IE882660L - New yeast strains providing for an enhanced rate of the fermentation of sugars, a process to obtain such yeasts and the use of these yeasts - Google Patents

Abstract

New yeast strains providing for an enhanced rate of the fermentation of sugars, and a process to obtain such yeasts and the use of these yeasts. Yeasts capable of improved fermentation of sugars, a process to obtain these yeasts and the use of these yeasts are provided. The yeasts show higher rates of metabolism resulting in for example higher carbon dioxide and ethanol production in media containing sugars, such as maltose, as main carbon and energy source. The fermentation rate of sugars is improved by the introduction into a yeast of one or more DNA constructs comprising at least one gene encoding a protein promoting the uptake and/or initial metabolic conversion of a transported sugar substrate.

Description

- - 1 - 76719 1° New yeast strains providing for an enhanced rate of the fermentation of sugars, a process to obtain such yeasts and the use of these yeasts. v The invention relates to new yeasts capable of improving the fermentation of sugars, to a process to construct such yeasts and to the use of these improved yeasts.

It is well known that yeast strains belonging for 5 example to the genus Saccharomyces are capable of fermenting sugars to approximately equlmolar amounts of CO2 and ethanol under anaerobic conditions« The leavening activity of yeast In dough is a result of this fermentation. Die commercial product baker's yeast exists In several formulations comprising 10 compressed yeast or fresh yeast and dried yeast. Dried yeast is available as active dry yeast and as instant dry yeast with moisture contents of about 6-8£ and 3-6%» respectively.

One of the early steps in the metabolism of sugars by the action of yeast is the transport of the sugar molecules 15 across the plasma membrane. Specific carriers for different sugars are expressed in yeast. The uptake of maltose, for example, is dependent on the presence of a specific maltose permease. This carrier may exist in two forms distinguished by differences in maximal velocity (Vmax) and affinity 20 constant (Km) (A. Busturia and R. Lagunas, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 820, 32^ (1985))« The translocation of maltose across the yeast plasma membrane is coupled to the electrochemical proton gradient in this membrane. For every maltose molecule taken up one proton la symported (R. Serrano, Eur. J. Blochem. 80, 97 25 (1977)).

Intracellularly, maltose is hydrolyzed to two molecules of glucose in a reaction catalyzed by maltase (alpha-glucosidase). Glucose is subsequently converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. In comparison with the fermentation of glucose two additional 7671 9 enzymes are required for the fermentation of maltose viz. maltose permease and maltase. The synthesis of these enzymes Is Induced by maltose and repressed by glucose, fructose or mannose. In non-sugared ("lean") doughs maltose is the most 5 abundant sugar available to yeast. In case sucrose is added to the dough this dlsaccharlde is hydrolyzed extracellularly by yeast to glucose and fructose. Subsequently these hexoses are taken up by yeast by action of distinct permeases.

It is generally found that addition of sucrose to 10 media containing maltose, as for example dough, inhibits the metabolism of maltose by yeast cells. This is due to the fact that transcription of genes encoding maltose permease and maltase is repressed by glucose (R.B. Needleman, D.B. Kaback, R.A. Dubln, E.L. Perkins, N.G. Rosenberg, K.A. Sutherland, 15 D.B. Forrest and C.A. Michels, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 2811 (1984)).

Genes required for the uptake and hydrolysis of maltose are clustered in a MAL-locus (R.B. Needleman et al. Supra). Strains of Saccharomyces may contain up to five MAL-20 loci (MAL 1—4 and MAL 6), which are unlinked and located at the telomers of different chromosomes (J.L. Celenza and M. Carlson Genetics 109» 661-664 (1985))- A MAL-locus comprises genes encoding maltose permease, maltase and one or more regulatory proteins (MAL regulator) required for the 25 induction by maltose (R.B. Needleman et al. Supra; J.D. Cohen, M.J. Goldenthal, T. Chow, B. Buchferer and J. Marmur, Mol. Gen. Genet. 200, 1 (1985); R.A. Dubln, E.L. Perkins, R.B. Needleman and C.A. Michels, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2757 (1966)). Said genes have been isolated and cloned ( a.o. 30 J.D. Cohen et al., supra; R.B. Needleman et al., Supra; H.J. Federoff, J.D. Cohen, T.R. Eccleshall, R.B. Needleman, B.A. Buchferer, J. Glacalone and J. Marmur, J. Bacteriol. 149, 1U64 (1982)).

As mentioned above yeast fermentation in lean dough 55 depends on maltose as main substrate. Maltose is produced in the dough from starch by action of amylases, which are normally present in the flour. In addition, the flour contains a variable amount (0-0-5%) free sugars like glucose, rafflnosc etc. (H. Suomalainen, J. Dettwller and E. Sinda, Process Biochera. 16 (1972)). These sugars are rapidly consumed by the yeast. Several studies have been published investigating the possible correlation between maltose fermentation and 5 leavening activity of baker's yeast. In some cases a positive correlation was found between the rate of maltose fermentation with activities of maltase and maltose permease. However a positive correlation between the activities of maltase and maltose permease with leavening ability in lean dough could 10 not be observed (P. Hautera and T. LSvgren, J. Inst. Brew. 81, 309 (1975); T. L5vgren and P. Hautera, Eur. J. Appl.

Microbiol. 4, 37 (1977)).

Transformation of yeast cells with multicopy plasmids containing genes encoding maltase and maltose 15 permease yielded a fourfold increase in specific activity of maltase but maltose permease activity was not enhanced. Introduction of extra genes encoding the regulatory protein did result in a moderate increase in specific activity of maltase but again no effect was observed on maltose permease 20 activity (J.D. Cohen et al., Supra). Obtained transformants were not assayed for carbon dioxide or ethanol production by these investigators. In fact prior art discouraged performing such tests since it had been shown repeatedly that there was no correlation between activities of maltose permease and 25 maltase with carbon dioxide production (leavening activity) in lean dough (H. Suomalainen, J Dettwiler and E. Sinda, Supra; H. Suomalainen, Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1_, 1 (1975); P. Hautera and T. LSvgren, Supra; T. LSvgren and P. Hautera, Supra).

We have now found that yeasts, transformed by integrative plasmids of which examples will be described hereafter, show an enhanced level of maltose permease and maltase activity, compared to the untransformed strain. These enhanced maltase and maltose permease activities surprisingly 35 coincide with an increase of C02 production or leavening activity, as was also observed in case of yeast transformed with episomal vectors.

These improved yeasts show higher rates of metabolism resulting in for example higher carbon dioxide and ethanol production in media containing sugars, such as maltose, as main carbon and energy source. The methods provided involve application of recombinant DNA techniques 5 in such a way that the rate of maltose fermentation by said yeasts is increased drastically irrespective of the presence of other sugars as for example glucose.

Furthermore these improved yeast strains show an excellent leavening activity (gas production) in dough. 10 Analogously, the higher rate of ethanol production of these yeasts will result in a reduced fermentation time for yeast employed in the production of potable and industrial alcohol or a larger amount of alcohol produced in a certain time. Furthermore in case (accumulation of) maltose is inhibiting 15 enzymes, which convert sugar or starch, rapid removal of maltose is advantageous for said fermentation process. By applying the process of the present invention a yeast cam be obtained in which (an) extra gene(s) is (are) introduced encoding maltase and/or maltose permease. 20 The present invention provides a transformed yeast and a process to produce said yeast, said yeast providing for an enhanced production of carbon dioxide and ethanol upon fermenting it in a medium containing sugars as main carbon and energy source as compared to the untransformed 25 parent yeast upon fermenting the parent in the said medium, whereby the parent yeast is capable of fermenting the sugars, said transformed yeast comprising: at least one, preferably homologous, DNA construct present in it as a result of transformation, said DNA construct comprises at 30 least one gene in said yeast encoding a protein promoting the uptake and/or initial metabolic conversion of a transported substrate, the gene being capable of expression in said yeast. The rate of fermentation of sugars can be improved during several phases of the leavening, for example 35 an enhanced rate caused by the fermentation of maltose or sucrose.

By homologous DNA is meant DNA originating from the same yeast genus. For example Saccharomvces is transformed with DNA originating from Saccharomvces. In this way it is 40 possible to improve already existing properties of the yeast genus,- without introducing new properties, which were not present in the genus before. The improvement of fermentation rate of sugars may be obtained under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions. The genes of Interest include permeases, particularly maltose permease, saccharidases, particularly maltase, kinases, particularly hexokinases and glucokinase, 5 and the like. This invention may be applied, for example, for a carrier protein required for the uptake of glucose or fructose and hexokinases and glucokinase which catalyze the initial intracellular metabolic conversion of these hexoses to hexose phosphates.

The present invention also provides efficient methods for introduction into the yeasts of at least one homologous DNA construct.

Advantageously the invention may be applied to a construct which comprises at least one gene which encodes a 15 protein which promote the uptake of maltose and the initial metabolic conversion of maltose to glucose. In this way yeasts can be obtained which have several advantages in comparison with the original (host) strains. The benefits of such improved yeast may be found particularly in the improved 20 ethanol and C02 production. For example when the invention is applied to baker's yeast this will be an enormous advantage for a baker because the baker requires less time or less yeast In order to develop lean dough because of the improved leavening activity of the novel strains.

It will be appreciated that the transformed yeast according to the invention can be used as starting strain in strain improvement procedures other than DNA mediated transformation, for instance, protoplast fusion, mass mating and mutation. The resulting strains are considered to form 30 part of the invention.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the novel strains will consume substantial amounts of maltose in the presence of glucose. Therefore bakers may save on sugar expenses as well, since less sugar needs to be 35 added to obtain sweet doughs.

It is well-known that osmotolerant yeasts show a poor performance (leavening activity) in lean dough. By osmotolerant yeasts is meant yeasts which have a good performance in sweet doughs. Doughs for sweet bakery goods will contain for example 10-30% sugar (based on flour weight). Therefore, when an osmotolerant strain is chosen as a host to 5 be tranformed according to the Invention an osmotolerant yeast is obtained which not only is applicable in sweet doughs but may also be used in lean dough since its capacity to ferment maltose is improved according to the invention. As a consequence the baker conveniently requires only one type of 10 yeast both for sweet doughs and for lean doughs.

