F5/00—Compounds of magnesium
    • C01F5/26—Magnesium halides
    • C01F5/30—Chlorides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
    • B01D2311/04—Specific process operations in the feed stream; Feed pretreatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
    • B01D2311/12—Addition of chemical agents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
    • B01D2311/26—Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
    • B01D2311/263—Chemical reaction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
    • B01D2311/26—Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
    • B01D2311/2642—Aggregation, sedimentation, flocculation, precipitation or coagulation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B01D61/52—Accessories; Auxiliary operation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/444—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by ultrafiltration or microfiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/445—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by forward osmosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/448—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by pervaporation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
    • C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Description

Sustainable Desalination Plant and Sustainable Method for the Desalination of Water. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a more environmentally sustainable production of desalinated water and to a sustainable desalination plant.
Background of the Invention Desalination is a process that removes mineral components from sea water to provide water that is suitable for human consumption or irrigation. The by-product of the desalination process is brine, a super concentrated solution. A conventional seawater desalination plant delivers sea water, via an intake channel, through various pre-treatment sites such as filters before being pumped under pressure through multiple reverse osmosis passes to form desalinated product water and concentrated sea water or brine. During this process, other minerals in addition to salt are removed from the water which must be re-introduced to provide an acceptable product water and therefore the water is also subjected to post-treatments, such as pH adjustment and the addition of minerals such as magnesium before being held in a holding tank for later consumption. The brine may be discharged back into the sea via a discharge channel or subjected to a further desalination process to create additional product water.
Drinking water that leaves the desalination plant must have a certain concentration of minerals. Generally, the required minerals are purchased, delivered to the plant, and added to the reverse osmosis product in the final remineralization treatment stage of the desalination plant. The purchase and delivery of the chemicals make the operation problematic especially in places where those chemicals are unavailable. In addition, delivery / transportation of chemicals affects the environment, increasing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. It is desirable to be able to produce the required chemicals onsite as this would significantly improve the sustainability of the desalination plant.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved desalination process and system that aims to address this issue. Summary of the Invention According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of treating fluids, the process comprising: feeding at least a portion of said fluids through at least one reactor for the removal of carbonates-based chemicals by precipitation; regenerating at least some of the calcium carbonate precipitant to a calcium- based chemical and carbon dioxide; and utilizing at least a portion of at least one selected from a group consisting of said calcium based chemical and carbon dioxide and any combination thereof, to remineralize said fluids; thereby treating the same.
The method may treat fluids selected from a group consisting of seawater, brine, effluent and any combination thereof.
The reactor may contain calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) for the precipitation of calcium-based chemicals. Preferably, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) is added to the at least one reactor to precipitate at least one carbonates-based chemical, more preferably wherein the at least one carbonates-based chemical is calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), according to the following equation: Ca(OH) 2 + Ca(HCO 3) 2 --> 2CaCO 3 + 2H 2O.
Preferably, feeding at least a portion of said fluids through at least one reactor containing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) increases the pH of said fluids to at least pH 8.3.
In a preferred embodiment, the fluids comprise seawater and the method further comprises the step of desalinating said seawater. The method may include the additional step of delivering said seawater to at least one pass comprising at least one reverse osmosis membrane to produce permeate water and brine.
Preferably, the regeneration step produces a calcium-based chemical selected from a group consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide and any combination thereof. The regeneration step may comprise the steps of: a. at least partially dissolving said calcium carbonate; and, b. at least partially precipitating calcium-hydroxide.
The said step of dissolving said calcium-based chemical is preferably performed by adding at least one acid. Said acid may be selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4), and any combination thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl) and its addition results in the generation of calcium chloride (CaCl) and carbon dioxide gas, (CO 2).
Said carbon dioxide gas, (CO 2), is preferably generated in at least one pervaporation membrane, degasification, super cavitation and/or any other carbon dioxide gas, CO2, extraction method.
Preferably, at least a portion of the carbon dioxide is used in a post treatment process for remineralization of said fluids.
The step of at least partially precipitating calcium-hydroxide is preferably performed by increasing the pH to a level of at least 10, for example by the addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), to result in sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2). The method may further comprise the additional step of regenerating sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Said step of regeneration of sodium hydroxide may be performed by feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl), through at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes, EDBM, preferably wherein said step of feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl), through said at least one EDBM additionally results in electrolysing water to provide oxygen (O 2) gas and hydrogen (H 2) gas. The step of feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl), through said at least one EDBM additionally results in generating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Preferably, at least a portion of the calcium hydroxide formed by regeneration of the calcium carbonate is at least one selected from (a) recycled for use in the at least one reactor; (b) used in a post treatment process; (c) any combination thereof.
