GB2570103A - Efficient drying method - Google Patents

Efficient drying method Download PDF

Info

Publication number
GB2570103A
GB2570103A GB1720842.2A GB201720842A GB2570103A GB 2570103 A GB2570103 A GB 2570103A GB 201720842 A GB201720842 A GB 201720842A GB 2570103 A GB2570103 A GB 2570103A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
drying device
faces
face
housing
longitudinal faces
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB1720842.2A
Other versions
GB201720842D0 (en
Inventor
George Gilbert David
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Anglo Dutch Applied Technologies Ltd
Original Assignee
Anglo Dutch Applied Technologies Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Anglo Dutch Applied Technologies Ltd filed Critical Anglo Dutch Applied Technologies Ltd
Priority to GB1720842.2A priority Critical patent/GB2570103A/en
Publication of GB201720842D0 publication Critical patent/GB201720842D0/en
Publication of GB2570103A publication Critical patent/GB2570103A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
    • F26B3/28—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by radiation, e.g. from the sun
    • F26B3/30—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by radiation, e.g. from the sun from infrared-emitting elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/70—Drying or keeping dry, e.g. by air vents
    • E04B1/7007—Drying or keeping dry, e.g. by air vents by using electricity, e.g. electro-osmosis
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/70—Drying or keeping dry, e.g. by air vents
    • E04B1/7015—Drying or keeping dry, e.g. by air vents by heating the ambient air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
    • F26B3/28—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by radiation, e.g. from the sun
    • F26B3/283—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by radiation, e.g. from the sun in combination with convection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
    • F26B3/32—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action
    • F26B3/34—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action by using electrical effects
    • F26B3/343—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action by using electrical effects in combination with convection

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

An IR drying device comprises a hollow wedge- or L-shaped housing 2 having first and second faces disposed substantially at right angles to each other, a third face, and connections between the faces. An IR heatingelement 1 having a peak intensity wavelength in the mid-IR range is located in or on the third face and is adapted to propagate radiation through the housing towards at least one of the first and second faces and thus create air flow 4, 5 through the housing by convection. At least one of the first and second faces is open or has at least one opening and the connections between the first and second faces and the third face are open or have at least one opening. The third face may be flat, curved or L-shaped. The housing may be a frame or cage. At least one of the first and second faces may be made of wire-mesh. The heating element may be a flat or convex plate. The device may be used for drying of damp construction materials, such as plaster, screed, rendering, paint, grouting, cement or concrete, on walls or floors of buildings and in particular corners of rooms.