The need for yeast strains that have a good performance in lean as well as in sweet doughs is for example described in EP-A-128524 and DE-A-2757778. To obtain yeast strains which have a good performance in sugar rich and lean 15 dough, EP-A-128525 describes a protoplast fusion method: DE-A-2757778 describes in order to obtain such yeast strains a selection method of strains from a population of diploid strains prepared by hybridization or mutation methods. Both procedures need a lot of experimentation and the results are 20 unpredictable and not reproducible. By using the process of the present invention, controlled and reproducible results with the transformed yeast strains can be obtained. The testing of the strains produced according to the invention can be minimal because the properties of the strain Itself are 25 substantially not altered except for the improved properties as disclosed.

The present invention provides a compressed yeast which shows a gas production of at least 340 ml/285 nig dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B and a gas production 30 of at least 170 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in Test B*.

Tests 3 and B1 are described hereinafter. Preferably the compressed yeast shows a gas production of 380-450 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B and 180-240 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast In Test B' and more 35 preferably at least 400 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in Test B and at least 190 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in Test B', respectively. Advantageously instant dry or active dry yeast is prepared from this compressed yeast. During drying of the compressed yeast generally 15-25? of the leavening activity based on dry matter is lost. The present invention 5 also provides a dried yeast (3-8 wtj moisture) which shows a gasproduction of 310-360 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test C and 145-195 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in Test C' and preferably at least 330 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in Test C and at least 155 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast 10 in Test C', respectively. The gas values obtained with yeast prepared according to the invention have never been found even when commercially available strains were tested in Tests C and C* . The invention can also be applied for yeasts which show a good performance in leavening activity in the range of 0-6 or 15 0-10% sugar dough. In this way it is possible to prepare compressed yeasts which show a gas production of 400-500 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B, preferably these compressed yeasts show a gas production of at least 440 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast. Dried yeasts can then 20 be obtained which show a gas production of 320-400 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test C, preferably the dried yeast shows a gas production of at least 350 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast.

Similar advantages of these novel strains are found 25 in fermentations for the production of potable and industrial alcohol.

Since the overall metabolic rate of these novel strains has been increased when maltose serves as a substrate the overall production rate of metabolites such as glycerol 30 and aroma compounds will be increased as well.

In one aspect of the invention vectors are provided bearing a DNA construct encoding one or more proteins Involved in maltose fermentation. The present invention also provides a microbial host, preferably a yeast, which is, for example, a 35 species of Saccharomyces transformed with vectors disclosed by the invention. These vectors may be self-replicating and contain advantageously a gene, or combinations of genes, selected from those encoding maltose permease, maltase and maltose regulatory protein. Surprisingly, it has been found that yeast, transformed with such vectors, shows an enhanced 5 rate of maltose fermentation, which results in an Increased rate of C02 production in dough. These additional genes are located on episomes, however, and it is known from literature that such extrachromosomal molecules are easily lost during non-selective propagation (i.e. growth in the absence of G4lb 10 in this particular case) (C.D. Hollenberg (1982) Gene Cloning 12, Organisms other than E. coll, Eds. P.H. Hofschnelder, W. Goebel, Springer Verlag, 119; S.A. Parent, C.M. Fenimone, and K.A. Bostian (1985), Yeast 1_, 83). From a practical point of view it is preferred to cultivate yeast non-selectively and 15 therefore a set of integrating plasmids containing, preferably altered, maltase and/or maltose permease genes are advantageously constructed. By "altered" is meant the exchange of the natural promoter by another promoter^ preferably homologous. In case processes are developed which allow stable proliferation 20 of plasmids in the absence of a selective pressure, integration of newly introduced DNA is not a prerequisite anymore in order to obtain stable transformants.

It is known from literature that one cell contains between 20-100 molecules of these extra plasmids 25 (C.D. Hollenberg (1982), Supra; A. Takagi, E.N. Chun, C. Boorchird, S. Harashima and Y. Oshima, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23., 123; J. Mellor, M.J. Dobson, N.A. Roberts, H.J. Kingsman and S.M. Kingsnan (1985) Gene 33, 215).

The level of expression of episomal genes may be 30 Increased even further by exchange of the original promoters by stronger promoters. It seems likely that in the future it will be possible to allow stable replication of plasmids in the absence of a selective pressure.

The maltase and/or maltose permease genes are 35 according to the invention advantageously integrated into the yeast chromosome via transformation with linear plasmids (see T.L. Orr-Weaver, J.W. Szostak, R. Rothstein (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 6354). The obtained yeasts are stable transformants, I.e. altered maltase and/or maltose permease genes can be maintained in the genome even in the absence of 5 selective pressure.

It is known, that during integration only one or a few copies of genes located on a plasmid become integrated into the chromosome. Therefore, In order to obtain similar improvements in C02 production as obtained when episomal 10 vectors are used, the level of gene expression nay be advantageously altered by application of strong constitutive promoters, not sensitive to glucose repression. Such promoters are preferred in order to compensate for the difference in gene copy number between yeast transformed with 15 episomal and with integrative vectors, and in order to prevent the effects of glucose-respression. It is observed, for instance, that during the first 30-40 minutes of fermentation in media containing maltose as main carbon and energy source and relatively low concentrations of glucose, mRNA levels of 20 maltose permease and maltase decline to barely detectable levels. Once the glucose has been consumed, induction of gene expression by maltose results in a rapid increase in both mRNA levels.

As Indicated, the genes may be used with their 25 natural or wild-type promoter or the promoter may be substituted with a different promoter, preferably a homologous promoter. Particularly, where the wild-type promoter is regulatable or inducible, it may be desirable to provide for constitutive transcription, or a stronger or weaker promoter. 30 Conversely, where the wild-type promoter is constitutive, it may be of interest to provide for a regulatable or inducible promoter or a stronger or weaker promoter.

Desirably, strong promoters will be employed, particularly where there may be a relatively low copy*number 35 of the construct in the host. Strong promoters will normally be those involved with the production of proteins produced at a high level during the life cycle of the yeast or where regulatable, at some period of Interest in the life cycle of the yeast, as related to the subject invention.

Promoters associated with the glycolytic cycle of 5 yeast are of particular Interest, which include alcohol dehydrogenase I and II, phosphoglucoisomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, enolase, phosphoglyceromutase, pyruvate kinase, and 10 lactate dehydrogenase. Other promoters involved with proteins produced in high amount, include promoters associated with ribosomal expression, such as promoters for the transcription of initiation factors, elongation factors, and the like. Particular elongation factors include EF-1 and EF-2, etc. 15 Of particular interest is the use of promoters in combination with structural genes involved with maltose metabolism, particularly maltase, maltose permease and MAL-regulator. These promoters may be constitutive or regulatable, so long as the promoter is induced during the fermentation of 20 the sugar. For example, many of the glycolytic promoters are activated in the presence of a sugar or a sugar metabolite, such as ethanol. Thus, promoters such as alcohol dehydrogenase will be active during the leavening of flour. Similarly, those promoters associated with cell proliferation will also be 25 active during the leavening of dough. Furthermore, by providing for promoters which are not regulated by the MAL regulator, the yeast may be used in the presence of glucose, without repression. In addition, the genes do not require maltose for induction.

Where the wild-type promoters are employed in conjunction with the structural genes of interest, it may be desirable to provide for enhanced production of a regulatory protein. In this way, the regulatory protein may be maintained at a high level, when the inducer is present. For example, in 35 the presence of maltose, the MAL regulatory protein will be expressed at a high level, so as to provide for expression of -lithe other proteins associated with maltose metabolism and regulated by the MAL regulatory protein.

The alterations in gene expression, as described in detail in the experimental procedures, comprise the exchange 5 of the original promoters plus (part of) the untranslated leader sequences for those of alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADHI) and translation elongation factor EFlaA preferably derived from the host yeast, for example Saccharomyces. As a consequence, expression will become insensitive to glucose 10 repression and independent of maltose for induction.

It has been found that yeasts, transformed by these integrative plasmids show an enhanced level of maltose permease and maltase activity compared to the untransformed strain. These enhanced maltase and maltose permease activities 15 surprisingly coincide with an increase of CO2 production or leavening activity, as was also observed in case of yeast transformed with episomal vectors.

The obtained improvement in leavening activity is maintained during storage even at elevated temperatures, for 20 example, at 20-25°C. The relative loss of leavening activity during storage is virtually identical for the parental strains and the strains according to the invention. The leavening activity in high sugar doughs Is not affected by the introduced modifications since the leavening activity of the 25 novel strains transformed with integrative plasmids is as good as that obtained with the host strain.

The subject yeast host will have at least one copy of the construct, and may have two or more, usually not exceeding about 200, depending upon whether the gene is 30 integrated into the genome, amplified, or is present on an extrachromosomal element having multiple copy numbers. Integration or non-integration may be selected, depending upon the stability required for maintenance of the extrachromosomal element prepared, the number of copies desired, the level of 35 transcription available depending upon copy number, and the like.

The construct may Include one or more structural genes with the same or different promoters. The construct may be prepared In conventional ways, by Isolating the desired genes from an appropriate host, by synthesizing all or a 5 portion of the genes, or combinations thereof. Similarly, the regulatory signals, the transcriptional and translational initiation and termination regions, may be isolated from a natural source, be synthesized, or combinations thereof. The various fragments may be subjected to endonuclease digestion 10 (restriction), ligation, sequencing, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, or the like. The various manipulations are well known in the literature and will be employed to achieve specific purposes.

The various fragments may be combined, cloned, 15 isolated and sequenced in accordance with conventional ways. After each manipulation, the DNA fragment or combination of fragments may be inserted into the cloning vector, the vector transformed into a cloning host, e.g. E. coll, the cloning host grown up, lysed, the plasmid isolated and the fragment 20 analyzed by restriction analysis, sequencing, combinations thereof, or the like.

Various vectors may be employed during the course of development of the construct and transformation of the host cell. These vectors may Include cloning vectors, expression 25 vectors, and vectors providing for Integration into the host or the use of bare DNA for transformation and Integration.

The cloning vector will be characterized, for the most part, by having a replication origin functional in the cloning host, a marker for selection of a host containing the 30 cloning vector, may have one or more polylinkers, or additional sequences for insertion, selection, manipulation, ease of sequencing, excision, or the like. In addition, shuttle vectors may be employed, where the vector may have two or more origins of replication, which allows the vector to be 35 replicated in more than one host, e.g. a prokaryotic host and a eukaryotlc host.