The method of treating fluids according to the first aspect of the invention may also precipitate magnesium hydroxide during the step of feeding at least a portion of said fluids through at least one reactor containing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2). The method may further comprise the step of regenerating at least some of the magnesium hydroxide precipitant to a magnesium-based chemical. The step of regenerating at least some of the magnesium hydroxide precipitant may comprise steps of: a. at least partially dissolving said magnesium hydroxide; and, b. at least partially precipitating magnesium-hydroxide.
Preferably, said step of dissolving said magnesium hydroxide is performed by adding at least one acid, more preferably wherein said acid is selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4), and any combination thereof. It is preferable for the addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl), to result in the generation of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2).
In one embodiment, said step of at least partially precipitating magnesium-hydroxide is performed by increasing the pH to a level of at least 8, more preferably at least 10. Preferably the increase in pH is performed by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to result in sodium chloride (NaCl), and magnesium hydroxide (MgOH 2). The method may further comprise the step of regeneration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Said step of regeneration of sodium hydroxide may be performed by feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl), through at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes, EDBM. Said step of feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl), through said at least one EDBM additionally results in electrolysing water to provide oxygen (O 2) gas and hydrogen (H 2) gas. Preferably, said step of feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl), through said at least one EDBM additionally results in generating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
It is preferable for at least a portion of the magnesium hydroxide formed by regeneration to be at least one selected from (a) recycled for use in the at least one reactor; (b) used in a post treatment process; (c) any combination thereof.
The method may further comprise adding at least a portion of the regenerated magnesium-based chemical to the permeate to produce product water.
Preferably, the step of feeding at least a portion of water through the at least one reactor containing calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 according to the method of the first aspect of the invention also precipitates magnesium hydroxide; and the process further comprises the steps of (i) regenerating at least some of the calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide precipitants to produce a calcium- based chemical, a magnesium-based chemical and carbon dioxide; and, (ii) mixing at least some of the regenerated chemicals and carbon dioxide with the permeate product water to produce drinking water.
The method according to the first aspect of the present invention preferably excludes a calcium carbonate contactor in the post-treatment of the permeate water.
The method may further comprise the optional step of utilizing nanofiltration to generate a solution comprising at sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na 2SO 4), and any combination thereof; from at least one selected from a group consisting of seawater, brine and any combination thereof. Preferably, the method may further comprise a step of feeding said solution comprising at least one of sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium sulphate (Na 2SO 4) and any combination thereof, through at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes EDBM to regenerate sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) and any combination thereof.
A second aspect of the present invention provide a self-sustainable system for treating fluids, the system comprising: at least one conduit for delivering at least a portion of fluids to at least one reactor for the removal of at least one carbonates-based chemical by precipitation; at least one regeneration module for regenerating at least some of the calcium carbonate precipitant to a calcium- based chemical and carbon dioxide; and at least one remineralization module utilizing at least a portion of at least one selected from a group consisting of said calcium based-chemical and carbon dioxide and any combination thereof, to remineralize said fluids.
Preferably, the fluids are selected from a group consisting of seawater, brine, effluent and any combination thereof.
Preferably, the at least one reactor contains calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) therein to precipitate at least one carbonates-based chemical selected from a group consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), more preferably wherein the reactor contains calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) therein to precipitate at least one carbonates-based chemical selected from a group consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), according to the following equation: Ca(OH) + Ca(HCO 3) 2 --> 2CaCO 3 + 2H 2O.
Preferably, the system further comprises at least one conduit for introducing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) into the at least one reactor.
In a preferred embodiment, the fluids are seawater; further wherein said system additionally comprises at least one reverse osmosis pass comprising at least one reverse osmosis membrane.
Preferably, the regeneration module of the system produces a calcium-based chemical selected from a group consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide and any combination thereof. Said regeneration module of the calcium carbonate to said calcium-based chemical may comprise: a. at least one module for dissolving at least partially said calcium carbonate; and, b. at least one module for precipitating at least partially calcium-hydroxide.
Said module for dissolving said calcium-based chemical may comprise at least one conduit for introducing acid into the same, preferably wherein the acid is selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4),and any combination thereof.