Description

The present invention relates to a method for efficiently drying materials over relatively long periods of time (e.g. more than 3hrs). It is especially useful for drying out corners of rooms or structures and floors of buildings which have been subjected to water ingress or have other damp issues. It is also useful were construction schedules are being held up due to slow dying of wet trades.
The need to dry and repair a building after flood damage or water ingress to get it back to its normal use is well known. This has led to a number of options to advance these drying processes including the use of heaters, fans, dehumidifiers and directed or sealed hot dry air systems all of which are generally available in the market. Heating and air flow are often used in combination. One patent for example, has also taught how a combination of heating a limited area and flushing air can improve drying times; e.g. 'Method and apparatus for extracting moisture and/or mould from a structure of a building' WO1998045653. In many drying situations levels of heat are applied to bring surfaces up to 50 to lOOoC or air temperatures are raised much higher than ambient both with the associated power use requirements. Air flow from ventilation fans or other means provides increased drying capability but also uses further equipment, power and is accompanied with noise. Drying corners, where the walls and floor meet is known to be more difficult due to the way air flows into corners.
Our invention uses a mid-infrared (IR) source placed in such a way as to create heating but also low-level air flow within a specific area without any noise and thus provides a more efficient drying apparatus and method than obtained previously. In one embodiment, the invention uses both the material being dried and the IR source and components to define a flow channel for air. Within the channel air is warmed and rises. This pulls air into the bottom of the channel and creates a continuous air flow or thermal chimney. As the cooler air is warmed, it can also hold more moisture so creates more drying potential. The IR source has a peak intensity at a wavelength in the Mid-IR range (2.5-40 microns). The invention is particularly suited to drying corners but can also be applied to horizontal surfaces.
In particular our invention is characterised by comprising of a hollow wedge or L-shaped housing adapted to enable a flow of air there through by convection and an IR heating element disposed within the housing or on the face thereof for generating radiation towards the face(s) of the housing opposing the wedge or L-shaped face. This is different to others who have used a wedge-shaped housing to create air flows to cool the surfaces of a device, e.g. 'Device for drying by infra-red in particular for painting' FR2675246 where in this case air flows are behind the IR source and reflective elements. In our case the wedge is created in front of the radiative element and the flowing air also receives radiation which warms it up, allowing it to hold more moisture and be effective at drying. The air flow in our device is not aimed to create cooling.
Thus, according to the present invention there is provided an IR drying device characterised by comprising:
• a hollow wedge- or L-shaped housing comprising a pair of longitudinal faces disposed substantially at right angles to each other, a third face which may be an angled flat face, a curved surface or L-shaped and connections between the faces and • an IR heating element having a peak intensity wavelength in the Mid-IR range (2.5 to 40 microns) which is juxtaposed in or on the third face and adapted to propagate radiation through the housing towards at least one of the longitudinal faces and create air flow through the housing by convection wherein at least one of the longitudinal faces is either open or provided with at least one opening and the connections between the longitudinal faces and the third face are either open or provided with at least one opening.
In one embodiment of the invention, the housing approximates a generally triangular prismatic morphology. In another, the IR heating element is adapted to generate a total equivalent power per unit area of from greater than 75 to 2000W/m2; preferably from 150 to 950W/m2. In yet another embodiment, the average flow rate of heated air produced by the device for drying purposes is in the range 0.01 to 5m/s; preferably 0.01 to 0.3m/s. The IR heating element may be of any shape including a flat or convex plate.
The IR drying device of the present invention may suitably be provided with feet juxtaposed on one of the longitudinal faces. In another embodiment, at least one spacer is juxtaposed on a longitudinal face to allow the housing to be spaced apart from a surface to be dried; for example, a damp wall at a pre-determined distance. In one embodiment the spacer(s) may be adjustable to vary the spacing distance.
In one preferred embodiment, one or both of the longitudinal faces is wire-meshed with optionally at least one or both of the side wall being the same.
The IR drying device may advantageously be also provided with a thermostat and/or humidity sensor either or both which may be computer controlled.
The invention will now be described using reference to the schematics in Figure 1 and 2.
Figure 1 shows a cross section through an IR drying device according to the invention and Figure 2 shows a 3-dimensional drawing. This comprises at least one man-made IR source (1) where i) the IR source or/and associated components are flat but placed at an angle e.g. 45°, ii) the IR source is placed using a suitable frame or cage (2) forming a gap, which allows air to pass both at the top and bottom of the heater, of no more than 30cm with the surface(s) being dried (3) to create a channel for warmed air to flow from below (4) to above the heated area (5), iii) the IR source is supplied with a total equivalent power per unit of area under the source from greater than 75 W/m2 to 2000W/m2, iv) which is applied over a period of at least 3 hours, v) average air currents at the gap under (4) and above (5) the IR source are between 0.01 to 0.5m/s.
Further aspects of the invention are shown in Figures 3 and 4 where the IR source and associated components can be curved towards the corner as schematically shown in Figure 3 and marked (2) or consist of 2 flat surfaces forming an 'L' shape as schematically shown in Figure 4 and marked (2). Other aspects of the invention are the same.
In a further aspect of this invention the approach can be used to dry floors, this is schematically shown in Figure 5. 2 IR sources and associated components can be placed next to each other on a horizontal surface to create a channel and resultant low level air flow, several of such dual units can be used to cover a surface. In this case the open channel at the top created by the cages should be less than 30cm, also a lower angle such as 30° could be used to cover more surface area. Other aspects of the invention are the same.
The IR drying device of the invention is not limited to the shapes of IR sources and associated components described here but can compose any shape of IR source and structure that creates a channel whereby air is warmed and rises, in turn pulling cooler air into the channel from below which is warmed and can hold more moisture and the drying process is performed for at least 3hrs and creates air flows of between 0.01 to 0.5m/s. The process can be performed for 1 day or more until drying is achieved.