Expression vectors will usually provide for insertion of a construct which includes the transcriptional and translational initiation region and termination region or the construct may lack one or both of the regulatory regions, 5 which will, be provided by the expression vector upon insertion of the sequence encoding the protein product. Thus, the construct may be inserted into a gene having functional transcriptional and translational regions, where the insertion is proximal to the 5'-terminus or the exising gene and the 10 construct comes under the- regulatory control of the existing regulatory regions. Normally, it would be desirable for the initiation codon to be 5' of the existing initiation codon, unless a fused product is acceptable, or the initiation codon is out of phase with the existing initiation codon. In other 15 instances, expression vectors exist which have one or more restriction sites between the initiation and termination regulatory regions, so that the structural gene may be inserted at the restriction site(s) and be under the regulatory control of these regions. Of particular interest 20 for the subject invention as the vector for expression, either for extrachromosomal stable maintenance or integration, are constructs and vectors which in their stable form in the host are free of heterologous (non-Saccharom.yces) DNA.

According to a further aspect of the invention 25 processes are provided to produce yeasts which exhibit all the advantages described above whereas in addition prokaryotic DNA sequences have been removed. This has been accomplished by gene replacement techniques (R.J. Rothstein (1983) Methods in Enzymology, 101, 202). According to the present invention 30 these techniques are now advantageously applied to Saccharomyces cells. For example, transformation of Saccharomyces cells with a vector containing genes encoding altered maltase and/or maltose permease located in a Saccharomyces sporulation-specific gene (E. Gottlin-Ninga, 35 D.B. Kaback (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2185). After introduction of this DNA into a Saccharomyces host cell homologous recombination of the newly Introduced DNA takes place with the chromosomal sporulation-specific gene. As a consequence altered maltase and/or maltose permease genes embedded between the sporulation specific sequences become 5 integrated into the chromosome. Resulting transformants are completely devoid of prokaryotic DNA.

It will be appreciated to realise that even better results may be obtained if the optimal ratio of maltase and maltose permease activity is determined. This can be done by 10 varying the promoters of both genes or by integration of different numbers of (altered) maltase and maltose permease genes into the yeast genome, for example, by using several Integration loci, according to methods as described below. The optimal ratio of maltase and maltose permease activity can 15 also be obtained using maltase or maltose permease genes encoding other Isoenzymes of maltase and maltose permease. Furthermore any enzyme can be applied, having at least maltase or maltose permease activity. In addition, genes encoding the MAL-regulatory protein can be integrated into the genome in an 20 analogous way (see also Example 1), either under control of its own, natural promoter or under control of another promoter, preferably Saccharmociyces. This can also be useful in order to obtain an optimal ratio of maltase and maltose permease activity.

List of deposited strains The following strains have been deposited with the Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, Holland: Saccharomyces cerevlsiae 237 Ng (strain A) has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 158.86 on March 25, 1986; Saccharomyces cerevlsiae DS 15543 (strain C) has 10 been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 406.87 on September 3, 1987; Escherichia coll harbouring plasmid p21-40 has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 400.87 on August 28, 1987; Escherichia coll harbouring plasmid pYEF46 has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 401.87 on August 28, 1987; Escherlchia coll harbouring plasmid pY6 has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 402.87 on 20 August 28, 1987; Escherichia coll harbouring plasmid peG4lb has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 160.86 on March 25, 1986; Escherichia coll harbouring plasmid pTZ19R has been 25 deposited with the CBS under the accession number 405^87 on September 3, 1987; Escherichia coll harbouring plasmid pTZ19R/ADHI has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 404.87 on September 3, 1987; Escherichia coll harbouring plasmid pl53-215 AK has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 403.87 on September 3, 1987* Escherichia coll harbouring plasmid pLF24 has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 156.88 on 35 March 8, 1988.

Escherlchla coll harbouring plasmid pUT332 has been deposited with the CBS under the accession number 158.88 on March 8, 1988.

Escherichia coll harbouring plasmid pTZl8R has been 5 deposited with the CBS under the accession number 480.88 on July 27, 1988.

Brief description of the Drawings Figure 1 describes the construction of plasmid pGb-eMAL69- Arrows indicate the direction of transcription of indicated genes. Plasmids are drawn schematically and not to scale. Abbreviations: G4l8, Tn5 gene (under control of ADHI promoter) conferring resistance to G4l8; P, Pvul; X, Xbal; S, 15 Sail; H, Hindlll; CIP: calf intestine phosphatase.

Figure 2 describes the construction of pGb-eMAL6l. Plasmids are drawn schematically and not to scale. Abbreviations: A maltase partial deletion maltase gene; B, 20 Bglll. See also description of Fig. 1.

Figure 3 describes the construction of plasmid pGb-eMAL63. Plasmids are drawn schematically and not to.scale. Abbreviations: (K), filled-in Kpnl site; (S), filled-in Sail 25 site; Klenow, large subunit DNA polymerase; H, Hindlll. See also description of Fig. 1.

Figure 4 describes the construction of pGb-M6g(4 -9)• Abbreviations: H, Hind III; St, StuI; Klenow, 30 large fragment DNA polymerase I; EV, EcoRV; Xh, XhOI; M, Mlul; fl ori, origin of replication phage fl; amp, ampicillin resistance gene; s.p. sequence primer.

Arrows indicate 5' —^ 3' direction. Deleted area is indicated with dotted lines and b . " Figure 5 describes the sequence of plasmid pGb-M6g(A -9). a) maltase and maltose permease genes. Arrow indicates direction of transcription. St (StuI) served as startpoint for construction of deletion mutant. Relevant parts of sequence of intergenic area are shown below this map. b) Sequence of pGb-m6g (A-9). Deleted area extends from -9 to -M17. Polyllnker refers to the oligonucleotides which have been ligated onto the Bal31-treated DNA (see also Fig. H).

Figure 6 describes the construction of plasmid pGb-iA32/G4l8. Arrows indicate direction of transcription. Plasmids are drawn schematically and not to scale.

Abbreviations: H, Hind III; EV, EcoRV; fl ori, origin of replication phage fl; amp, ampicillin resistance gene; G418, Tn5 gene (ADH1 promoter) conferring resistance to G418; S, Smal; He, HincII; pADHI, promoter alcohol dehydrogenase I gene + part 5'leader (hatched area).

Figure 7 describes the construction of plasmid pGb-iRROl a) plasmid pT4 is not drawn to scale.

Abbreviations: E, EcoRI; B/Bg, BamHI/Bglll ligation; H, Hindlll b) mutagenesis on pT4 in order to fuse the EFlaA promoter + 5'leader to the five N-terminal amino-aclds codons of the maltase gene in such a way that a Bglll site is created as well. Relevant sequences are shown.

- Mutagenesis primer is partly complementary (indicated with dots) to the EFlaA sequence. In the region of mismatches are the maltase codons and the -boxed- Bglll recognition site (note that the presented orientation of the mutagenesis primer is 3* ^ 5«, i.e. the Bglll site should be read from right to left (5' —3').

- In the maltase sequence the N-terminal five amino acid codons are indicated. The Bell recognition site Is boxed.

- In the sequence of pT4-M, the sequence covering the mutation Is shown. Bglll site is boxed. Asterisks Indicate the deviation from the maltase nucleotide sequence. The deviation in the fourth codon Is a silent mutation. c) Plasmids are not drawn to scale. Abbreviations: H, Hindlll; Be, Bell; E, EcoRI; Bg, Bglll; EV, EcoRV; Bg/Bc, Bglll/Bcll ligation; pEFlaA (hatched box), 5' flank (promoter + 5'leader sequence) of EFlaA; fl ori, origin of replication of phage fl; amp, ampicillin resistance gene.' d) Plasmids are not drawn to scale. Abbreviations: see c).

Figure 8 describes the construction of plasmid pGb-SNENS. Plasmids are drawn-schematically and not to scale.

Abbreviations: E, EcoRI; H, HindIII;Sf, Sfil; N, NotI; fl ori, origin of replication phage fl; amp, ampicillin resistance gene. Arrows indicate 5'—> 3' direction. Oligo 3 and 4 are synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides with the base sequence as Indicated.

Figure 9 describes the contruction of plasmid pGb-RB2. Plasmids are drawn schematically and not to scale. Abbreviations: E, EcoRI; Bg, Bglll; H, Hind III; He, HincII; B, Bam HI; Sm, Sma I; P, Pst I; fl ori, origin of replication - 2 5 phage fl; amp, ampicillin resistance gene. Arrows Indicate 51 —> 31 direction. Oligo 5 and 6 are synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides with the base sequence as indicated. Underlined are the TAA translational stopcodons in all reading frames.

Figure 10 describes the construction of plasmid pGb RBN 3« Arrows indicate direction of trancription. Plasmids are drawn schematically and not to scale. Abbreviations: Sf, Sfil; Sm, Sma I; H, Hind III; fi ori, origin of replication phage fl; Amp, ampicilline resistance gene; G4l8, Tn5 gene (under control of ADHI promoter) conferring resistance to G4l8. EV, EcoRV; He, Hinc II.

Figure 11 describes the construction of plasmid pGb-RBRROl. Plasmid pGb-iRROl is fully described in Figure 7 and contains the maltase gene under direction of EFlaA promoter (pEFlaA) and the maltose permease gene under 5 direction of the alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter (pADHI) (both promoters are indicated with hatched boxes). pGb-RB2 is described in Figure 9. In pGb-RBRROl the SIT4 containing fragment is divided into two parts ("SIT4 flanks"). Plasmids are drawn schematically and not to scale. Abbreviations are as 10 in legends to Figure 10. Arrows indicate drection of transcription.