More preferably, the conduit introduces hydrochloric acid (HCl), to result in the generation of calcium chloride (CaCl 2), and carbon dioxide gas (CO 2). The carbon dioxide gas (CO 2), may be generated in at least one pervaporation membrane, degasification, super cavitation and/or any other carbon dioxide gas (CO 2), extraction method. At least a portion of the carbon dioxide is preferably used in a post treatment process for remineralization of said fluids.
In a preferred embodiment, the module for precipitating at least partially calcium-hydroxide is configured to increase the pH to a level of at least 10, more preferably wherein increasing the pH to a level of at least 10 is performed by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to result in sodium chloride (NaCl), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2).
Preferably, at least a portion of the calcium hydroxide formed by regeneration of the calcium carbonate is at least one selected from (a) recycled for use in the at least one reactor; (b) used in the post treatment process; (c) any combination thereof.
The system according to the second aspect of the invention may further comprise a regeneration module for regeneration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Said regeneration module for sodium hydroxide may comprise feeding sodium chloride (NaCl), through at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes, EDBM. Feeding said sodium chloride, NaCl, through said at least one EDBM may additionally result in electrolysing water to provide oxygen (O 2) gas and hydrogen (H 2) gas. Preferably, this step also results in generating sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl).
The at least one reactor containing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) of the system according to the second aspect of the invention may also precipitate magnesium hydroxide from at least a portion of the fluids passed therethrough. In this embodiment, the system may further comprise a regeneration module for regenerating at least some of the magnesium hydroxide precipitant to a magnesium-based chemical. The regeneration module may comprise: a. at least one module for dissolving at least partially said magnesium hydroxide; and, b. at least one module for precipitating at least partially magnesium-hydroxide.
Said module for dissolving said magnesium hydroxide may include adding at least one acid, preferably wherein said acid is selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4), and any combination thereof. More preferably, said addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl), results in the generation of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2).
Preferably, said module for precipitating magnesium-hydroxide is configured to increase the pH to a level of at least 8, more preferably increasing the pH to a level of at least 10, optionally by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to result in sodium chloride (NaCl), and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2).
At least a portion of the magnesium hydroxide formed by the system is at least one selected from (a) recycled for use in the at least one reactor; (b) used in the post treatment process; (c) any combination thereof.
The system preferably includes a module for regeneration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Said regeneration module for regenerating sodium hydroxide may comprise at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes, EDBM, wherein said sodium chloride (NaCl) is fed through the membrane. Preferably, feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl), through said at least one EDBM additionally results in electrolysing water to provide oxygen (O 2) gas and hydrogen (H 2) gas. Additionally, feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through said at least one EDBM may result in generating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
The system may also be configured to add at least a portion of the regenerated magnesium-based chemical to the permeate to produce product water.
Additionally, the system may further comprise a nanofiltration module to generate a solution comprising at least one of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na 2SO 4), and any combination thereof; from at least one selected from a group consisting of seawater, brine and any combination thereof.
Preferably, the system includes at least one conduit for feeding said solution comprising at least one of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulphate (Na 2SO 4) and any combination thereof, through said at least one EDBM to generate at least one of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) and any combination thereof.
Brief Description of the Drawings For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way of example only to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating different stages of a sustainable desalination plant and process according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description Of The Invention The present invention is concerned with improving a sea water desalination process and plant by increasing their sustainability. This is achieved by the self-generation of most of the chemicals used in the desalination process/plant, thus reducing the need to deliver chemicals to the plant.
The invention allows the production of the required chemicals onsite without the need to purchase and deliver the chemicals to the plant. The chemicals required for remineralization may vary from plant to plant and can be (1) calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide or (2) calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. In addition, magnesium hydroxide may also be required. The ability to provide onsite production of these chemicals provides (1) high availability of the plant; and (2) an environmentally friendly approach.
According to one embodiment of the present invention input sea water are reacted with lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2) prior to its passage through the reverse osmosis passes to precipitate calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate is then subsequently regenerated (by e.g., calcination/hydrolysis, as will be detailed hereinbelow, of the calcium carbonate) for reuse in the process/plant. This provides for a series of benefits in the overall cost efficiency and sustainability of the process/plant as detailed below.
Figures 1A to 1E illustrate the different stages in the desalination process and plant of the present invention. The process can be divided into four stages/modules (figures 1A-1D) (i) a seawater/brine softening stage; (ii) a chemical preparation for remineralization stage; (iii) a remineralization stage; and (iv) an acid and base preparation stage, with an optional additional fifth stage/module (Figure 1E).
