IL22399A - Production of metal products from refined molten metal - Google Patents

Description

PRODUCTION OF POWDER, STRIP AND OTHE :METAL PRODUCTS FROM REFINED MOLTEN METAL The present invention relates to a method for the production of metal products, such as strip, bars, and rods, in a continuous procedure, commencing with the preparation of refined or controlled analysis molten metal and proceeding without interruption of process control to the stage of hot- and cold-rolled strip, for example, or other substantially finished metal forms suitable for delivery to metal users. The invention is also directed to certain novel and Improved apparatuses and arrangements of equipment for carrying out the new process or parts thereof. Although the process and apparatus of the present Invention are applicable to other metals-, the invention is applicable to particular advantage in the continuous production from high purity molten metal of high purity and/or controlled analysis steel or iron products. Important related aspects of the invention Include the provision of new and improved procedure for the production of high purity iron powder, suitable for various end uses, and for the production of specialized end products; a particularly advantageous such end product made in accordance with the invention is electrical strip having desirable magnetic and other properties and especially suitable for use in the. manufacture of motors and the like.

In the production of merchant products and other substantially finished forms of steel, it is conventional to cast the refined or controlled analysis molten metal into large ingots. These Ingots are then transferred to large soaking pits where they are kept for a period of time and are brought to a uniformly high temperature. After a desired "soaking period" and rolled Into slabs, blooms, or billets. These intermediate . j I I products often are then inventoried and subsequently reheated I for hot rolling and sometimes also cold rolling into, strip, bars, or rods, in a sequence of operations usually involving special heating cycles, pickling, annealing, and the like. The output of the secondary rollin procedures desirably is in a form suitable for delivery to the steel consumer.

In more recent developments having limited acceptance in the steel industry, the molten metal is continuously cast into slabs or billets, after degassing, which has an advantage of eliminating ingot pouring, soaking pits, and slabbing or blooming mills, but still involves all of the procedural steps and equipment of the merchant or finishing mill, for converting the slabs and billets Into final end products..

In either the conventional processing or In the continuous casting system, each step of the overall process is of a character to require huge installations of plant and equipment and large capital investments. For example, economical installations for strip production typically must have a capacity of at least 300,000 ton's annually (and usually upwards of 500,000 tons): and the capital and other requirements for such Installations tend to limit participation in the industry to a relatively few well-financed' companies at a relatively limited number of geographical locations.

In accordance with the present invention, significant economic and. other advantages are realized through a novel process of converting molten metal directly into the form of strip, bars, or rods, in an effectively uninterrupted process involving j an intermediate conversion of molten steel to iron powder and thej subsequent conversion of the powdered iron or steel to the desire strip or other finished or semi- inished form. In following the new simplified process, significant economies are realized and substantial reductions in capital costs for equipment are made possible. Further, it is economically feasible to carry out the process of the invention with lo cost, low capacity installations, so that an iron and steel making process may be carried out at a greater number of locations in closer proximity to ' individual cities or plants to which the output is to be delivere or in proximity to sources of raw materials. In this connection, the process -of the invention may be economically carried out with plants of 5,000 to 100,000 ton capacity.

Additional important economic advantages are realized because of significantly higher yields in converting molten metal to finished products, yields of 90 percent and above being contemplated with the process of the invention, as compared to yields in the range of 70 percent for many conventional production procedures. Further, with the simplified process of the invention, it is possible to produce hot-rolled strip gauges which are well below the conventional hot-rolled gauges, to supply substantial markets presently filled only by substantiall more expensive cold reduced strip.

In addition to the above-stated and other advantages of an essentially economic nature, the process of the invention affords a wide range of flexibility in the types and quality of the products capable of being produced, through control over the molten metal primary input and through blending and other opera-tions which are possible after the primary molten metal componen has been converted to its Intermediate, powder stage. This is of particular importance in that it enables the metal product i t il ed to the a he t accommodating the end use to the available metals as has been more common heretofore. Improved product quality is realized not only through close control of the metal refining and analysis adjustment, made possible by the integrated nature of the process but also by the avoidance of defects otherwise arising through the conventional ingot casting, rolling and processing.

Generally stated, the process of the invention involves the preparation of a desired analysis molten iron or steel, advantageously as pure as economically feasible, which procedure includes the appropriate refining of the metal or, in certain cases, a desired analysis adjustment. The molten metal is transferred directly to an atomizing chamber, in which one or more streams of the metal are intercepted by high-pressure jets of liquid, usually water, and the molten metal is converted to a desired powder form. At this stage of the process, and throughout all subsequent stages, the powder is maintained in a controlled ambient to minimize or control oxidation. This controlle ambient is maintained until the powder has been converted to a desired strip or bar form at a temperature below that at which oxidation readily occurs.

After refining of the molten steel or iron and conver-sion of It into desired high purity powdered metal, the powder, entrained in its cooling water, is fed to a separator, which removes the majority of the water constituent. The dewatered but still wet powder is then dried and screened with respect to particle size, and the dried powder is transferred to suitable holdin bins or hoppers from which it is controllably fed into the strip forming stage of the process.

The powder is drawn from the storage bins in a precisely controlled manner and, where desired, is blended with appropriate alloying powders and/or additives. The powder or blended powder may be then fed through a preheating zone, which heats the powder to a temperature at which the powder tends to become soft and plastic without, however, becoming too sticky to process. Thereupon the heated powder is directed with controlled rate and distribution between a first stage of compacting rollers which compress the powder into a so-called green strip which is self-supporting, although weak and has a density of about 70 to 95 percent.

■ . The partially compacted green strip is directed into a special heating chamber, in which the green strip is brought, up to a higher temperature, sufficient to enable a second stage of compacting to be carried out, to reduce the strip to substan-tially 100 percent density. In addition, the heating chamber represents an ideal place. or subjecting the metal to various reactive treatments, since the metal is still in a highly porous form. Such reactions as carburizing, decarburizing, deoxidation, nitrlding, chromanizing, nlckelizlng, etc> may be carried out wit high efficiency, because of the porous nature and high area exposure of the partially compacted metal. In addition, and of particular practical significance, it is possible at this stage to infiltrate the porous metal with dissimilar metals of lower melting point, such as the infiltration of porous iron with copper, for example.

After compacting to substantially 100 percent density, the strip has substantially conventional characteristics.

Because it is at an elevated temperature at this point, and it is still subject to the protection of the controlled ambient, the strip is additionally hot-rolled in one or more stages to a desired gauge, which typically could be well below the conventio hot-rolled gauges, because the starting strip thickness is considerably less than in the case of conventional hot-rolling procedures.