Figure 12 describes the one-step gene disruption. In step 1, pGb-RBN3 is digested with Sfil. This liberates a 15 DNA fragment which has on both sides homology to the SIT4 gene region. This directs integration to the SIT4 gene (see also R.J. Rothstein (1983) in Methods in Enzymology, 101, 202). The SIT4 gene region is indicated by a hatched box. Both chromosomal alleles have been shown schematically. In step 2, 20 the resulting strain ApGb-RBN3 is transformed with both pUT332 (undigested) and pGb-RBRROl digested with Sfil. The principle of cotransformation is well documented (cf. A.H. Brand, I. Breeden, J. Abraham, R. Steiglanz and K. Kasmyth (1985) Cell 41, 41-48 and P. Siliciano and K. Tatchell (1984) Cell 37, 25 969-978) In the first selection we have used resistance against phleomycin (plasmid pUT 332) but of course 2^-derived episomal plasmids conferring resistance to other antibiotics like hygromycin B can be used as well. PUT332 and phleomycin are commercially available from Cayla, Avenue Larrien, Centre 30 Commercial de Gros, 31094 Toulouse Cedex, France. On pUT 332, the phleomycin-resistance gene is derived form transposon Tn5 and has been placed under the direction of a yeast promoter. In step 3 the episomal plasmid pUT332 is removed from the transformants by growth in non-selective medium (curing). 35 Abbreviations: G4l8rj g418 resistance gene under direction of ADHI promoter; Sf, end of a DNA fragment generated by Sfil digestion; MAL, an altered maltase and maltose permease gene. See also Pig. 9 and 11 for details of the plasmids; +pUT332, episomal plasmid pUT332.

Figure 13 describes the correlation between the increase in specific activity of maltose permease and maltase with the disappearance of glucose from medium A. Graphs are typical for commercial baker1s yeast strains as for example strain A.

Figure 14 describes the specific activities of maltose permease in strain A and its rDNA derivatives during a simulation of dough-rise in medium A.

Figure 15 describes.the specific activities of maltase during a simulation of dough-rise in strain A and its rDNA derivatives in medium A containing maltose as main carbon and energy source.

Figure 16 describes the fermentation of maltose during a simulation of dough-rise by strain A and its rDNA derivatives in medium A containing maltose as main carbon and energy source.

Figure 17 describes the fermentation of maltose during a simulation of dough-rise by strain A and its rDNA derivatives in medium B containing glucose as main carbon and energy source.

The following experimental data are given to illustrate the invention. It has to be understood that a person skilled in the art who is familiar with the methods may use other yeast strains and vectors which can be equally used for the purpose of the present invention. These alterations are included in the scope of the invention.

Cloning techniques For general cloning techniques reference is made to the handbook of Maniatis et al. (T. Maniatis, E.F. Fritsch, 5 J. Sambrook (1982) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual). Restriction enzymes are used as recommended by the manufacturer and are obtained either from New England Biolabs (Biolabs), Bethesda Research Laboratories (BRL) or Boehringer Mannheim (Boehringer). In general 1 to 5 units of enzyme are 10 needed to cleave 1 ^g of DNA.

Transformation of E. coli was carried out using the CaCl2_technique (T. Maniatis et al., Supra).

Construction of recombinant plasmids 1) pGb-eMAL6g This plasmid is capable of self-replicating in yeast and contains the genes encoding maltose permease and maltase. Its construction is outlined in Fig. 1. 20 peG4l8 is derived from pEMBLYe23 (Baldari and G.

Cesarinl (1985), Gene 35, 27) and contains between the Sail and Hindlll sites a fragment with the Tn5 gene (Reiss et al. EMBO J. (1984) 3, 3317) conferring resistance to G418 under direction of the promoter alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADHI) from 25 yeast, similar to that as described by Bennetzen and Hall (J.C. Bennetzen and B.D. Hall (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 3018). peG4l8 was cleaved with Hindlll, dephosphorylated with CIP and ligated with a digest of pY6 x Hindlll x Pvul. pY6 is described (R.B. Needleman and C. Michels (1983) Mol. Cell. 30 Biol. 3, 796; R.B. Needleman, D.B. Kaback, R.A. Dubin, S.L. Perkins, N.G. Rosenberg, K.A. Sutherland, D.B. Forrest, C. Michels (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 2&11) and contains a 7.0 kb Hindlll fragment comprising the MAL6g locus. This yielded pGb-eMAL6g. 2. pGb-eMALbl This 2|i-derived episomal plasmid contains the gene encoding maltose permease. Its construction is outlined in 5 Pig. 2. pGb-eMAL6g contains two Bglll sites, both lying in the maltase gene. This 1.4 kb Bglll has been deleted from pGb-eMAL6g by digestion with Bglll, followed by dilute religatlon to promote intramolecular ligation. Such a deletion has been 10 shown to destroy maltase function (J.D. Cohen, M.J. Goldenthal, T. Chow, B. Buchferer and J. Marmur (1985) Mol. Gen. Genet. 20, 1). 3. pGb-eMAL63 This 2^-derived episomal plasmid contains DNA covering the MALp function (regulatory protein gene or MAL-regulator). Its construction is outlined in Fig. 3* From p21-40 (R.B. Needleman and C. Michels (1983), 20 Supra) the KpnI-Sall fragment was isolated containing the regulatory protein gene. This fragment was made blunt-ended using T4 DNA polymerase and the Klenow-DNA polymerase and thereafter cloned into the filled-in Hindlll site of peG4lb. 4. pGb-M6g(A -9) This plasmid is a promoter-deletion mutant made in the lntergenic region of the divergently transcribed genes maltose permease and maltase (see Fig. 4). This region 30 contains the promoters for both genes (S.H. Hong and J. Marmur (1986) Gene 41, 75). This deletion mutant has been made in order to replace the original promoters. The construction comprises the following steps: a) The approximately 7.0 kb Hindlll fragment containing the genes for maltase and maltose permease (see also Pig. 1) was cloned into the Hindlll site of pTZ19R. This plasmid is commercially available (Pharmacia). This results in pGb-M6g. b) pGb-M6g was linearized with StuI, which cuts in the intergenic region. The Stul-generated ends served as starting point for the exonuclease Bal31 in order to nibble off (parts of) the promoters-containing intergenic area. StuI lies closer to the maltose permease gene (S.H. Hong and 10 J. Marmur (1986), Supra). The Bal31 incubation was carried out as described by Maniatis et al (T. Maniatis, E.P. Pritsch and J. Sambrook (1982), Supra). At appropriate times samples have been removed from the reaction and incubated with Klenow DNA polymerase to make blunt-ends. Then synthetic linkers have 15 been llgated onto the ends containing several restriction sites.

The following complementary oligodeoxynucleotides have been used: 1. 5' GATATC CTCGAG AGGCCT A 3' 2. 3' CTATAG GAGCTC TCCGGA TGCGC 5' In double-strand form restriction sites are created for EcoRV 25 (GATATC), Xhol (CTCGAG), StuI (AGGCCT), ligation at the sticky end creates a Mlul site (ACGCGT). After kinase-reaction, the linkers have been ligated onto the Bal31 treated DNA, according to conditions as described (T. Maniatis et al., (1982) Supra). The reaction mixture was then incubated with 30 Mlul and chromatographed through a 5 ml Sepharose C1-2B column in order to separate the non-ligated oligodeoxynucleotides from the.DNA fragment. Fractions containing this linear DNA were pooled, ligated to plasmid DNA and introduced into bacteria. c) The resulting set of deletion mutants were subjected to sequence analysis. To this end, the double- stranded plasmids were converted into single-stranded DNA by superinfection with a helper phage (protocol according to recommendation of supplierThe single-stranded templates were extracted by normal M13 procedures for use in 5 dideoxysequencing (P. Sanger, S. Nicklen and A.R. Coulson (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74, 5463). As a primer we have used a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotlde (S'-GAATTCGGTAGCGTTCACGC-S'), complementary to a stretch of DNA near the ATG startcodon of the maltose permease gene. Its 10 orientation is such that the sequence is read towards the promoter (see also Fig. 4).

The deletion mutant in which most of the maltose permease promoter had been removed, was selected for further experiments. (Part of) the maltase promoter is still present 15 (note that the StuI site as startpoint for exonuclease treatment is located asymmetrically in the intergenic region). Fig. 5 lists the sequence at the deletion point of the mutant pGb-M6g( A-9) • This is compared to the recently determined sequence of this entire area (S.H. Hong and J. Marmur (1986) 20 Supra). In the wild type sequence, one difference has been observed with the published sequence: the C at -878 (numbering according to S.H. Hong and J. Marmur (198b) Supra) is not present in our sequence. In accordance, the DNA cannot be digested with Hpal or HincII at this position. 25 Plasmid pGb-Mbg(A-9) is the starting plasmid to fuse other promoters to both the maltose permease gene and the maltase gene (see below). . pGb-iA32/G4l8 This plasmid is an integrating yeast plasmid. It contains the maltose permease gene, hooked onto the alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter and part of its 5'leader sequence. Its construction was as follows (Fig. 6). 35 a) Plasmid pTZ19R/ADHI contains a 1.4 kb BamHI fragment with the ADHI promoter, starting at position -15 relative to the AUG codon (J.L. Bennetzen and B.D. Hall (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 3018). Prom this plasmid, the 700 bp EcoRV-HincII fragment has been isolated and llgated to EcoRV digested pGb-M6g (A -9). Resulting plasmids were analysed with 5 restriction enzyme digestions and the proper orientation was confirmed via dldeoxy sequence analysis on single-stranded templates (see Pig. 6). The same oligoprimer was used as described in section 4c.

As a result of< the cloning procedure of the ADHI 10 promoter fragment, part of the polylinker of pTZ19R (BamHI-HincII) is present between the maltose permease gene and the ADHI promoter. Structure and sequence of pGb-A32 is shown in Fig. 6a. b) Plasmid pGb-A32 was provided with the dominant 15 selection marker G4l8res. A 1.9 kb EcoRV/HincII fragment contains the Tn5 gene conferring resistance to G4l8 under direction of the promoter alcohol dehydrogenase I. This fragment was isolated by an EcoRV/HincII double digestion of plasmid 153-215 AK. The EcoRV/HincII fragment was cloned into 20 the Smal site of pGb-A32. This yielded pGb-iA32/G4l8. 6. pGb-iRRol This plasmid is an integrating plasmid. It contains the maltose permease gene under direction of the promoter 25 alcohol dehydrogenase I and the maltase gene under direction of the promoter translation elongation factor EFlaA. Tne cloning pathway is depicted in Fig. 7. The approach was as follows: The maltase gene contains a Bell site around the fifth amino acid codon. Therefore the EFlaA coding region was 30 mutagenlzed in such a way that the first five amino acids became identical to those of the maltase protein. A Bglll site was co-introduced at the position of the Bell site.