In these cases, the invention has an open or mesh like structure opposing the face with the IR heating element or around the heating element which allows radiation to pass through it and onto the surface being dried. It is the surface being dried that provides the other side of the physical channel for the air.
There is no limit to the length of these IR sources and housings. The length is shown schematically in Figure 2 (6). However, to allow easy placement by personnel the devices may be 1-1.5m long with a suitable cage or structure to keep them positioned in a corner or on a horizontal surface. The units should be more than 25cm in length to create air flow under the IR source as well as air being drawn in at the sides of the unit. A curved IR source would ideally be more concave towards the corner forcing air to flow nearer to the corner.
For the purposes of this patent the area 'under the source' is assumed to be the horizontal area under the source plus the vertical surface at the side of the source. In effect these are the main areas warmed by the IR radiation from the source.
In embodiments of the invention the cage which holds the IR source and its associated components may be made of metal mesh either woven or welded. A cage made of metal mesh is adapted to allow the unit to sit adjacent to a surface to be dried. The cage structure can equally consist of a set of structural legs holding the IR source and associated components away from the corner or floor. The cage can also be made of plastics with suitable reflective metallised surfaces. In all cases the cage allows egress of warmed air to escape from the top of the device.
In one embodiment, the IR source may be flat, curved or 'L' shaped, having a radiative surface width of from 0.5cm to 75cm, more preferably from 30cm to 50cm. The source length can be from 25cm to several metres, more preferably 50cm to 1.5m. The source can be placed within the housing to create a channel gap at the top of the device of up to 30cm from the walls which create the corner, more preferably 2.5 to 15cm. The source can be placed within the housing to create a channel gap at the bottom of the device from 0.1 to 30cm from the walls which create the corner, more preferably 2.5 to 15cm. The top and bottom gaps do not need to be equal. The IR source can for example be heated by an electrical or other power source with a power per unit length of 50W/m to 1500W/m, more preferably 150W/m to 600W/m. The IR source applies a total equivalent power per unit of area under the source from greater than 75 W/m2 to 2000W/m2, more preferably 150W/m2 to 950W/m2. IR from the source should be applied over more than 3hrs, preferably 1 day, more preferably several days. Average air currents at the gap under and above the IR source can be are O.Olm/s to 0.5m/s, more preferably 0.025m/s to 0.3m/s. The process can be increased in efficiency by insulating the back surface of the heated plate and stopped once the desired level of humidity is achieved in the material. However, it is also envisaged that the diffuse IR source may be on a controller so that it can be switched on and off automatically for chosen periods.
In another embodiment the source itself will be waterproof and/or washable and/or thermostatically controlled and/or mounted to allow units to be placed next to each other or vertically against corners between walls.
The higher power levels need to be carefully chosen in order not to adversely damage the material being dried.
In addition to drying structures impacted by water ingress. The unit can be used to support drying of damp construction materials, such as plaster, screed, rendering, paint, grouting, cement or concrete, especially at corners or on floors where slow drying is being experienced.
Use of IR sources, according to the present invention is especially efficacious in drying and provides a no noise solution. Thus in a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of drying corners of structures characterised by the steps of (i) placing a IR source or/and associated reflective components which is either flat but placed at an angle e.g. 45°, curved or consisting of 2 heated surfaces forming an 'L' shape at least 25cm long, with a gap both at the top and bottom of the heater and surface being dried of no more than 30cm to create a channel for warmed air to flow from below to above the heated area and (ii) applying IR radiation for a period of at least 3 hours at a power per unit of surface area under the source greater than 75 W/m2 to 2000W/m2 providing an average air from 0.01 to 0.5m/s in the gap below and above the IR source and the structure being dried. In one embodiment, the method is practised after flood damage. In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of monitoring the humidity in the structure or wall to confirm it has achieved the required level. In another the process is thermostatically controlled by monitoring temperatures in the structure to reduce power requirements. Use of IR sources, according to the present invention is especially efficacious in drying with no noise and no additional power and equipment requirement for forced air flow.
Thus in a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of drying a flat surface characterised by the steps of (i) placing 2 IR sources or/and associated reflective components which are either flat but placed at an angle e.g. 30°, curved or consisting of 2 heated surfaces forming an 'L' shape at least 25cm long, next to each other over the wet surface such that a gap both at the bottom of the heater and surface being dried is no more than 30cm and the 2 IR sources have a gap of no more than 30cm such as to create a channel for warmed air to flow from below to above the heated area and (ii) applying diffuse IR radiation for a period of at least 3 hours at a power per unit of surface area under the source greater than 75 W/m2 to 2000W/m2 providing an average air from 0.01 to 0.5m/s in the gap below and above the IR source and the structure being dried. In one embodiment, the method is practised after flood damage. In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of monitoring the humidity in the floor to confirm it has achieved the required level. In another the process is thermostatically controlled. Use of IR sources, according to the present invention is especially efficacious in drying with no noise and no additional power and equipment requirement for forced air flow.
The present invention will now be illustrated with reference to the following Examples:
Demonstration of Application
A flat IR source of 1.2x0.4m was placed at 45° in a metal mesh cage such that it was spaced at 12cm from the horizontal floor surface of a corner and 12cm from the vertical wall surface of a corner. The heated plate was insulated encouraging the majority of radiation to transmit through the front of the plate. The plate was further mounted in a stainless steel mounting fully sealed to water. The plate was powered at 400W equivalent to 333W/m and the corner area was allowed to heat over a few hours. This is an equivalent IR radiation power per unit area of approximately 550W/m2 by the definition used above. Air flows of up to 0.05m/s were measured at the gap between the bottom of the heater and with the floor and of up to 0.2m/s at the gap between the 10 heater and the wall.
These results indicate the use of IR sources can be used to generate low level efficient air flows to dry corners or flat surfaces with no noise and no additional power requirement for forced air flow.