After cooling to reduce the likelihood of oxidation, the strip is brought out into the open atmosphere, subjected to such optional treatments as may be appropriate, such as cold-rolling to impart desired surface characteristics or temper, and then sheared or coiled, as desired.

As will be made more evident, the output of the new process need not be a hot-rolled strip, but may be in the nature of a porous, sintered material, an infiltrated material, etc., and the Initial formation of the powder into compacted condition may be controlled to produce bars, rods, etc.

One of the particularly advantageous specific end ■ products which may be produced in accordance with the invention . is iron strip of the type used in the manufacture of motors, transformers, and the like. Iron strip produced in accordance with the Invention can be controlled to have particularly desirable characteristics for electrical applications and yet be produced at a cost which is significantly below the cost of conventional electrical strip. Electrical strip must, of course, have desirable magnetic properties in addition to being relativel • flat, suitable for high speed punching and shearing operations, and otherwise suitable for fabrication into laminated, magnetic structures providing limited current losses. One of the most significant factors affecting magnetic properties of the strip Is the content of carbon and nitrogen impurities. These Impurities must be reduced to a low level, which has occasioned substantial expense pursuant to known practices, but can be readily and economically controlled to the desired low levels according to the procedures of the Invention. The nature and size of the grain also has an Important effect upon magnetic properties, as well as upon mechanical properties such as punchability, resistance to cold welding, softness, etc., desired in an electrical strip, and these properties are optimized by the procedures of the Invention. Mechanical stresses and grain refinement, typically Introduced during conventional rolling operations and known to adversely affect the magnetic properties of electrical strip, are significantly reduced in following the . procedures of the invention, because the initial thickness of the strip, as produced directly from powder, Is relatively small and the number and character of subsequent rolling operations is significantly reduced as compared to more conventional procedures For example, strip made in accordance with the invention has been compacted at 0.0 0 inch thickness and processed to finished strip 0.025 inch thick. .This strip had excellent electrical characteristics.

In accordance with a further specific aspect of the invention, it is contemplated that, where desirable or expedient for economic or other reasons, high purity iron powder (in comparison to conventional powders) may be produced as an end product itself, for subsequent compaction by customers into various desired end products. The procedures of the invention are particularly advantageous for the production of iron powder Itself, in that the composition of the powder may be controlled effectively and with convenience by appropriate refining of the molten metal and by appropriate handling of the metal while it is being atomized and formed into a powdered state. Thereafter, where the powder is to be considered more or less as an end product, it can be subjected to a controlled annealing operation, I ! so that the final powder product is soft and workable, as j j appropriate for enabling the powder subsequently to be compacted j into solid forms. In addition, the annealing step may advantageously include further chemical treatment of the powder. For example, the powder may be annealed in a suitable atmosphere to effect a further reduction in the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen content of the powder.

For a more complete understanding of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description . and to the accompanying drawing, in which: Fig. la and Fig. lb together constitute a greatly simplified, schematic representation of a process according to the present invention for the direct and continuous conversion ' · . ..· . of molten metal to substantially finished products, such as strip bars, and rods; Fig. 2 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a modified and advantageous form of atomizing chamber for making metal powders; Fig. 3 Is a fragmentary cross-sectional view taken generally along line 3-3 of Fig. 2 Fig. 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view illustrating an improved arrangement, according to one aspect of the invention, for feeding preheated metal powder into a set of compacting rolls; and Fig. 5 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view taken generally along line 5-5 of Fig. 4.

Referring now to the drawing, the reference numeral 10 designates a body of molten metal, which is being refined or adjusted as to analysis in a suitable vessel 11. The vessel 11 may be any suitable facility for treating a molten metal body 10, streams of atomizing water inward and downward, . toward and into intercepting relation to the metal stream discharged from the receiving crucible 17 .

Advantageously, the relationship of the molten metal stream to the atomizing water jets is such that the jets forcibly as to cause t em o ssue s reams o quenc ing water in the orm of solid sheets, rather than in the form of sprays comprised of many individual streams or droplets. To this end, it is advantageous to utilize a nozzle having an elongated discharge slot of, for example, about 1/2 inch in length and 1/32 inch in thickness. The nozzle 19, as shown in more detail in Fig. 3, is advantageously adapted, when operated under appropriately high pressure (typically about 500 psi) to issue a fan-shaped solid sheet of water, as indicated at 70 in Fig. 3. In an advantageous installation, the solid sheet of water will fan out to a width of about 6 inches and a thickness of about 1/8 inch, at a distance of about 12 inches from the nozzle.

A cooperating pair or pairs of water discharge nozzles 19 advantageously are so arranged that their downwardly and inwardly directed sheet-like streams of water Intersect to form a V-shaped trough', with the apex of the trough being located direct ly below the molten metal discharge opening 18, such that the discharging streams or droplets of molten metal drop generally symmetrically into the trough. · . · * · At the point at which the water streams 70 converge and intercept the descending body of molten metal, there is a substantial tendency for the water to bubble and froth, due in some degree simply to the force of the converging streams and in some degree to the effect of the molten metal being intercepte by the water. It has been found that the formation of bubbles an froth at this point Is significantly detrimental to the formation of proper powder particles, because of undesirable steam generation and for other reasons. Thus, the atomizing installation of the invention incorporates, in addition to nozzles adapted to issue solid sheets of quenching water, an arrangement in which the nozzles are disposed at a. sufficiently small angle to the vertical effectively to prevent bubbling and frothing at the confluence of the water and metal streams. In an actual operatin installation, a disposition of each nozzle 19 at an angle of 2β° to the vertical was found to produce particularly satisfactory results as regards the formation of predominantly irregular and sharply angular powder particles. With the nozzles 19 disposed at such a small angle, the issuing water streams tend to Join smoothly and descend as a single stream into the lower section. of the housing.