Conversion of a Bell site to a Bglll site is a silent mutation in the fourth codon. Via a Bglll/Bcll ligation the EFlaA 35 promoter and leader sequence could be fused to the rest of the maltase gene. The procedure comprised the following steps: a) The starting plasmid was pYEF46 (S. Nagata, K. Nagashima, Y. Tsunetsugu-Yokota, K. Fuyimura, M. Miyaraki and Y. Kaziro (1984) EMBO J. 3, 1625) which contains the entire gene coding for EFlaA. A 2.5 kb Bglll fragment covering 5 this gene, was isolated and cloned into the BaraHI site of pTZ19R- Clone pT4 was picked up (see Fig. 7a) and used for the oligodeoxynucleotide directed mutagenesis. b) After superinfection with helper phage, single 10 stranded (ss) DNA of pT4 was isolated. 400 ng ss DNA, 400 ng heat-denatured pTZ19RxBamHI and 100 ng mutagenesis oligodeoxynucleotide (see Fig. 7b) were incubated in a volume of 10 ill of 7 mM Tris HC1 pH 7-5; 50 mM NaCl and 7 mM MgCl2 for 10 minutes at 56°C. After 10 minutes at room temperature, 15 second strand synthesis and ligation were started by addition of 1 jil of Klenow DNA polymerase (213). 1 (il of T4 DNA ligase (40), 1 \il TMD (200 mM Tris HC1 pH 7.5, 100 mM MgCl2, 100 mM DTT), 4 jil 2.5 mM dNTP-mix, 1 ul 10 mM ATP and 2 |il H2O. End-volume was 20 |il, incubation was performed for 16 hours at 20 17°C, after which the mixture was transformed to E. coli JM101. Mutants were screened by colony hybridization with a kinased oligodeoxynucleotide, specific for the mutant (see Fig. 7b). This screening oligomer 5'-GACTATTTCAGATCTTC-3' was complementary to the introduced maltase codons and flanking 25 nucleotides. The hybridization was carried out for 16 hours in 6 x NET (1 x NET = 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M Tris HC1 pH 7-5, 0.001 M EDTA) at 25°C. Post-hybridization washes were performed in the same mix at the same temperature (3 times 10 minutes), followed by a wash in 3 x NET at 25°C. .

Several positive colonies were analysed further. Bglll, digestion confirmed the presence of a Bglll site. In addition, single-stranded DNA was isolated from a Bglll-site containing mutant (pT4-M) and subjected to dideoxy sequence analysis using a synthetic 17-mer primer, complementary to nucleotides 35 87-103 of the EFlaA gene (S. Nagata, K. Nagashima, Y. Tsunetsugu-Yokota, K. Fuyimura, M. Miyaraki and Y. Kaziro (1984) EMBO J. 3, 1825) (5*-CAATACCACCACACTTG-31)• The sequence obtained confirmed the successful introduction of the desired mutations. c) The next step was to isolate the EFlaA promoter / NH2-terminal maltase gene segment from pT4-M and to fuse it via Bglll/Bcll sticky end ligation to the rest of the maltase gene. This step restores the maltase coding region downstream of the EFlaA promoter and leader sequence (see Fig. 10 7c). Plasmid pGb-M6g (A-9) was transformed to GM113, an E. coli dam strain, in order to be able to use the Bell site (which is methylation sensitive) (GM113*. thr-, leuB6, proA2, ' tris-4, metBl, lacYl, galK2, ara-14, tsx33, thi-1, thyA12, deoBl6, supE44, rpsL260, dam~3). A 3.8 kb Bcll/Hindlll 15 fragment was isolated, containing the maltase gene except for the very NH2-terminal end. pT4-M was digested with Bglll/Hindlll and the large 4.1 kb fragment isolated (EFlaA promoter/NH2 terminal and maltase gene). Both fragments were ligated to each other, resulting in pGb-EFMT-3. Sequence 20 analysis confirmed the correctness of all introduced mutations. d) Finally, pGb-EFMT-3 was digested with EcoRV and Hindlll to purify a 4.b kbp. EFlaA/maltase promoter/gene 25 fragment. From pGb-iA32/G4l8 (see Fig. 6), an approximately 8.3 kb Hindlll (partial)/EcoRV fragment was isolated. This consists of the pTZ19R backbone, the ADHI/maltose permease promoter/gene segment and the .ADHI/G41fcres segment. Both were ligated to yield pGb-iRRol (see Fig. 7d). 7. pGb-RB2 This plasmid serves as cloning vehicle to integrate pieces of DNA into the SIT4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevlsiae. 35 Its construction comprises the following steps (see Figures 8 and 9)• a. pTZ19R was digested with EcoRI and Hindlll to replace its polylinker by a synthetically made DNA segment of 40 nucleotides. This piece of DNA is made by annealing of the synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides 3 and 4 (see Fig. 8). This short fragment contains EcoRI and Hindlll sticky ends. Cloning of this DNA fragment into the pTZ19R vector does not restore the EcoRI and Hindlll sites. The synthetic DNA fragment contains at the borders restriction sites for NotI and Sfil and in the middle an EcoRI site, as indicated. The resulting plasmid is designated pGb-SNENS. b. An EcoRI fragment containing the SIT4 gene (Gottlln-Ninga and Kaback, vide supra) was isolated from pLF24 (also known having the code pLN420) and cloned into the EcoRI site of pGb-SNENS. This yielded pGb-Spons31. Due to lack of useful reference restriction sites, its orientation is unknown. c. Plasmid pGb-Spons 31 contains a unique Bglll site in the middle of the SIT4 gene. This can be used as site into which any segment of DNA to be transferred to the SIT4 gene by gene replacement, can be cloned. To facilitate cloning manipulation, the SIT4 gene has been provided with a synthetic piece of DNA, containing several unique restriction sites.

The construction of pGb-RB2 is outlined in Fig. 9« The synthetic DNA fragment has two sticky Bglll ends. Its orientation in pGb-RB2, as indicated in Fig. 9, is based on restriction enzyme analysis of pGb-RBN3 (see next). 8. pGb-RBN3 A 1.9 kb EcoRV/HincII fragment containing the G4l6*'es gene under control of the ADHI promoter (see also construction of pGb-iA32/G4l8), was cloned into the Smal site of pGb-RB2. This yielded pGb-RBN3 (Fig. 10). 9. pGb-RBRROl This plasmid contains the maltose permease gene under direction of the promoter alcohol dehydrogenase I and 5 the maltase gene under direction of the EFlaA promoter. Both are located on an 8.3 kb Hindlll fragment which has been cloned into the SIT4 gene. Its construction is outlined in Fig. 11. To this end, pGb-iRROl was digested with Hinalll and ligated onto pGb-RB2 x Hindlll (treated with calf intestine 10 phosphatase). This yielded pGb-RBRROl. . pGb-RBREGOl This plasmid contains the MAL-regulator gene under 15 direction of the promoter alcohol dehydrogenase.

I. pGb-RBREGOl can be constructed as follows. From p21-40 (R.B. Needleman and C. Michels (1983), supra) the Sail fragment is Isolated containing the regulatory protein gene. This fragment is cloned into the Sail site of pTZl8R. This 20 plasmid is commercially available (Pharmacia). Its orientation is such that the promoter area of the MAL-regulator gene is proximal to the T7-promoter sequence of pTZl8R. Using the sequence-primer of pTZl8R and other newly made oligonucleotide primers based on the DNA sequence obtained, the promoter area 2 5 of the MAL-regulator gene and the NH2-termlnal encoding part of the gene can be sequenced. This locates the position of the AUG-startcodon. When useful restriction sites are absent in the promoter area, close to the AUG-startcodon, such a site (for instance Bglll) can be introduced in that area via site-30 directed mutagenesis with an oligonucleotide according to standard methods (see also construction of recombinant plasmids, section 5b).

After such a mutagenesis the Bglll-Sall fragment (containing the MAL-regulator gene without promoter area) and 35 an EcoV-BanHI fragment (containing the ADHI promoter, see also Fig. 7d, pGb-iRROl) can be ligated together into pGb-RB2 (see Pig. 9), such that the MAL-regulator gene is under control of the ADHI promoter. This will yield plasmid pGb-iRBREGOl. Sequence analysis using the dideoxychain methods with oligonucleotides on ssDNA as template, can easily confirm the 5 correctness of the cloning steps and the orientation of the promoter.

It will be appreciated to recognize that the above-mentioned plasmids constructions merely serve as examples to 10 illustrate the invention. Other promoters (preferably Saccharomyces) can be used (or other parts of the same promoter), other integration loci can be selected, other combinations of maltase, maltose permease and MAL-regulator (either under control of their own promoter or under control 15 of another, preferably Saccharomyces promoter), can be made, using one or more integration sites in the yeast genome. It will ultimately lead to the optimal ratio of maltase and maltose permease activity present during the entire period of anaerobic fermentation.

Yeast transformation Transformation of yeast strains was carried out according to the method of Ito et al. (H. Ito, Y. Fukuda, 25 K. Murata, A. Kimura (1983), J. Bacteriology 153, 163-168). It involves growing Saccharomyces in a standard yeast nutrient medium to a density of 1 to 25, desirably 4 to 10 ODgio nm. The yeast cells are then harvested, washed and pretreated with chaotroplc ions particularly the alkali metal ions, lithium, 30 cesium or rubidium, particularly as the chloride or sulphate, more particularly the lithium salts, at concentrations about 2 mM to 1.0 M, preferably about 0.1 M. After incubating the cells for from about 5 to 120 minutes, preferably about 60 minutes, with the chaotroplc ion(s), the cells are the'n 35 incubated with DNA for a short period of time at a moderate temperature, generally from about 20°C to 35°C for about 5 minutes to 60 minutes. Desirably, polyethylene glycol is added at a concentration of about 25 to 50%, where the entire medium may be diluted by adding an equal volume of a polyethylene glycol concentrate to result in the desired final concentration. The polyethylene glycol will be of from about 2000 to 8000 daltons, preferably about 4000 to 7000 daltons.

Incubation will generally be for a relatively short time, generally from about 5 to 60 minutes. Desirably, the incubation medium is subjected to a heat treatment of from about 1 to 10 minutes at about 35°C to 45°C, preferably about 42°C. For selection of transformants any, useful marker may be 10 used, such as phleomycin (D. Genilloud, M.C. Garrido, F. Moreno (1984) Gene 32, 225), hygromycln B (Gritz et al. (1983) Gene 25, 178) and aminoglycoside G4l8 (Jimlnez et al. (1980), Nature, 287, 869).