Figure 1A illustrates the first seawater/brine softening stage comprising precipitation of calcium carbonate alone or together with magnesium hydroxide from the seawater or brine. The precipitation is done in a precipitation unit, for example a fluidized bed reactor. To precipitate calcium carbonate alone or together with magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) is added to the precipitation unit. Addition of calcium hydroxide increases the pH, converts part of bicarbonates in the water to carbonates and increases the saturation potential of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide.
The seawater is passed through the precipitation unit (such as a fluidized bed reactor) prior to filtration. Optionally, the filtered water may then be delivered to a clearwell. Calcium hydroxide is introduced into the precipitation unit raising the pH of the water to at least 8.or higher and precipitating out calcium carbonate (and, optionally, magnesium hydroxide), according to the following equation: Ca(OH) 2 + Ca(HCO 3) 2 --  2CaCO 3 + 2H 2O This stage leads to operating at a higher pH, converts part of the biocarbonates to carbonates and increases the saturation potential of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. In turn, this leads to better biofouling resistance, better boron rejection and enables post treatment reactors to be free from calcium carbonate reactors. Instead, the post treatment reactors are replaced with the simple addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) and carbon dioxide to form the final product.
Thus, the desalination process and plant of the present invention may not require any calcium carbonate contactors. Additionally, the calcium carbonate pellets produced as a by-product from the precipitation unit are delivered to a regenerator for the production of calcium-based chemicals, such as calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, and carbon dioxide in the second chemical preparation stage of the process (see Figure 1B). The calcium-based chemicals will be reused in the precipitation unit (or in the post treatment process) and the carbon dioxide may be used in the post treatment process (to produce drinking water), as detailed in relation to Figure 1C below.
The second stage/module of the process/plant as shown schematically in Figure 1B comprises a remineralization chemicals preparation stage to prepare chemicals required for the remineralization stage. Firstly, calcium carbonate (with or without magnesium hydroxide) produced in stage one is dissolved by adding hydrochloric acid in a calcium carbonate (and optionally magnesium hydroxide) dissolution unit. The addition of hydrochloric acid causes production of calcium chloride / magnesium chloride solution and carbon dioxide gas. Secondly, carbon dioxide is extracted from the obtained solution in the carbon dioxide extraction unit, for example by using pervaporation membranes. Thirdly, if magnesium exists in the solution, the magnesium hydroxide is precipitated by addition of sodium hydroxide in the magnesium hydroxide precipitation unit. Magnesium hydroxide precipitation is done at pH levels above 9.0. After magnesium hydroxide precipitation, the calcium hydroxide is precipitated by addition of sodium hydroxide in the calcium hydroxide precipitation unit. Calcium hydroxide precipitation is done at pH levels above 11.0.
Excess sodium chloride solution produced in this stage of the process can be used for sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid preparation in the optional fifth stage (see below).
It is to be appreciated that some or all of the intake water may pass through the precipitation reactor to increase the pH of the water and form calcium carbonate. According to one embodiment, only a portion is passed through the reactor.
The third remineralization stage of the process/plant is illustrated schematically in Figure 1C. Calcium hydroxide, carbon dioxide and potentially magnesium hydroxide produced during the second stage is added to the reverse osmosis product water in a remineralization unit to produce drinking water that meets regulation requirements.
The fourth acid and base preparation stage prepares the hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide for use in the second stage. Various methods may be used to produce these chemicals on site from sea water or brine, with one example using nanofiltration illustrated in Figure 1D. Their preparation may be done using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM). Seawater or brine should be treated to meet EDBM feed water quality requirement.
An additional, optional fifth acid and base preparation stage is illustrated schematically in Figure 1E. This stage also provides for the onsite preparation of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide required in the second stage. Any excess sodium chloride solution remaining from the second part can be utilized for hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide preparation. The solution will contain calcium residuals which must be removed, for example in a calcium removal/polishing unit. Carbon dioxide may be added to precipitate calcium carbonate, providing a pure sodium chloride solution. This is then fed through bipolar membranes (EDBM) to split the solution into the acid (hydrochloric acid) and the base (sodium hydroxide).