' The atomized particles of refined metal drop into the collecting chamber formed by the lower housing section 16 and are collected in the contained body of cooling water designated by the numeral 20. The powder particles are periodically (or continuously,, if desired) removed from the collecting chamber by suitable means such as a pump 21 which pumps away the cooling water along with entrained powder particles. ■ ■ · For certain processes, and particularly for the produc-tion of high quality iron or steel bars and strip, it is desirabl to effect vacuum degassing of the molten metal, and this is accomplished by placing the atomizing chamber 15 under an appropriate vacuum, as by means of a vacuum pump 22 . The appli-cation of a vacuum to the atomizing chamber 15 is advantageous in a number of respects. First, the exposure of the molten metal streams to the evacuated atomizing chamber causes the streams to literally burst apart, making it easier for occluded gases .to be released from the metal. Second, the reduced ambient pressure within the chamber establishes a greater, pressure differential relative to the vapor pressures of the gases to promote their release from the molten metal. Partial evacuation of the chambe 15 also signi icantly improves the efficiency of the atomizing operation by enabling increased areas of the metal to be initiall contacted by the high pressure water Jets and by causing the molten metal to be drawn through the opening 18 at a greater velocity and rate of flow than would be realized under corresponc ing conditions with gravity flow alone .

In addition to the evacuation of the atomizing chamber * o in place thereof,* it is desirable to introduce a con-trolled atmosphere into the vicinity of the atomized metal particles. In a typical installation, it will be desirable to introduce' into the atomizing chamber an inert gas, such as argon, for example, so that the particles are enveloped in a controlled, inert ambient to prevent oxidation or nitrogen pick-up.

Naturally, if the atomizing chamber is being maintained in an evacuated condition, the rate of flow of the controlled atmospher • in the chamber will be relatively low, so as not to entirely balance the effect of the evacuating pump 22. For this purpose, suitable regulating valve means 23 may be provided in the inlet pipe 24 for the controlled atmosphere.

In some instances, and particularly where vacuum de-gassing of the molten metal is practiced, it may be desirable . and advantageous to introduce a reducing ambient atmosphere into the atomizing chamber. In such a case, hydrogen gas may be controllably introduced to combine with and neutralize the oxygen released during degassificatlon of the molten metal.

In an advantageous alternative form of atomizing . chamber, shown in Figs. 2 and 3> partial evacuation of the upper housing section 71 is effected through the action of the high pressure water streams 70 passing through an orifice 72 in a separator plate or diaphragm 73 which divides the top and bottom sections of the atomizer housing. The converging jets are arranged to meet in the region of the orifice 72, which is of a size and shape to closely accommodate the well-defined water streams.

As indicated in Fig. la, the cooling water and the iron powder particles entrained therein are discharged' by the pump 21 through a conduit 25 and to a dewatering unit 26, which may be a conventional settling basin, filter, or centrifuge. Advantageously, the entrained particles are first passed through an apparatus, such as a separator 27, by means of which low density impurities, such as slag, furnace refractories, and the like, are removed from the higher density metal powder and discharged through an outlet 28.

The dewatered metal powder, which is still, of course, very wet (e.g., 1 percent to perhaps as high as 15 to 20 percent water content) and has a viscous consistency, somewhat like mud, is directed through a conduit 29 or otherwise to a drying and screening chamber 30 , in which the powder is heated to a tempera ture in the region of 300° F. or over to effect water evaporatio Advantageously, the water supplied to the system, for atomizing, cooling, and transporting of the iron powder, has suitable additives or treatments to reduce its gas content (principally oxygen and nitrogen) . The water thus serves as a temporary protective ambient to prevent oxidation or nitriding of the .powder during atomlzation and during the period it is submerged.

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the iron powder introduced into the drying and screening chamber is exposed to a controlled, inert ambient, typically nitrogen or argon gas, for example, and is maintained in a controlled am ien until formation of a substantially finished sheet, strip, or bar. and its emergence from the process at a temperature below that at which oxidation readily occurs. Thus, referring again to Pig. la, an inert ambient atmosphere such as nitrogen is Intro-duced into the drying and screening chamber 30 through a suitabl conduit 31> so that the iron powder is exposed to the atmosphere during the drying process.

As the powder becomes dry, it is passed over suitable screening means (not speci ically shown) . In some cases, it may be desirable to classify the powder into various size ranges.

However, in the process of the invention, it is usually more desirable to simply screen the particles to pass all those particles smaller than a given size and reject all those particles of greater size. Advantageously, all particles capable of passing through a 40 mesh screen are accepted as a group, and all larger particles are discharged for rework or discarding.

It is desirable in the process of the invention to work with intermixed particles of various sizes, since the finer particles pack in between the larger particles arid facilitate the compact-ing of the powder particles into a dense, coherent strip of metal In the continuous procedure of the Invention, the dried metal powder particles passing through the screening chamber 30 are conveyed, advantageously by gas entrainment, through a con-duit 32 to temporary holding bins 33* the latter being supplied with an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen, as through an inlet conduit 3 ; The temporary holding bins 33 function to absorb temporary fluctuations in the rate of powder making and the rate of subsequent strip formation,, as will be understood.

Associated with the outlet 35 of a holding bin is a blendin chamber 36, in which the primary metal powder particles may be mixed and jslended with desired additives, such as detergents, activators, lubricants, binders, or, in appropriate cases, other metal powders or alloying agents. The additives typically may be introduced through an inlet facility 37. Also, reducing atmospheres may be added which will become effective when the powder is later preheated for compacting.

The blending operation is of particular significance in a typical process according to the invention, because of the advantageous controls provided over the final metal composition, as well as the ability to promote or facilitate certain of the j subsequent operations. For example, the addition of appropriate detergents and activators can significantly reduce the times and temperatures required for subsequent heating and/or sintering operations. Further, the detergents and activators, as well as various desirable lubricants and binders, can greatly facilitate the operation of compacting the powder to form a green strip.

Of perhaps even greater importance, however, the blending stage permits alloying powders to be mixed with the otherwise high purity metals to achieve a variety of advantageous effects, j including the formation of alloys otherwise impossible or impractical to produce.

By way of example, in the production of controlled analysis steel strip in accordance with the invention, the steel first would be refined to iron of the highest practicable purity (particularly as regards carbon content), advantageously to a carbon content of 0.05 percent or less, so that the basic powder would be as soft as possible for proper subsequent compacting j into strip form. At the blending stage, desirable percentages of j carbon in various forms or high carbon steel powder may be blende with low carbon iron powder, so that the desired average amount of carbon is present in the final steel strip material. In this respect, while the formation of a metal strip directly from a j higher carbon content steel powder would present substantial j difficulties, because of hardness of the powder, such dif icu? ie are effectively avoided by blending of low carbon, iron or steel and high carbon steel powders to achieve a desired average carbon ' content in the final strip.