When yeast cells have been transformed with 15 integrating plasmids, integration was directed to the MAL-locus using Bglll-digested DNA. The integrating plasmids used, contain two Bglll sites, both in the maltase gene, 1.4 kb from each other. This generates double-stranded breaks, which are recombinogenic and stimulate interaction with homologous 20 chromosomal DNA.- The gap is repaired from chromosomal information during the Integration event (T.L. Orr-Weaver, J.W. Szostak, R. Rothstein (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 7^3, 6354). The integration event yields one or a few copies of the plasmid vector («J.V/. Szostak, R. Cou (1979) 25 Plasmid 2, 536). The exact copy number in these transformants, used in C02-production experiments, has not been determined.

A scheme was developed In order to obtain stable yeast transformants which do not contain heterologous DNA. 30 Examples of heterologous DNA are the pTZ19R vector DNA and the selection genes conferring resistance to the antibiotics G418, phleomycin or hygromycin B. Briefly, the experimental set up was as follows (Figure 12) 1) One-step gene disruption of a SIT4 gene via transformation of yeast with pGb-RBN3 digested will Sfil.

Transformants have been selected for resistance to G4l8. The outcome was strain ApGb-RBN3, in which a SIT4 gene has been replaced by SIT4 gene, interrupted by the G4l&r gene under control of the ADHI promoter. 2) Strain ApGb-RBN3 was used as host strain in a cotransformation protocol with pUT332 and with pGb-RBRROl digested with Sfil. pUT332 is a 2fj.-derived episomal plasmid containing a gene cohfering resistance to phleomycin. The 10 first selection in this cotransformation step was carried out on plates containing phleomycin (30 pg/ml). In a certain percentage of these phleomycinr yeast cells (in the order of 0.1 to 1%) the interrupted SIT4 gene (with pADHI/G4l8r) has been replaced by the cotransformed SIT4 fragment 15 containing altered maltose permease and maltase genes. Ihis second gene-replacement event resulted in a yeast which is again sensitive to G418. To select for yeast cells in which this second gene-replacement has taken place, phleomycinr transformants were replica-plated onto plates 20 containing G418 (300 jag/ml). In cells which did not grow, the G4l8r gene embedded between SIT4 gene sequences, has been replaced by the altered MAL-genes, embedded between SIT4 gene sequences. 3) Phleomycinr Q4l8sens tranformants were then cured from the episomal plasmid pUT332 by growth on nonselective medium (i.e. without phleomycin) during 10-20 generations. The resulting transformant ApGb-pRBRROl is sensitive to both phleomycin and G418 and contains no 30 procaryotic sequences. All the integration events have been verified at the DNA level with Southern blot experiments (data not shown).

The resulting strain can be used as host in subsequent transformations by use of another integration locus 35 and/or - in case of yeast strains which are diploid or polyploid - at the other allele(s) of the SIT4 gene. Strain A is aneuploid and diploid for the chromosome containing the SIT4 gene. Both SIT4 genes of strain A were used as target site for gene replacement. This ultimately yielded transformant ApGb-p2RBRR01#1. The use of both alleles for 5 integration most likely also increased the genetic .stability of the transformant, since the second integration event removed the polymorfism at that locus. Such polymorphic regions are sensitive to gene conversions which can result in the loss of the integrated sequences. The transformant 10 obtained in this way has been analysed with Southern blot techniques and shows the hybridization pattern as predicted from the gene disruption events at both SIT4 genes.

The constructed vector pGb-RB2 which served as starting plasmid for pGb-RBN3 and pGb-RBRROl, has several 15 useful characteristics inspired by the following considerations: 1. Often a DNA segment has to be integrated, which is constructed by fusing a yeast promoter to a (yeast) coding 20 region of another gene. Gene replacements are of course only readily obtained if the transforming fragments possess on both sides sequences homologous to a target-sequence in the genome. Therefore, a DNA segment has to be hooked onto the 3' end of the coding region (vide supra), which is derived from the same 25 gene as the selected promoters. The disadvantage of this approach is that it requires many cloning manipulations, since not always the same promoter is used. In addition, often a strong promoter is selected, derived from a gene, which is functional at the stages of Interest (during vegetative 30 growth, anaerobic fermentation etc.). After Integration of the engineered fragment one copy of this gene is made nonfunctional.

Therefore, we wish to direct gene replacement at a locus, which is not expressed during vegetative growth. We 35 have selected the SIT4 gene (sporulation-induced transcribea sequence), whose expression is well studied by Gottlin-Minja and Kaback (supra), but of course other SIT genes or in general non-coding segments are appropriate. When the DNA construct of interest is cloned into this SIT4 gene, the two resulting halves of the SIT4 gene serve as homologous ends for 5 recombination.

One could argue that the chromosomal area, in which the gene is located, is transcriptionally inactive during vegetative growth as a result of a silencer, analogous to the one described for the HMfl-locus (A.H. Brand et al. (1985) Cell 10 41, 41-48). This silencer DNA also represses transcription controlled by promoters, unrelated to mating-type promoters and can act on promoters 2600 bp away. Gottlin-Ninfa and Kaback (supra), however, have shown that the HIS3 gene is able to function during vegetative growth when integrated into the 15 SIT4 gene. 2. To facilitate cloning manipulations, the SIT4 gene is provided with a synthetic piece of DNA, containing several unique restriction sites (polylinker with cloning sites). In addition, the polylinker contains at both sides stopcodons for translation in all possible reading frames (see Figure 9). This is a safety-valve to stop translation of any possible hybrid transcript, which may be synthesized across the junction. Such a hybrid transcript may otherwise code for 25 a protein, whose effect is unknown. 3. To achieve homologous recombination, the DNA segment to be integrated contains at both ends restriction sites for NotI and Sfil, which both recognize 8 bp sequences.

The frequency of occurrence of these restriction sites is very low and hence it is extremely unlikely, that a DNA segment to be cloned into the polylinker in the SIT4 gene, contains both recognition sites. Thus, once the DNA segment has been cloned into the SIT4 gene on plasmid pGb-RB2, restriction with NotI 35 or Sfil liberates a DNA fragment, which can recombine by Interacting with homologous sequences in the genome, i.e. at the SIT4 locus. Although the very ends are part of the NotI or Sfil site and hence not homologous, other studies have shown that - apparently by limited exonuclease digestion in the cell - these sequences are removed (e.g. H. Rudolph, J. Koenig-5 Ranseo and A. Hinnen (1985) Gene 36, 87-95). 4. As starting plasmid the commercially available plasmid pTZ19r, a pUCly derivative is used. This vector has the advantage that it has a high copy number and that it 10 possesses an origin of repliclation of the single-standed phage fl. This makes it very easy to isolate - after infection with a helper phage - single-standed DNA and to verify the DNA sequences across the Junctions with the aid of primers. This greatly facilitates the detailed description of manipulated 15 DNA.

It will be appreciated that it is possible to apply these improvements not only to bakers' yeast, but to other yeasts as well.

COp-productlon measurements a) in synthetic dough medium (Test A) Yeast cells were incubated in YEPMS medium (1% yeast extract; 2% bactopepton; 3-75% maltose; 1.25% sucrose supplemented with 200 ng/ml G4l8). Growth was at 30°C until late-log phase. Yeast cells were collected from 6 ml culture and resuspended in 8.8 ml synthetic dough medium. Composition 30 of this medium (per litre): saccharose 4.6 g; maltose 64.37 g; KH2P0i| 2.07 g; MgSOi}.7H2O 2.76 g; (NHi^SOij 0.67 g; casamino acids 2.07 g; citric acid 4.02 g; Na3 citrate 44.25 g; vitamin B1 9.2 mg; vitamin B6 9.2 mg; nicotinic acid 4b rag; Ca-D(+)-pantothenate 18.2 mg; biotin 0.23 ng. During 10 minutes the 35 suspension was allowed to equilibrate in a 28°C waterbath, with moderate stirring after which the flasks containing the yeast suspension were connected via a tube to a "gasburette".

This burette was filled with a solution containing per liter 20 ml Indicator solution (1 g raethylred; 0.5 g methylenblue; dissolved in 1 1 96% ethanol), 40 ml IN H2SOi| and a trace of CuS04 (dissolved in HNO3). The displacement of the volume of 5 this solution in the burette is a measure for the CO2-production, which was measured during 165 minutes.

In each set of experiments values of CO2 production obtained have been corrected for environmental temperature and pressure to standard conditions of 28°C and 760 mm Hg, 10 respectively. In addition, a correction was made for the amount of yeast. The colorimetric readings at 600 nm of the culture have been used as correction factor in order to equalize the amount of yeast per CO2 measurement. b) in dough (Test B and B*) The CO2 gassing curves of compressed yeast grown fed-batch wise on molasses was determined, in dough with no sugar added (lean dough) (Test B) or with 30% sugar (Test B'). The lean dough was prepared as follows: 1 g of compressed 20 yeast (containing 28.5% dry matter), 34 ml salt solution A (1.25 g NaCl dissolved in 34 ml of distilled water) and 62.5 g flour were mixed in a Hobart apparatus for 30 seconds at speed 1 and 2 minutes at speed 2 so as to obtain a well developed dough.

The 30% sugar dough contained 2.0 g of compressed yeast (of 2b.5% dry matter), 34 ml salt solution B (0.938 g NaCl in 34 ml of distilled water), 62.5 g flour and 18.75 g sucrose (I.e. 30% sugar with respect to flour). Mixing was as for lean dough.

The dough was then transferred to a round-bottom flask. Gas-production measurement was started 7.5 minutes after mixing, by connecting the flasks containing the dough via a tube to a gasburette (see section a) and performed during 165 minutes at 28°C. In the event that the dry matter 35 content of the compressed yeast differs from the value indicated above, such yeast has been employed; however, the measured value of the CO2 gassing power has then be corrected by multiplying the C02 gassing power by the ratio of the required dry matter content to the actual measured value. In each set of experiments, values of CO2 production obtained 5 have been corrected for environmental temperature and pressure to 28°C and 760 mm Hg, respectively. In some cases additional calculations have been performed in which the gas values obtained have been corrected for the percentage of N of the fed-batch grown yeast (% N is an indication of the protein 10 content). Similar percentages of improvements were found as without this last correction. c) in dough (Test C and C') The CO;* gassing curves of dried yeast, such as 15 instant dry yeast prepared according to procedures as described in US patent no. 3843800 and US 4341871 was determined in dough with no sugar added (test C) or with 30? sugar (test C'). These tests were performed in the same way as described in tests B and B' except that 300 mg of dried 20 yeast (containing 96% dry matter) and 600 mg of dried yeast (containing 96% dry matter) were used in tests C and C', respectively. Prior to the test the yeast was mixed with the flour and incubated for 10 minutes at 28°C.