Thus, the present invention increases the self-sustainability of the process/plant by the on-situ production of calcium-based chemicals and carbon dioxide from the calcium carbonate precipitated which can be used for the post-treatment of the permeate to form product water, as well as being fed back to the reactor. The process enables a much lower chemical consumption overall and allows for the use of smaller reactors. The materials for providing these remineralization products can also be formed on site.
Furthermore, the process is also environmentally friendly because it reduces the amount of carbonates in the seawater as compared with standard desalination processes. This enables an increase in carbon capture by the sea, reducing the carbon footprint of the plant. More specifically, the desalination process of the present invention, by enabling the precipitation as disclosed above, removes carbon dioxide from seawater (and hence reduces the amount thereof) thereby facilitating carbon dioxide capture from the atmosphere.
Thus, the present invention provides a number of overall benefits, including energy saving, cost savings, self-manufacture of the required chemicals resulting in a chemical cost saving, additional profit from selling excess chemicals and carbon capture credits with a significant reduction in total operating costs.
As noted above, the precipitation unit may also precipitate magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2) from the sea water intake. This also enhances the sustainability of the process/plant because this chemical may also be required to provide satisfactory drinking water from permeate water, in addition to calcium hydroxide. Thus, the magnesium hydroxide may be delivered to the permeate water to provide drinking water. Again, the magnesium hydroxide may be regenerated to form a magnesium-based chemical, such as magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide, which may be added to the permeate water, with any excess being sold for additional income.
It is to be appreciated that modifications to the aforementioned process and systems may be made without departing from the principles embodied in the examples described and illustrated herein.

Claims (74)

Claims:
1. A method of treating fluids, the process comprising: feeding at least a portion of said fluids through at least one reactor for the removal of carbonates-based chemical by precipitation; regenerating at least some of the calcium carbonate precipitant to a calcium- based chemical and carbon dioxide; and utilizing at least a portion of at least one selected from a group consisting of said calcium-based chemical and carbon dioxide and any combination thereof, to remineralize said fluids; thereby treating the same.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said fluids are selected from a group consisting of seawater, brine, effluent and any combination thereof.
3. The method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the reactor contains calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) therein to precipitate at least one carbonates-based chemical selected from a group consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), according to the equation Ca(OH) 2 + Ca(HCO 3) 2 --> 2CaCO 3 + 2H 2O.
4. The method according to any one of claims 1-3, further comprising introducing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) into the at least one reactor.
5. The method according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein feeding at least a portion of said fluids through at least one reactor containing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) increases the pH of said fluids to at least pH 8.3.
6. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein said fluids are seawater; further wherein said method additionally comprises a step of desalinating said seawater.
7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising a step of delivering said seawater to at least one pass comprising at least one reverse osmosis membrane to produce permeate water and brine.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the calcium-based chemical is selected from a group consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide and any combination thereof.
9. The method according to any one of claims 1 - 8, wherein regenerating the calcium carbonate to said calcium-based chemical comprises steps of: a. at least partially dissolving said calcium carbonate; and, b. at least partially precipitating calcium-hydroxide.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said step of dissolving said calcium-based chemical is performed by adding at least one acid.
11. The method according to claims 10, wherein said acid is selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4), and any combination thereof.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl) and results in the generation of calcium chloride (CaCl) and carbon dioxide gas (CO 2).
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said carbon dioxide gas (CO 2), is generated in at least one pervaporation membrane, degasification, super cavitation and/or any other carbon dioxide gas (CO 2) extraction method.
14. The method according to any one of claims 12-13, wherein at least a portion of the carbon dioxide is used in a post treatment process for remineralization of said fluids.
15. The method according to claims 9-14, wherein said step of at least partially precipitating of calcium-hydroxide is performed by increasing the pH to a level of at least 10.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein said increasing the pH to a level of at least is performed by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to result in sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2).
17. The method according to claim 16, additionally comprising a step of regenerating sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein said step of regenerating sodium hydroxide is performed by feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM).
19. The method according to claim 18, wherein said step of feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through said at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) additionally results in electrolysing water to provide oxygen (O 2) gas and hydrogen (H 2) gas.
20. The method according to claim 19 or 20, wherein said step of feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through said at least one EDBM additionally results in generating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
21. The method according to any one of claims 1-20, wherein at least a portion of the calcium-based chemical formed by regeneration of the calcium carbonate is at least one selected from (a) recycled for use in the at least one reactor; (b) used in a post treatment process; (c) any combination thereof.