Another particularly advantageous blending procedure which may be followed in the process of the Invention is the alloying with iron or steel of relatively high percentages of copper, which can result in significantly increased tensile strength and fatigue endurance of the final product, as well as substantial improvements in its corrosion resistance. By conventional steel making practices, it has not been practicable to utilize copper as an alloying constituent in percentages greater than 0.5 percent, at least without Introducing other complicating alloy constituents, because of a tendency of the copper to separate out upon heating of the steel. By contrast, in accordance with the process of the invention, virtually any percentage of copper may be added to the metal in the blending step (or in a subsequent infiltration procedure to be describe and true alloy characteristics are realized in the final mater As may be appreciated from the foregoing, the blendi stage offers an opportunity for the convenient preparation of extremely wide variety Of alloy combinations, enabling an extr ordinarily wide range of end products to be produced. Further, the blending of various compositions may be carried out efficiently on a small quantity basis, so that the metal products may economically be prepared especially for particular end use The metal powder can be compacted directly by bein controllably fed to the compacting rollers 39* but the use of preheating apparatus 38 will provide for Increased production rates and for desirable operating flexibility. Precise feed c trol is important in order to achieve a uniform rate of feed toward the compacting rollers 39 and to assure that the rate i uniform across the entire width of the compacting rollers. Wh iron or steel making powder blends are employed in the procedu the feed control facility (not specifically Illustrated) may include appropriate magnetic pump or roller means, for example.

In the preheating chamber 38* the powder particles are heated to a point at which the particles will tend to soften and plasticize, although the temperature should be maintained below that at which the powder mass will become too sticky to process. With a steel making blend of particles, an advantageous preheating temperature is in the region of 1000° F., or over. Experience, indicates that the maximum temperature possible is advantageous, but this maximum temperature will vary with different metals or alloys and the methods used.

Advantageously, heat Imparted to the powder particles during the drying- stage is utilized to assist preheating, where practicable. This is accomplished by delivering the newly dried powder promptly to the preheat stage while maintaining the powder conveying and holding facilities insulated against rapid heat loss.

An advantageous form of preheating and feeding system is illustrated in Pigs, k and 5> which provides for a high rate of feed while assuring uniform distribution as well as uniform heating of the powder. The equipment includes a supply chamber 7 in which the powder is given a first stage preheat to as high as about 00° F» The partially preheated powder is then directed through a plurality of spaced distributing tubes 75 which, collectively, form an effectively continuous discharge outlet immediately above the nip of the compacting rollers 39 · • The distributing tubes 75 are provided with heater units 77 which impart a second stage preheat to the powder, raising it (in the case of iron or steel making blend) to its final preheat temperature of 950° P. or higher. The distributing tubes, which may be o the order of 1 inch in diameter or less, provide for closely and individually controlled and uniformly effective heating of the powder. j As the powder increases in temperature, entrapped ases | expand and must be removed. Accordingly, the system of the inven-j tion advantageously includes evacuating tubes 78 positioned con- I centrically within the distributing tubes. They are arranged to efficiently remove air or gases displaced from the powder in the i course of feeding, preheating, and compaction.

At the preheat temperatures used in the process, reducing gases previously added to the powder become effective j in reducing oxides that may be present. Thus, the powder pre- j j heating operation, as carried out in accordance with the inven- j i tion, serves not only to soften the powder for more advantageous j j compacting, but eliminates the need for annealing and oxide . j reduction operations normally performed in conventional powder ' production procedures.

Control of the flow of iron or steel powder through j the distributing tubes 75 may advantageously be effected through the use of means such as magnetic coil means (not shown) around the tubes. By establishing a downwardly travelling magnetic field, the powder will be, in effect, "pumped" downward.

Magnetic means also may be used as valves to effect individual control over the downward flow of powder. Any tendency of the hot powder to stick to the tubes can be reduced by the application of vibrators 79.

In the process of the invention, the preheated powder particles are compacted by the rollers 39 to a density in the range of 70 to 5 percent that of solid metal strip, and advantageously this is accomplished using compacting rollers having a diameter greatly in excess of the compacted strip thickness (for example on the order of 100 to 300 times the thickness of the Initially compacted strip). The product emergin from J the first stage of the compacting rollers 39 is referred to j as a green strip. It i3 reasonably integrated and is self- j supporting but is still quite weak relative to finished metal J strip. j Following initial compaction, the green strip is diverted about a guide roller 41 and directed into an elongated heating chamber 42, in which. the green strip is heated to a higher temperature, in the range of ΐβθθ0 F. to 2200° F. The j green strip, which may be partially sintered within the heating j chamber 42 where desired, is in any event in a desirably heated condition for further compacting, upon its emergence, by means of final stage compacting rollers 3. The rollers j Ί 43 serve to compact the heated strip to substantially 100 percent density.

The strip passing through the heating chamber 42, being in a porous condition and at high temperature, is ideally receptive to a variety of gas reaction treatments, such as carburizing., decarburizing, deoxidation, nitriding, chromanizing, nickelizing, etc. These reaction treatments may be advantageously carried ! out by introducing appropriate gases into the heating chamber or into selected, divided regions of the heating chamber. In this connection, the chamber may be made as long as is necessary and desirable to effect the necessary heating of the strip and its exposure to the reaction medium. Further, advantage may be taken of the heated, porous condition of the green strip within the heating chamber to cause the strip to be Infiltrated with a lowe melting point metal. Iron or steel strip, for example, may "be readily infiltrated with molten copper, such that the product emerging from the heating chamber is a substantially solid material of unique properties. Various additives from the blending stage also bring about advantageous effects. Detergents and activators promote sintering or hot compacting, and compounds such as dissociable hydrides release protective or treating gases in the immediate vicinity of the particles.

In the production of iron or steel strip in accordance j with the invention, it is contemplated that the densified strip, indicated by the reference numeral 44 in Pig. lb, wlll.be reduced to a substantially finished size or thickness, and one or more hot roll reduction stages 5, 46 advantageously are provided for this purpose, located Immediately following the final stage compacting rollers 43, to receive the densified metal while it still retains the heat of the chamber 42. In this connection, the hot-reduced form of a steel or iron strip or bar, designated by the numeral 47 in Fig. lb, may readily fall well within the size ranges conventionally achievable only by cold reduction processes. Thus, in the manufacture of iron and steel strip, following conventional procedures, the practical lower limit of hot-rolled reductions is to a strip thickness of Ο.θβθ inch, and even this lower range is very difficult to achieve. With the procedure of the invention, however, since the thickness of the fully densified strip 44 may be readily controlled at the first compacting stage, the hot reduction may be carried out to minimum strip thicknesses on the order of 0.010 inch without difficulty. Similar advantages are realizable of course, in the manufacture of substantially finished .bars and rods. .