Enzymatic analyses The capacity to transport maltose by yeast cells was determined using [U-l^CJ-maltose at a concentration of 15niM as a substrate at 30°C. Details have been published by R. 30 Serrano (Supra). Maltase (E.C. 3.2.1.20) was assayed for using p-nitrophenyl-a-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate in cell free extracts. The assay was carried out according to H. Halvorson and E.L. Elias, Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1958) 3£, 28.

Substrate consumption and product formation In liquid medium The disappearance of maltose and glucose from liquid media was quantltated using standard HPLC-technlques.

One litre of medium contained: 100 g maltose, 10 g glucose, 3.0 g (NHij)2S0i|, 4.0 g MgS0lj.7H20, 4 g KH2PO4, 4 g casamlno acids (Difco), 4 g citric acid.H20, 45 g trisodiiomcitrate. 2H20, 10 mg vitamin Bl, 10 mg vitamin B6, 40 mg nicotinic acid, 20 mg Ca-D(+)-pantothenate and 0.02 mg 10 biotin. The pH was adjusted to 5.7. Two ml of medium was added to a suspension of yeast (20 mg dry weight/2.0 ml of distilled water). This mixture, termed medium A, was incubated at 28°C. Medium B was like medium A but contained 20 times more glucose. The experiment was carried out under anaerobic 15 conditions.

Protein determination Protein of cell-free extracts and of whole cells 20 was determined by the mlcrobluret method of J. Goa, Scand. J. Chim. Lab. Invest. (1953) 5., 218. Ovalbumin served as a standard.

Keeping quality Compressed yeast was stored in closed plastic containers at 23°C during 4 days. Keeping quality is defined as the percentage of remaining gassing power after this period.

Manufacture of compressed yeast A-culture of a yeast strain was grown in a series of fermentors. Cells were cultivated in 10 litre laboratory 35 fermentors with a net volume of 6 litres. During the fermentation pH and temperature were maintained at desired values by automatic control. The fermentation recipe used is based on procedures described by G. Butscheck and R.

Kautzmann, Die Hefen, Band II Technologie der Hefen p. 501-591 (1962), Verlag Hans Carl, Nurnberg, FRG and those published by 5 G. Reed and H.J. Peppier in Yeast Technology, the AVI Publishing Company Inc., Westport, Connecticut, USA (1973). The cultivation conditions of the final fermentation were in particular: - molasses applied consisted of 80% by weight of 10 beet molasses and 20% by weight of cane molasses, calculated on the basis of 50% sugar - the required amount of phosphate was added in the form of mono-ammonium phosphate, prior to inoculation. - the temperature increased from 28cC to 30°C 15 during the fermentation according to Table 1 - nitrogen was supplied during the fermentation as a 10% solution of NH3 in water according to Table 1. - pH was kept at 5.0 during the first 8 hours of the fermentation-and increased thereafter according to Table 1 to 6.2 at the end of the fermentation.

- Per kg of molasses containing 50% fermentable sugars 12 mg of vitamin B1 was added prior to inoculation.

The yeast obtained by this fermentation was concentrated and washed with tap water in a laboratory nozzle 25 centrifuge. Yeast creams were compressed to a dry matter content varying between 26 and 32%.

The obtained protein content (%N x 6.25) varied between 42-55% of dry weight as a consequence of different quantities of ammonia applied during the fermentation.

Table 1 Fermentation recipe used for the fed-batch wise production of baker's yeast Hours after Molasses supply pH T Ammonia supply inoculation (% of total amount added) (°C) (% of total amount added) <0 7 28.0 0 0- 1 - 28.0 0 1- 2 28.0 0 2- 3 6 28.5 1 3- 4 8 28.5 7 4- 5 8 29.0 11 - 6 8 .0 11 6- 7 .0 12 7- 8 .0 8- 9 .3 .0 17 9-10 .6 .0 17 -11 -9 .0 11-12 8 6.2 .0 0 Example 1 C02_Pr,°ductlon of yeast transformed with 2^-derived plasmids containing genes derived from the MAL6 locus Commercial baker's yeast strains A and C have been transformed with pGb-eMAL6g (maltose permease and maltase, see Fig. 1), pGb-eMAL6l (maltose permease, see Fig. 2) and pGb-eMAL63 (MAL-regulator, see Fig. 3). The MAL genes still 10 contain their original promoters. The nomenclature of the transformed yeast strains is as follows: ApeG4l8 denotes strain A transformed with peG4l8. Other transformed strains have been indicated in an analogous way. The effects of these plasmids on the C02-production in synthetic dough medium is 15 summarized in Table 2. The host strain, transformed with starting peG4l8 (see Fig. 1) serves as a reference, since we have found that the mere presence of a multicopy plasmid has a negative effect on the ^as production.

All transformants display major CO2 production 20 improvements, relative to the control. The combination of extra copies of both maltose permease and maltase genes gives the highest enhancement, about 40J in strain A and 18% in strain C.

Transformants ApGb-eMAL6g and CpGb-eMAL6g have also 25 been tested in dough with no added sugar. In this case the yeast was grown fed-batch wise on molasses.

Again, major improvements in CO2 production were obtained (Table 3).

Table 2 Gas production of strain A and strain C transformed with 2p.-derived MAL plasmids, relative to the vector-transformed 5 strains. C02 production was measured in synthetic dough medium (see experimental procedures) and corrected to 285 mg dry matter. Data are mean values of several experiments. strains 100 minutes 165 minutes ApeG4l8 100 100 ApGb-eMAL6g 157 141 ApGb-eMAL6l 144 123 ApGb-eMAL63 119 115 CpeG4l8 100 100 CpGb-eMAL6g 121 118 CpGb-eMAL6l 117 114 Table 3 Relative gas production in dough of strains A and C, 25 transformed with 2n-derived plasmids peG4l8 and pGb-eMAL6g, C02 production was corrected to 285 mg dry matter. strains 60 100 120 165 minutes minutes minutes minutes ApeG4l8 100 100 100 100 ApGb-eMAL6g 125 125 125 121 CpeG4l8 100 100 100 100 CpGb-eMAL6g 151 141 138 129 Example 2 CO2 production of yeast strains transformed with integrating plasmids containing recombinant maltase and/or maltose 5 permease genes Parental yeast strain A has been transformed with pGb-iA32/G4lb (main feature: ADHl/maltose permease; see Figure 6) and pGb-iRRol (main feature: ADHl/maltose permease and 10 EFlaA/maltase; see Figure 7).

Parental strain A and both integrative transformants are grown fed-batch wise on molasses similar to the commercial aerobic fermentation (see Table 1). After harvesting the cells, CO2 production is measured in a standard dough test 15 with no sugar added. The gas 'production, as analysed in this test, is summarized in Table 4. Integration of pGb-iA32/G4l8 into the chromosome of strain A improves gas production in dough significantly. The relative improvement varies somewhat depending on time of measurement (see Table 4). When in 20 addition to an altered maltose permease gene an altered maltase gene is integrated in the chromosome of commercial strain A using pGb-iRRol gassing power is even further improved. In this typical experiment about 30% more COg is produced after 165 minutes in a lean dough, which corresponds 25 to a level of about 410 ml CO2 / 285 mg dry weight of yeast.

In a 30% dosage sugar dough no substantially differences in CO2 production of the transformants were noticed compared to the parental strain (about 190 ml CO2/285 mg dry weight of yeast).

The obtained improvement in leavening activity is maintained during storage at 23°C. The loss of leavening activity during storage is virtually identical for parental strain A and the novel strains (see Table 5)« Table 4 Relative gas production of strain A and its rDNA derivatives provided with altered maltase and/or maltose permease genes. 5 Gas values have been corrected to 285 mg dry matter. No sugar was added to the dough.

Strain 60 minutes 100 minutes 120 minutes 165 minutes ApGb-lA32/G4l8 ApGb-iRRol 100 113 131 100 115 136 100 115 138 100 111 133 Table 5 Keeping quality of strain A and its rDNA derivatives provided 20 with altered maltase and/or maltose permease genes. Leavening activity was measured as in Table 4 after keeping of compressed yeast at 23°C for 4 days.

Strain keeping quality (% of original leavening activity) A 90 ApGb-iA32/G4l8 91 ApGb-iRRol 88 Example 3 CO2 production of a yeast strain which contains recombinant maltase and maltose permease genes and no heterologous DNA.

Parental strain A has been genetically modified such that a pADHI/maltose permease gene and a pEFlaA/maltase gene were Introduced into the SIT4 gene on both homologous chromosomes. This strain, abbreviated ApGb-p2RBRR01 if 1, has 10 been constructed using the methods and plasmids as described previously (see sections of transformation and construction of plasmid of pGb-RBN3 (Fig 10) and pGb-RBRROl (Fig. 11) and the general scheme of transformation via gene-replacement.

Parental strain A and the homologous transformant ApGb-15 p2RBRR01 # 1 have been grown fed-batch wise on molasses similar to the commercial aerobe fermentation (see Table 1). After harvesting the cells, CO2 production is measured in a standard dough test with no sugar added.

Table 6 summarizes the results. In the "lean" dough 20 the improvement is about 18% after 165 minutes, which corresponds to a level of about 367 ml CO2/285 mg dry weight of yeast. This strain contains two copies each of a maltose permease gene under control of the ADHI promoter and a maltase gene under control of the EFlaA promoter. In Table 4 Is shown 25 that strain ApGb-iRROl has an improvement of about 30%. An Initial estimation of the number of pGb-iRROl molecules Integrated into a MAL-locus of strain A, gives a copy number of integrated plasmid molecules of at least 3« By further increasing the copy number of altered maltose permease and 30 maltase genes in strain ApGb-p2RBRR01# 1 (e.g. by integration in other sporulation-specific genes) a homologous transformed yeast strain can be obtained with at least similar gas production levels as strain ApGb-iRROl.