22. The method according to any one of claims 1-21, wherein feeding at least a portion of fluids through the at least one reactor containing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) also precipitates magnesium hydroxide.
23. The method according to claim 22, further comprising the step of regenerating at least some of the magnesium hydroxide precipitant to a magnesium-based chemical.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said step of regenerating at least some of the magnesium hydroxide precipitant comprises the steps of: a. at least partially dissolving said magnesium hydroxide; and, b. at least partially precipitating magnesium-hydroxide.
25. The method according to claims 24, wherein said step of dissolving said magnesium hydroxide is performed by adding at least one acid.
26. The method according to claims 25, wherein said acid is selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4),and any combination thereof.
27. The method according to claim 26, wherein said acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl) resulting in the generation of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2).
28. The method according to claims 24-27, wherein said step of at least partially precipitating magnesium-hydroxide is performed by increasing the pH to a level of at least 8, preferably at least 10.
29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said increasing the pH level is performed by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to result in sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium hydroxide (MgOH 2).
30. The method according to any one of claims 24-29, wherein at least a portion of the magnesium hydroxide formed is at least one selected from (a) recycled for use in the at least one reactor; (b) used in the post treatment process; (c) any combination thereof.
31. The method according to claim 29, further comprising a step of regenerating sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
32. The method according to claim 31, wherein said step of regenerating sodium hydroxide is performed by feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM).
33. The method according to claims 32, wherein said step of feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through said at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) additionally results in electrolysing water to provide oxygen (O 2) gas and hydrogen (H 2) gas.
34. The method according to claims 32-33, wherein said step of feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through said at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) additionally results in generating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
35. The method according to claims 23-34, further comprising adding at least a portion of the regenerated magnesium-based chemical to the permeate to produce product water.
36. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fluids comprise sea water, brine, effluent or any combination thereof and feeding at least a portion of the fluids through the at least one reactor containing calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 also precipitates magnesium hydroxide; the process further comprising the steps of (i) regenerating at least some of the calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide precipitants to produce a calcium- based chemical, a magnesium-based chemical and carbon dioxide; and, (ii) mixing at least some of the regenerated chemicals and carbon dioxide with permeate product water to produce drinking water.
37. The method according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein the process excludes a calcium carbonate contactor in the remineralization of the fluids.
38. The method according to any one of claims 1-37, additionally comprising step of utilizing nanofiltration to generate a solution comprising at least one of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na 2SO 4), and any combination thereof; from at least one selected from a group consisting of seawater, brine and any combination thereof.
39. The method according to claim 38, further comprising feeding said solution comprising at least one of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulphate (Na 2SO 4) and any combination thereof, through at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) to generate at least one of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and Sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4), and any combination thereof.
40. A self-sustainable system for treating fluids, comprising: at least one conduit for delivering at least a portion of fluids to at least one reactor for the removal of carbonates-based chemical by precipitation; at least one regeneration module for regenerating at least some of the calcium carbonate precipitant to a calcium- based chemical and carbon dioxide; and at least one remineralization module utilizing at least a portion of at least one selected from a group consisting of said calcium-based chemical and carbon dioxide and any combination thereof, to remineralize said fluids.
41. The system according to claim 40, wherein said fluids are selected from a group consisting of seawater, brine, effluent and any combination thereof.
42. The system according to claim 40 or 41, wherein the reactor contains calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) therein to precipitate at least one carbonates-based chemical selected from a group consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3).
43. The system according to claim 42, wherein the reactor containing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) therein precipitates at least one carbonates-based chemical selected from a group consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), according to the following equation: Ca(OH) 2 + Ca(HCO 3) 2 --> 2CaCO 3 + 2H 2O.
44. The system according to any one of claims 40-43, further comprising at least one conduit for introducing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) into the at least one reactor.
45. The system according to any one of claims 40-44, wherein said fluids are seawater; further wherein said system additionally comprises at least one reverse osmosis pass comprising at least one reverse osmosis membrane.
46. The system according to claims 40-45, wherein the calcium-based chemical is selected from a group consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide and any combination thereof.
47. The system according to any one of claims 40 - 46, wherein said regeneration module of the calcium carbonate to said calcium-based chemical comprises: a. at least one module for dissolving at least partially said calcium carbonate; and, b. at least one module for precipitating at least partially calcium-hydroxide.
48. The system according to claim 47, wherein said module for dissolving said calcium-based chemical comprises at least one conduit for introducing acid into the same.