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the iron or other powder is maintained under an inert ambient from j the time of its delivery as dried powder to the holding.bin 33 to the time of its emergence as a substantially finished product ' at a "^mperature below that at which oxidation will readily I occur. To this end, it is appropriate to maintain the strip j wholly enclosed in a suitable chamber 48 (or series of chambers) j which, in effect at least, embraces the strip from the point of I its initial formation to the point of its emergence at a relatively low temperature. The chamber 48 is supplied, as through a conduit 49, with a suitable inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon. In this connection, it may be desirable to embrace the strip with a series of individual chambers, rather than a single large chamber as schematically illustrated in Pig. lb, to achieve various practical conveniences and to minimize require ments of the gas forming the controlled ambient. Further, while nitrogen is a desirable gas for many stages of the strip forming process, it tends to react with iron or steel at higher temperatures, and other gases, such as argon or prepared atmospheres, may be desired for protecting or treating the strip during its passage through the heating chamber 42.

The strip 44 may be protected from oxidation .as it travels from the furnace 42 to the cooling sprays 50 by flame curtains, which are reducing. However, it may be desirable in some cases to impart a controlled oxide coating on the strip surface.

Prior to the emergence of the substantially finished strip from its protective ambient, the strip may advantageously be subjected to cooling sprays 50, which serve to reduce the strip temperature to a range of about 300° F. to 400° F. A this temperature, there Is very little tendency for iron or steel strip to oxidize.

The cool, substantially finished product is typically directed to a rolling stage 51* for cold reduction, for temper rolling, or for desired surface characteristics. Thereafter, the finished product is directed to a flying shear 52, for example, for cutting into sheets, finite bars, etc., or to a coller, indicated at 3* for coiling into longer, continuous lengths. Typically, two coilers would be employed to accommodate uninterrupted operation.

In the event that the production of powder exceeds the output of the product-forming end. of the continuous process, or where otherwise desirable and expeditious, some of the powder discharged from the dyring and screening chamber 30 may be diverted out of the system and bagged or otherwise stored for subsequent use. To this end, the system may include an auxiliary conduit ^* control valve means 5 * and a bagging or other . storage installation, schematically indicated at 56· Advantageously, the stored or bagged powder is maintained under a controlled ambient for prevention of oxidation. This is usually done by inserting moisture absorbing material such as packages of silica gel.

In some instances it may be desirable or advantageous to produce quantities of powder as an "end product" of a particular installation, for resale to customers or otherwise for subsequent use in various ways. In such cases the dewatered or dried powder is subjected to a predetermined annealing step prior to packaging, so that the powdered end product has desirable softness to accommodate subsequent compaction of the powder into J metal forms in conventional ways. Typically, the annealing step | can be carried out in a controlled atmosphere, but it is possible and practicable, and in many cases desirable and advantageous, to combine annealing with chemical treatment. By way of example, where particularly low carbon content is sought, the anneal may be carried out in a wet atmosphere to bring about carbon-reduction reactions. The metal, being in powder form, presents to the reactive gas a large surface area which facilitates the desired chemical interaction. For some applications it may even be desirable to form a controlled oxide coating on the iron powder, in which case the anneal may be carried out all or i part in an oxidizing atmosphere.

In the manufacture of iron powder, the annealing step may be carried out by heating the powder to a temperature on the general order of 1100° F. to 1350° F.

In the procedure of the invention, annealing is of particular" significance because the atomization procedures Inherentl-, tend to result in hardened powder particles, which tirithout treatment are less suitable for compaction than desired, particularly with respect to batch compacting operations utilizin platen press equipment. The powder of the new process, in addi-tion to having a desired, controlled analysis and an advantageous particle shape, by reason of refining and controlled atomization of the molten metal, has, after annealing, the softness more characteristic of costly electrolytic and carbonyl iron powders.

In addition, powder resulting from the new process may have The process of the invention, while having appli-cability to a number of metals, is especially advantageous for the conversion of molten iron or .steel to iron or steel products, such as strip, because of the significant economic and procedural advantages which, in the case of the extremely high temperatures involved in the manufacture of iron and steel, are of critical practical significance.. It is also of significant usefulness in connection with the production of copper or nickel products and of products formed of alloys of 50 percent or more copper, nickel, or iron.

In a typical operation according to the invention in which the starting raw material is scrap steel, the analysis of non-ferrous elements in the starting material may be somewhat as follows: Percent Carbon 0 .18 Manganese 0.57 Sulfur 0 .032 Silicon 0.04 Chromium 0 .01 Molybdenum 0 .01 Copper 0 .03 Phosphorous 0.01 A starting material of the above analysis, would advantageously be refined in. the vessel 11 to a condition of high purity such that the powder product formed with the refined steel has an approximate analysis, after annealing, as follows: Percent 0 .026 0 .120 0 .027 0.050 0.000 Percent Copper 0.030 Phosphorous 0.010 Oxygen 0.410 Nitrogen 0.010 Acid Insolubles 0.280 Iron 99.18 Sieve Analysis 90.10 (through 80 mesh sieve) The resulting low carbon powder is useful and indeed especially desirable in its subsequently produced strip form for small electrical motor manufacture, because of the particularly good magnetic properties of the strip, coupled with its low cost.

Even greater advantages are realized for this purpose when a controlled surface oxide coating is imparted to the strip.

By using selected quality raw materials, such as pig iron of preferred analysis, powder of even greater purity can be produced without difficulty. A typical approximate analysis of such a higher purity powder is as follows: Percent Carbon 0.015 Manganese 0.008 Sulfur 0.020 Silicon Ο.Ο38 Chromium 0.000 Molybdenum 0.001 Copper 0.025 Phosphorous 0.010 Oxygen 0.320 Nitrogen 0.010 Low carbon powder of the foregoing typical analysis may be alloyed or otherwise modified by powder additions at the blending stage, such that entirely new metal and metal-product fields may be opened up. Similarly existing types of metal products, heretofore prohibitively costly or otherwise economically disadvantageous, may be made available on a practicable basis utilizing the procedures of the invention. For instance, stainless steel products such as strip, bars, or rods can be advantageously produced by this method because of the reduced number of operations necessary.

Stainless steel powder of the following analysis has been produced: Percent Carbon 0.09 Chromium 18.15 Nickel 9.08 Manganese 0.4-7 Silicon 0.91 This powder made quality stainless steel stri when the heating operation was carried out above 2000° F. and in a very dry hydrogen atmosphere.