Table 6 Relative gas production of strain A and its homologous rDNA derivative provided with altered maltase and 5 maltose permease genes. Gas values have been corrected to 285 mg dry matter. No sugar was added to the dough.

Strain ApGb-p2RBRR01# 1 60 minutes 100 124 100 minutes 100 128 120 minutes 100 127 165 minutes 100 118 Example 4 Enzyme activities and substrate uptake rates of yeast strains transformed with integrating plasmids containing recombinant 5 maltase and/or maltose permease genes.

As described above, the expression of maltose permease and maltase is subject to maltose Induction and 10 glucose repression. This phenomenon is shown in Pig. 13 for wild-type cells of strain A. Specific activities of maltose permease and maltase do not increase until most of the glucose has been utilized.

The activity of maltose permease at the onset of 15 dough-rise is increased by introduction of an altered maltose permease gene into the yeast genome (strain ApGb-iA32/G4l8) as shown in Fig. 14.

Surprisingly, activities of maltase were increased as well in this construct (Fig. 15). This novel strain ApGb-20 1A32/G418 fermented maltose more rapidly than the parental strain A in medium A which contains maltose as main carbon and energy source (Fig. 16). In medium B containing glucose as main carbon and energy source this effect was less pronounced (Fig. 17).

In addition to an altered maltose permease gene an altered maltase gene was integrated in the chromosome yielding strain ApGb-iRRol. This strain fermented maltose at an even higher rate in medium A (Fig. 16) and also in medium B (Fig. 17). Despite the high extra extracellular concentration 30 of glucose considerable amounts of maltose were metabolized by this novel .strain. Strain ApGb-iRRol exhibited higher specific activities of maltase and maltose permease during dough-rise than parental strain A and strain ApGb-iA32/G4l8 (Pig-. 14 and 15).

Claims (45)

1. A transformed yeast providing for an enhanced production of carbon, dioxide and ethanol upon fermenting it in a medium containing sugars as main carbon and energy source as compared to the untransformed parent yeast upon fermenting the parent in the said medium, whereby the parent yeast is capable of fermenting the sugars, said transformed yeast comprising: at least one DNA construct present in it as a result of transformation, said DNA construct comprising at least one gene encoding a protein promoting the uptake and/or initial metabolic conversion of a transported sugar substrate, the gene being capable of expression in the transformed yeast.

2. A yeast according to claim 1 wherein said construct comprises at least one gene which encodes an enzyme having maltose permease activity, maltase activity or maltose regulatory protein activity, or any combination thereof.

3. A yeast according to claim 1 wherein said genes or combinations thereof have been brought under transcriptional control which is not sensitive to glucose repression and is not subject to maltose induction.

4. A yeast according to claim 2 wherein said gene is under transcriptional control of alcohol dehydrgenase I (ADHI) and/or translation elongation factor (EFlaA) promoter.

5. A yeast according to claim 4 wherein said promoters are derived from a yeast belonging to the genus Saccharomvces. preferably Saccharomvces cerevisiae. - 49 -

6. A yeast according to any one of claims 1-5 wherein said construct is a portion of an episomal element.

7. A yeast according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said construct is integrated into a chromosome of said yeast.

8. A Yeast according to any one of the preceding claims, which comprises at least two of said constructs.

9. A yeast according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the DNA construct present in said yeast as result of transformation is homologous, by homologous being meant that the DNA originates from the same yeast genus which the transformed yeast belongs to.

10. A yeast according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said yeast is free of heterologous DNA, i.e. free of DNA which originates from a yeast genus other than the transformed yeast belongs to.

11. A transformed yeast providing for an improved fermentation rate of maltose into ethanol and carbon dioxide upon fermenting it in a medium comprising sugars as main carbon and energy source whereby the parent is capable of fermenting maltose as compared to the untransformed parent yeast upon fermenting the parent in said medium, whereby the parent is capable of fermenting maltose, said transformed yeast comprising a DNA construct substantially free of prokaryotic DNA, said DNA construct comprising at least one of the following genes: a gene encoding an enzyme having maltase activity, maltose permease activity or a maltose regulatory protein activity.

12. A yeast according to claim 11 wherein maltase is brought under transcriptional gene expression control of a translation elongation factor (EFlaA) promoter. - 50 -

13. A yeast according to claim 11 or 12 wherein maltose permease is brought under transcriptional gene expression control of an alcohol dehydrgenase I (ADHI) promoter.

14. A yeast according to any one of claims 11-13 wherein said promoters are derived from a yeast belonging to the genus Saccharomvces.

15. A yeast having a moisture content of 3 to 8% which is produced by drying a yeast obtained according to any one of claims 1-14.

16. A yeast according to claim 15 wherein said yeast is belonging to the genus Saccharomvces. preferably said yeast is Saccharomvces cerevisiae.

17. A yeast obtainable by strain improvement procedures other than DNA mediated transformation using a yeast according to any one of claims 1-16 as starting strain in said strain improvement procedures.

18. A transformed yeast according to claim 1 whereby said transformed yeast is Saccharomvces cerevisiae strain constructed according to Example 2, Saccharomvces cerevisiae strain constructed according to Example 2, Saccharomvces cerevisiae strain constructed according to Example 1, Saccharomvces cerevisiae strain constructed according to Example 1, Saccharomvces cerevisiae strain constructed according to Example 1, Saccharomvces cerevisiae strain constructed according to Example 1, ApGb-iA32/G418, ApGb-iRRol, ApGb-eMAL6g, ApGb-eMAL61, ApGb-eMAL63, ApGb-eMAL6g, - 51 - Saccharomvces cerevisiae strain CpGb—eMAL61, constructed according to Example 1 or Saccharomvces cerevisiae. strain ApGb-p2RBRR01#l, constructed according to Example 3.

19. A compressed, instant dry or active dry yeast obtainable from a yeast according to any one of claims 1-18.

20. A compressed yeast, obtainable from a transformed yeast according to claim 1, which shows a gas production of at least 340 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B as described in the description and a gas production of at least 170 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B' as described in the description, preferably shows a gas production of 380-450 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in Test B in 165 minutes and a gas production of 180-240 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B', more preferably shows a gas production of at least 400 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B and a gas production of at least 190 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B'.

21. A compressed yeast, obtainable from a transformed yeast according to claim 1, which shows a gas production of 400-500 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B, as described in the description, preferably shows a gas production of 440 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test B.

22. An instant dry or an active dry yeast obtainable by drying the compressed yeast according to claim 20 or 21.

23. A dried yeast, obtainable from a transformed yeast according to claim 1, which shows a gas production of 310-360 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test C as described in the description, and a gas production of 145-195 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test - 52 - C' as described in the description, preferably- shows a gas production of at least 330 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test C as described in the description, and a gas production of at least 155 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test C', or which shows a gas production of 320-400 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test C, preferably shows a gas production of at least 350 ml/285 mg dry weight of yeast in 165 minutes in Test C.

24. A vector selected from the group consisting of pGb-eMAL6g, pGb-eMAL61, pGb—eMAL63, pGb—iA32/G418, pGb-iRRol, pGb-M6g(A-9), pGb-RBRROl, pGb-RBN3 and pGb-RBREGOl, constructed according to the procedure in the description.

25. A dough or similar products which comprises a yeast according to any one of claims 1-23.

26. A process to produce leavened flour products, or alcoholic beverages and other alcoholic products which comprises the use of a yeast according to any one of claims 1-23.

27. A process to produce a transformed yeast providing for an improved production of carbon dioxide and ethanol upon fermenting it in a medium comprising sugars as main carbon and energy source as compared to the untransformed parent yeast upon fermenting the parent in the said medium, whereby the parent yeast is capable of fermenting the sugars, which comprises the introduction into the parent yeast of at least one homologous DNA construct - 53 - which comprises at least one gene encoding a protein promoting the uptake and/or initial metabolic conversion of a transported substrate, said introduction comprising DNA mediated transformation or other methods of strain improvement, by homologous being meant that the DNA originates from the same yeast genus which the transformed yeast belongs to.

28. A process according to claim 27 wherein the construct comprises at least one gene which encodes an enzyme having maltase activity, maltose permease activity or maltose regulatory protein activity.

29. A process according to claim 28 wherein the construct comprises at least two of said genes.

30. A process according to claim 28 wherein said gene is under transcriptional control of alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADHI) and/or translation elongation factor (EFlaA) promoters, respectively.

31. A process according to any one of claims 27-30 wherein said gene or combinations thereof have been brought under transcriptional control which is not sensitive to glucose represstion and/or is not subject to maltose induction.

32. A process according to any one of claims 27-31 wherein said construct is a portion of an episomal element.

33. A process according to any one of claims 27-31 wherein said construct is integrated into a chromosome of said yeast.

34. A process according to any one of claims 28-33 which comprises the- introduction of at least two of- said DNA' constructs. - 54 -

35. A process according to any one of claims 27-31 or 33-34, wherein said yeast is free of heterologous DNA (i.e. free of DNA which originates from a yeast genus other than the transformed yeast belongs to) and which comprises the integration of said genes into the chromosome by using gene replacement techniques.

36. A process according to claim 35 wherein a chromosomal sporulation-specific gene is replaced by a DNA segment comprising the same identical sporulation-specific gene and the genes described in claim 27 or 33.

37. A process according to claim 30 wherein said promoters are derived from a yeast belonging to the genus Saccharomvces.

38. A process according to any one of claims 27-37 wherein said yeast belongs to the genus Saccharomvces. preferably Saccharomvces cerevisiae.

39. A process to produce a dough or similar products which comprises the application of yeast produced according to any one of claims 37-38.

40. A process to produce alcoholic beverages and other alcoholic products which comprises the use of yeast produced according to any one of claims 27-38.

41. A process to produce bread and related products which comprises the use of yeast produced according to any one of claims 27-38.

42. A process to produce an enzyme with maltase or maltose permease acitivity which comprises the use of yeast produced according to any one of claims 27-38. - 55 -

43. A yeast as claimed in any of claims 1 to 23 substantially as described herein with reference to the Examples and/or the accompanying drawings. 5

44. A process as claimed in claim 27 to 38 substantially as described herein with reference to the Examples and/or the accompanying drawings.

45. A transformed yeast whenever produced by a process as claimed in 10 claim 27 to 38 or 44. TOMKINS & CO. 15 20 25 30 35