Claims (15)

Claims:
1. An IR drying device characterised by comprising:
• a hollow wedge- or L-shaped housing comprising a pair of longitudinal faces disposed substantially at right angles to each other, a third face which may be an angled flat face, a curved surface or L-shaped and connections between the faces and • an IR heating element having a peak intensity wavelength in the Mid-IR range (2.5 to 40 microns) which is juxtaposed in or on the third face and adapted to propagate radiation through the housing towards at least one of the longitudinal faces and create air flow through the housing by convection wherein at least one of the longitudinal faces is either open or provided with at least one opening and the connections between the longitudinal faces and the third face are either open or provided with at least one opening.
2. An IR drying device as claimed in claim 1 characterised in that the IR heating element generates a total equivalent power per unit of area of from greater than 75 to 2000W/m2.
3. An IR drying device as claimed in claim 1 characterised in that the IR heating element generates from 150 to 950W/m2.
4. An IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims characterised in that the average flow rate of heated air produced is in the range 0.01 to 0.5 m/s.
5. An IR drying device as claimed in claim 4 characterised in that the average flow rate of heated air through produced is in the range 0.01 to 0.3 m/s.
6. An IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims characterised in that at least one of the longitudinal faces is wire-meshed.
7. An IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims characterised by further comprising side faces at least one of which is wire meshed.
8. An IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims characterised in that at least one of the longitudinal faces is provided with feet.
9. An IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims characterised in that at least one of the longitudinal faces is provided with at least one spacer to separate the associated components from the surface to be dried.
10. An IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims characterised in that the top or bottom of channel between the third face and surface to be dried has a width of up to 30cm.
11. An IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims characterised by further comprising a thermostat and/or a humidity measuring sensor.
12. An IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims characterised in that the heating element is a flat or convex plate.
13. Use of an IR drying device as claimed in any of the preceding claims to dry damp building surfaces.
14. Use of an IR drying device as claimed in claim 13 characterised in that the building surfaces have been subject to flooding or other structural building problems.
15. Use of the IR drying device claimed in 13-14 for the duration of 1 day or more.
GB1720842.2A 2017-12-14 2017-12-14 Efficient drying method Withdrawn GB2570103A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1720842.2A GB2570103A (en) 2017-12-14 2017-12-14 Efficient drying method