A particularly advantageous practical aspect of the process of the invention resides in the fact that the process may be performed without Interruption from the molten metal stage to the substantially finished product stage with close control over analysis of the molten, and blended metals and over the composition of the final strip.

In the case of steel products, significantly increased quality may be realized through the elimination of such defects as pipe, blow holes, segregation, cracks, and non-metallic inclusions, formed when steel is conventionally cast into ingots, and from the elimination of other defects caused in the many heating, rolling, handling, and other numerous operations conventionally required to produce a substantially finished product.

As one of the specific but significant aspects of the invention, iron strip made in accordance with the above-described, procedures may be adapted particularly for electrical application in the manufacture of laminated cores for small motors, transformers, solenoids, and the like. The manufacture of strip for electrical purposes is a substantial segment of the iron and stee industry, which involves Important tonnage requirements of strip.

This strip is specified for desirable magnetic properties, in addition to appropriate forming characteristics. The desired forming characteristics typically Involve good "punchability" and may also involve uniform gauge, flatness, desired grain and crystallographic structure, softness, resistance to cold welding, etc. Iron strip manufactured in accordance with the process of the invention is particularly adaptable to electrical end uses because, among other reasons, of the ability under the new process to control both the nature and extent of impurities and to control the size of grain. Probably the most important factors affecting the magnetic properties of iron powder and strip (as well as the ability of iron powder to compact into strip) are the carbon and nitrogen contents of the metal. In accordance with the procedures of the invention, both nitrogen and carbon can be controlled with precision and reduced to very low levels without incurring extraordinary manufacturing expenses. Moreover, such of these impurities as are present are largely in the form of fine boundary precipitates which do not adversely affect the magnetic properties as do dissolved Impurities; rather they tend to impart desirable properties to the strip, as by improvin punchability and lowering eddy current losses. The advantages of carbon and nitrogen control are, of course, realized in all end uses of the powder, because ability to compact the powder into strip or other solid forms to maximum density with minimu pressure is one of the most important characteristics of the powder, but the advantages are of particular significance in connection with -electrical strip because of the desirable magnetic and other characteristics realized through the control of both the amount and the nature of carbon and nitrogen in the manufacture of powder and the strip.

In the procedure of the invention, nitrogen content can be reduced and controlled by a variety of procedural steps, many or all of which advantageously would be varied in a particular operation. Thus, in the refining stage, nitrogen content is removed by flushing and by the addition to the molten bath of iron ore or iron oxides, to bring about a so-called carbon boil which accompanies reduction of the ores and oxides. Regardless of the utilization of the carbon boil procedure, the molten metal] during both its containment in the refining vessel and its atomization, can be protected from the nitrogen content of the atmosphere, as by formation of a slag surface layer on the bath in the refining vessel and/or the provision of a suitable inert (e.g., argon gas) atmosphere during refining, pouring, and atomizing. The atomizing medium itself, which is advantageously water, can be desirably treated to remove as much as possible of the dissolved or contained nitrogen or nitrogen compounds, so that the metal remains protected even after immersion in the quenching liquid. If, after the atomizing step, the powder still analyzes to. a higher nitrogen content than desired, a further reduction of nitrogen content may be carried out during an annealing step or during sintering of the powder, powder compact, or porous strip, as by treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere.

Carbon content can be readily controlled in accordance with the new process, first by appropriate selection of metal for the melting and refining procedure and, in conjunction therewith, adding carbon to or removing it from the bath of molten metal during refining, in accordance with well-known procedures. Where appropriate, further reduction in the carbon content can be brought about in the atomizing stage, as by atomizing the powder in an evacuated atmosphere to reduce the carbon monoxide content of the metal. Thereafter, additional .carbon can be removed easily and controllably from the powder, compact or strip during subsequent annealing or sintering operations.

In a typical process according to the invention, one may without difficulty produce electrical strip having a carbon content of less than 0.02 percent and a nitrogen content of less than 0.01 percent. These levels are eminently. suitable for 'typical electrical strip applications. In general, it would appear that the combined carbon and nitrogen content of the iron should not significantly exceed a total of 0.0- percent in an electrical strip made in accordance with the invention, and experience demonstrates that these Impurities are easily maintained well below this indicated upper limit.

In instances where electrical strip of improved electrical characteristics is desired, collateral difficulties may arise with respect to the punchabillty of the strip, because of the relative softness of the finished, high purity strip.

In such a case, it may be desirable and advantageous to impart to the surface of the powder particles (but not homogeneously to the entire body of the metal) trace coatings of such impurities as oxides, nitrides, phosphorous or manganese. These surface Impurities significantly Improve the shear properties of the strip and impart good punching characteristics, but are not significantly detrimental to the electrical properties of the finished strip.

Another feature of this process that Improves the punchabillty of laminations is that the strip can be produced at less than 100 percent density. Controlled compacting and processin of strip can produce soft annealed strip containing many small pores or voids. The presence of these Improve the shearing action of the punch as, it passes through the strip.

Trace coatings of impurities on the powder particles and small voids in the strip either individually or together make possible the production of strip which ca be given a final heat treatment and thereafter punched and used. The normal practice is to punch the lamination from a strip, heat treat by a less effective method, and then use. Conventional strip that has received its final heat treatment cannot be punched satis- j ! factorily. j It may also be desirable to impart a controlled oxide coating to the surface of the finished electrical strip, to J provide a desired measure of electrical insulation between adjacent layers of a laminated stack.

Quite apart from the ease of controlling the content of significant Impurities, such as carbon and nitrogen, the procedure of the invention is advantageous in the manufacture of electrical strip because of the substantially simplified pro-cedures for the formation of the stri . Under conventional procedures, for example, the metal is refined in the usual manner and poured into ingots, which are subsequently rolled into slabs. Typically, the slabs are then hot rolled and coiled in continuous hot strip mills and later pickled to remove surface oxides.

Thereafter, the hot rolled strip may undergo a plurality of cold reduction steps, each followed by annealing, after which the cold reduced strip is given a final high temperature anneal.

In contrast, the procedure of the Invention enables the metal to be formed Initially at a controlled, minimum strip thickness, from which it may be directly hot reduced to a' usable thickness. Not only does this avoid significant manu acturing steps, Involving substantial time and plant Installation, but it also affords desirable control of internal stress and grain formation which have a significant ef ect upon the electrical properties of the finished product.