49. The system according to claims 48, wherein said acid is selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4), and any combination thereof.
50. The system according to claim 49, wherein said acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl) resulting in the generation of calcium chloride (CaCl 2) and carbon dioxide gas (CO 2).
51. The system according to claim 50, wherein said carbon dioxide gas (CO 2) is generated in at least one pervaporation membrane, degasification, super cavitation and/or any other carbon dioxide gas (CO 2) extraction apparatus.
52. The system according to claim 50 or claim 51, wherein at least a portion of the carbon dioxide is used in a post treatment process for the remineralization of said fluids.
53. The system according to claims 47-52, wherein said module for precipitating at least partially calcium-hydroxide is configured to increase the pH to a level of at least 10.
54. The system according to claim 53, wherein said increasing the pH to a level of at least 10 is performed by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to result in sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2).
55. The system according to claim 54, further comprising at least one regeneration module for regenerating sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
56. The system according to claim 55, wherein said regeneration module for sodium hydroxide comprises at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) through which sodium chloride (NaCl) is fed.
57. The system according to claim 56, wherein feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through said at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) additionally results in electrolysing water to provide oxygen (O2) gas and hydrogen (H2) gas.
58. The system according to claim 56 or claim 57, wherein feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through said at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) additionally results in re-generating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
59. The system according to any one of claims 40-58, wherein at least a portion of the calcium-based chemical formed by regeneration of the calcium carbonate is at least one selected from (a) recycled for use in the at least one reactor; (b) used in a post treatment process for remineralization; (c) any combination thereof.
60. The system according to any one of claims 42-59, wherein feeding at least a portion of fluids through the at least one reactor containing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) also precipitates magnesium hydroxide.
61. The system according to claim 60, further comprising at least one regeneration module for regenerating at least some of the magnesium hydroxide precipitant to a magnesium-based chemical.
62. The system according to claim 61, wherein said regeneration module comprises: a. at least one module for dissolving at least partially said magnesium hydroxide; and, b. at least one module for precipitating at least partially magnesium-hydroxide.
63. The system according to claim 62, wherein said module for dissolving said magnesium hydroxide is configured to receive at least one acid.
64. The system according to claim 63, wherein said acid is selected from a group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4), and any combination thereof.
65. The system according to claim 64, wherein said acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl) to generate magnesium chloride (MgCl 2).
66. The system according to claims 62-65, wherein said module for precipitating of magnesium-hydroxide is configured to increase the pH to a level of at least 8.
67. The system according to claim 66, wherein said increasing the pH to a level of at least 8 is performed by adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to result in generation of sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2).
68. The system according to claim 67, further comprising at least one module for regenerating sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
69. The system according to claim 68, wherein said module for the regeneration of sodium hydroxide includes at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) for receiving said sodium chloride (NaCl).
70. The system according to claim 69, wherein said feeding said sodium chloride, (NaCl) through said at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) additionally results in electrolysing water to provide oxygen (O 2) gas and hydrogen (H 2) gas.
71. The system according to claim 69 or claim 70, wherein said feeding said sodium chloride (NaCl) through said at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) additionally results in generating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
72. The system according to any one of claims 62-71, wherein at least a portion of the magnesium hydroxide formed is at least one selected from (a) recycled for use in the at least one reactor; (b) used in the post treatment process for remineralization; (c) any combination thereof.
73. The system according to any one of claims 40-72, further comprising at least one nanofiltration module to generate a solution comprising at least one of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na 2SO 4), and any combination thereof; from at least one fluid selected from a group consisting of seawater, brine and any combination thereof.
74. The system according to claim 73, further comprising at least one conduit for feeding said solution comprising at least one of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulphate (Na 2SO 4) and any combination thereof, through said at least one electrodialysis bipolar membranes (EDBM) additionally results in generating at least one of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) and any combination thereof. Abstract. Sustainable Desalination Plant and Sustainable Methods for the desalination of Water. (Fig. 1) A self-sustainable process and system for treating water wherein at least a portion of the water is fed through a reactor for the removal of carbonates-based chemical by precipitation and at least some of the calcium carbonate precipitant is regenerated to a calcium- based chemical and carbon dioxide which is at least partially utilized to remineralize said fluids in a post-treatment process.
IL304293A 2023-07-06 2023-07-06 Sustainable Desalination Plant and Sustainable Method for the Desalination of Water IL304293A (en)

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