In a typical specific procedure for the preparation of electrical strip for routine applications, a desirable raw material would be in the form of a light scrap iron, most advantageously taken from punching operations and electrical lamination plants, but suitably also from other supplies of plain carbon steel scrap. This scrap may be melted in an electric furnace, under conditions substantially excluding con-tact of the metal with nitrogen, as by melting under an atmospher of argon or under a slag blanket. Typically, melting and refining of the metal is carried on to the point where the carbon content of the melt is relatively low, advantageously 0.13 percen or less. The refined molten metal is atomized in the manner hereinabove described, with particular care being taken to minimize exposure of the molten metal to nitrogen-containing atmosphere or nitrogen-containing cooling water. Although some slight nitrogen content, as in the form of surface nitrides, may be advantageous, deleterious amounts of dissolved nitrogen will be present unless precautions are taken at this stage to avoid excessive exposure of the molten metal to nitrogen (and also at subsequent stages to avoid exposure of the powder to nitrogen when the powder is at a temperature of around 1350° F. or above) .

After atomization, the relatively nitrogen-free powder is dewatered. If desired, the drying operation can be, in effect an annealing and an extended chemical heat treatment, to reduce the carbon and oxygen contents to relatively minimum levels of about 0.005 percent carbon and 0.05 percent oxygen. At the other extreme, the dewatering operation may simply lower the water content to about 5 percent moisture, with the chemical heat treatment being carried out in subsequent operations.

The dried powder is screened to remove oversized particles, typically leaving a balance of particles predominantly in the size range of about minus o mesh'.

The screened particles may then be treated by milling, tumbling, blending, etc., if desired, to achieve certain characteristics of flowability, compressibility, and apparent density, and the powder at this stage may also be combined with so-called detergents. If particularly high quality electrical strip is being produced, it may be done in two ways: Elements such as silicon or a silicon compound, normally ferro silicon, can be included in the molten metal so that the powder produced is an iron alloy of desired analysis. A typical example o silicon-iron alloy powder that has been produced is as follows: Percent Carbon 0.13 Manganese .0.33 Sulfur 0.03 Silicon 1.35 Phosphorous 0.01 Nitrogen 0.029 In the subsequently produced strip, the carbon was reduced to 0.015 percent and the nitrogen to 0.015 percent. The second way is to add to the iron powder agents calculated to increase the electrical properties of the mix, suitable such agents being electrolytic silicon metal powder, ferro silicon, or certain organic silicon compounds, such as silane compounds. It should be particularly noted that additions if utilized may be introduced into the atomized . and solidified powder as well as Into the original melt.

The dried "electrical" powder, preheated if appropriate, is charged Into the rolling stand for compactin and hot rolling generally in the manner previously described. If desired, the compacted and/or partially hot rolled stri may be given a chemical heat treatment, advantageously at a stage at which its density is on the order of 85 to 8 percent of theoretical iron density. The heat treatment Is continued as long as necessary to bring the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen contents down to desired levels. Strip made from iron powder (without silicon or other additions) can acquire a magnetic induction of 15 kilogausses at magnetizing forces as low as 10 RMS ampere turns per inch, with losses of no more than 5 .5 watts per pound. This is as compared to conventional non-silicon electrical steel, which requires magnetizing forces as high as 15 RMS ampere turns per inch, with losses as high as 7 watts per pound to reach inductions of 15 kilogausses.

In the chemical heat treatment of the compacted and/or rolled strip, the treating atmopshere advantageously contains considerable water vapor to reduce the carbon · content of the strip and is reducing in order to react with oxygen present. Powder or porous strip is so reactive to gases that powder with carbon content of Ο.38 percent has been reduced to 0.07 percent in a normal powder anneal and this same powder (Ο.38 percent carbon) when compacted into a strip and sintered (without annealing of the powder) had a carbon content as low as 0.02 percent.

In one typical procedure according to the invention, the prepared powder is compacted, then subjected to heating, advantageously in conjunction with a chemical heat treatment. Thereafter, and as part of the continuous procedure, the compacted and treated powder is hot rolled to a thickness equal to or closely approachin the final gauge. In other instances it may be desirable to perform chemical heat treatment in another, separate stage, in which event the prepared powder may be compacted, heated and then hot rolled into coils. Subsequently, the hot rolled coils are given appropriate chemical heat treatments or other treatments and they may then be cold rolled to a final gauge. If cold rolling is involved in the procedure a subsequent annealing step normally would be performed.

The electrical strip manufactured in accordance with • · I the above-described procedure is especially desirable because j significantly improved electrical and mechanical properties are j achieved without increase in cost. The particularly desirable properties of the material are realized in the process of the invention because the electrical strip is formed with relatively large grains which are extremely pure internally to impart desirable softness and permeability and desirably high saturation magnetization and low coercive force, but have some interstitial J Impurities in the form of nitrides, oxides, and other precipi- j i tates, Initially formed on the surfaces of the powder particles j • ! and eventually forming and retentively defining the. rain ! boundaries. The result of this structure is to provide large i individual grains of pure iron separated by high resistivity j boundaries to limit eddy current losses. The impurity-defined grain boundaries also Impart highly desirable shear properties between the individual grains, to provide significantly improved punchability of the strip. This property can also be Improved by producing strip with pores which reduces the strip to a density of less than 100 percent. The property of good punch-ability is of substantial practical importance, since the magneticj structures formed of electrical strip typically are comprised of laminated stacks of punched-out shapes.

The described grain boundary characteristics of the particles and porosity of the strip also are of significance In Imparting increased resistivity between the laminated elements and in reducing any tendency of the otherwise relatively soft Iron strip sections to cold weld to the punching dies or to adjacent strip sections.

Although electrical strip produced in accordance with the Invention may have quantities (e.g., up to about 5 to 6 percent) of silicon added, where particularly high quality electrical properties are sought, it is possible to obtain, in accordance with the Invention, electrical properties in substan-tlally silicon-free carbon steel strip which are achievable in conventional materials only through the addition of silicon or other similar additives. In addition, the new strip has significant collateral advantages of a mechanical nature such as ease of stacking and improved punchability.

The combined properties of the completed strip for electrical applications are uniquely advantageous in that the combination of large, highly pure particles surrounded and separated by boundary coatings in the form of relatively trace quantities of nitrides, oxides, and other compounds, as well as containing a desired. amount of porosity, simultaneously imparts to the finished strip electrical and mechanical properties which heretofore have been considered relatively mutually exclusive.

The large, pure particles result in desirable electrical characteristics of high saturation magnetization, high permeabili low coercive force and accompanying; low hysteresis loss. This strip possesses the unique quality o satisfactory punchability after the final heat treating operation for maximum electrical qualities. This is not feasible with strip made in the conven-t ■ _ional manner. .

Interstitial precipitates, in the relatively minor quantities present, and/or the controlled porosity impart very desirable characteristics, both mechanical and electrical, to the strip. . Electrically, the precipitates, In the form of nitrides, oxides, and other electrically resistant compounds, serve to limit the flow of current between particles, so that the eddy currents tend to be confined within the Individual particles or grains, a condition which significantly reduces eddy current losses.

Mechanically, the interstitial precipitates and pores are advantageous in improving the shear properties of the metal, relative to conventional metals of similarly low impurity content so that the desired punchabillty characteristics are realized withou subjecting the metal to work hardening or other treat-ments, which not only add cost but introduce other undesirable side effects such as Internal stresses. Good punchabillty requires low ductility without brlttleness, a well defined yield point, and a conditions are relatively optimized in the material of the present invention by reason of the unusual grain structure of the compacted strip, consisting of large, pure particles with grain boundaries defined by fine trace precipitates of relatively brittle carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds and/or pores, in the strip.

In the manufacture of certain other steel products for general applications, as well as for electrical strip, it is especially significant in the process of the invention that the intermediate stage of the metal is in the form of low carbon iron or steel powder particles, rather than in the conventional form of ingots at one intermediate stage and slabs, blooms, or billets at another intermediate stage. With the procedure of the invention, the same intermediate material—powder of controll desired analysis—may be utilized In the formation of strip, bare rods, etc., and intermediate handling and storage operations are reduced to an ultimate minimum, as compared to conventional steel making operations. The process of the Invention also pure powder, which serves in effect as a matrix for the alloying powders.

It should be understood that the specific forms of the invention herein Illustrated and described are Intended to be representative only and that certain changes may be made therein without departing from the clear teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following appended claims in determining the full scope of the invention. oopending applicatloft-Serial O'r-321y2 67--ffdioch November , 1963.

Claims (22)

HAVING NOW particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is : -

1. A method for converting iron or steel to a particulate form suitable for subsequent consolidation, which method comprises the steps of refining a molten body of the metal to ireduce its content of carbon and/or other impurities, controllably discharging the refined metal while it is retained in a molten condition from the refining step, atomizing with high pressure flat streams of liquid the discharging flow of refined molten metal to form solid powder particles of irregular and angular shape, and reducing the content of said liquid associated with the atomized metal particles.

2. A meftfiod according to Claim 1, wherein the metal is refined to the highest practicable purity, and alloying elements are added to the refined metal to form a molten alloy.

3. A method according to Claim 1, or Claim 2, wherein the discharging flow of molten metal is exposed to a partially evacuated ambient during the atomizing step, whereby degassing of the molten metal and disintegration of the metal into particulate form is promoted. h .

4. A method according to any of Claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein the discharging flow of molten metal is intercepted and atomized by opposed high pressure streams of quenching1 liquid directed downward and inward into intercepting relation, the streams being of substantially continuous sheets intersecting in a V.

5. A method according to Claim 4, wherein said sheet-like streams are directed downward at a relatively small angle to the vertical.

6. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the atomizing liquid is water, the atomized metal particles are collected in a body of collected water, and are conveyed from the atomizing step by entrainraent in a flow of the collected water, and the metal particles are separated from impurities of significantly lower density.

7. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the metal particles are diried in an oxygen free ambient to provide dry particles free of appreciable oxide pick-up.

8. A method of converting iron or steel to a particulate form suitable for subsequent consolidation, which method is substantially as hereinbefore descri- -bed with reference to, and as shown, in Fig. 1A or Fig. 1A as modified by Figs. 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings.

9. A method of producing metal strip comprising the step of converting iron or steel to a particulate form according to any preceding 61aim, and consolidating the metal particles under pressure to form a strip. - ho -

10. A method according to Claim 9» wherein said particles are maintained in a non-oxidizing environment from atomization to consolidation.

11. A method according to Claim 10, wherein said particles are consolidated in as atomized metallurgical condition.

12. A method according to any of Cl&ims 9» 10, or 11, wherein additional ingredients are added to the metal particles before consolidation to form a strip.

13. A method of producing metal strip substantially as hereinbefore desceibed with reference to, and as shown in, Fig. lA and IB or Fig. 1A and IB as modified by any of Figs. 2 to 5 of the accompanying drawings. lk.

14. Apparatus for carrying out the method of Claim 1, which apparatus comprises means for refinin the metal, means forming a chamber, means for discharging molten metal from the refining means into said chamber, means for directing high tselocity solid flat-sheet-like streams of quenching liquid into said chamber in intercepting relation to said molten metal such as to cause atomization of said metal, and means for reducing the content of said liquid associated with the atomized metal particles produced.

15. Apparatus according to Claim lh, wherein said chamber is divided into a substantially closed upper section and a lower section by a separator having an orifice connecting the two chamber sections, molten metal being discharged into liquid being arranged to intercept and pass through said orifice, the action of the high velocity stream of quenching liquid passing through said orifice being effective to partially evacuate the upper chamber section.

16. Apparatus for converting iron or steel to particulate form suitable for subsequent consolidation, which apparatus is substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as shown in, Fig. lA or Fig. 1A as modified by Figs. 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings.

17. Apparatus for the production of metal strip comprising apparatus according to Claims 1 , 15, or 16, for converting iron or steel to particulate form, and apparatus for consolidating the metal particles under pressure to form a strip.

18. Apparatus according to Claim 17» wherein the consolidation apparatus includes means for feeding metal particles to the nip of a pair of compacting rollers; which feeding means comprise a supply chamber for the powder, a plurality of distributing tubes connected to the supply chamber and arranged in side-by-side relation, the discharge ends of the distributing tubes being arranged in a line to form an effectively continuous sheet- Like po der discharge, and means to control the passage of powder through the individual distributing tubes.

19. · Apparatus according to Claim 18, wherein means are provided to partially evacuate portions of said distributing tubes to facilitate removal of gas from the powder.

20. Apparatus for the production of metal strip substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as shown in, Figs. 1A and IB of Figs. 1A and IB as modified by any of Figs. 2 to 5 of the accompanying drawings.

21. Metal- participles produced by a method according to any of Claims 1-8 or by apparatus according to any of Claims l4-l6.

22. Motal-strip produced by a method according to any of Claims 9-13 or by apparatus according to any of Claims 17-20. DATED THIS 3±d day of November, 1964.