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1720842.2A GB2570103A (en) 2017-12-14 2017-12-14 Efficient drying method

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB201720842D0 GB201720842D0 (en) 2018-01-31
GB2570103A true GB2570103A (en) 2019-07-17

Family

ID=61009038

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB1720842.2A Withdrawn GB2570103A (en) 2017-12-14 2017-12-14 Efficient drying method

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (1) GB2570103A (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114383386B (en) * 2022-01-22 2022-12-27 和爱电磁兼容科技(安徽)有限公司 Surface dehumidification structure for absorbing material

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998045653A1 (en) * 1997-04-09 1998-10-15 Pohjois-Suomen Kuivausteknikka Oy Method and apparatus for extracting moisture and/or mold from a structure of a building
DE10250798A1 (en) * 2001-12-20 2004-05-19 Ibt Infrabio Tech Gmbh Infrared radiator for thermally treating goods, i.e. structural bodies, units and construction materials, uses selectively transformed infrared for drying, heating and sterilizing bodies, etc.
WO2015132197A1 (en) * 2014-03-04 2015-09-11 Solramic Ag Drying device
WO2017016546A2 (en) * 2015-07-24 2017-02-02 Ires Infrarot Energiesysteme Gmbh Heat radiator
DE202017101995U1 (en) * 2017-04-04 2017-05-02 IRES Infrarot Energie Systeme GmbH Apparatus for drying structures

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998045653A1 (en) * 1997-04-09 1998-10-15 Pohjois-Suomen Kuivausteknikka Oy Method and apparatus for extracting moisture and/or mold from a structure of a building
DE10250798A1 (en) * 2001-12-20 2004-05-19 Ibt Infrabio Tech Gmbh Infrared radiator for thermally treating goods, i.e. structural bodies, units and construction materials, uses selectively transformed infrared for drying, heating and sterilizing bodies, etc.
WO2015132197A1 (en) * 2014-03-04 2015-09-11 Solramic Ag Drying device
WO2017016546A2 (en) * 2015-07-24 2017-02-02 Ires Infrarot Energiesysteme Gmbh Heat radiator
DE202017101995U1 (en) * 2017-04-04 2017-05-02 IRES Infrarot Energie Systeme GmbH Apparatus for drying structures

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB201720842D0 (en) 2018-01-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Ong Temperature reduction in attic and ceiling via insulation of several passive roof designs
Bozkır et al. Unsteady thermal performance analysis of a room with serial and parallel duct radiant floor heating system using hot airflow
ES2557449T3 (en) Modular heating structure adaptable to the interior walls of buildings
KR101613481B1 (en) Insulating wall
GB2570103A (en) Efficient drying method
Sivalakshmi et al. Thermal performance of wall solar chimney integrated with a room under warm and humid conditions
KR101078605B1 (en) Cooling and heating system using radiation installation method thereof
CN110709662B (en) Device for drying buildings
Timchenko et al. Numerical and experimental investigation of natural convection in open-ended channels with application to building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems
GB2539939A (en) Drying method
RU158994U1 (en) ELECTRIC CONVECTOR
DE202014009377U1 (en) Convertible element with integrated electrical heating as building material for electrically operated wall surface temperature control and as internal insulation of buildings.
Ciocan et al. Thermal comfort assessment for different heating system using CFD-modelling inside of an orthodox church
RU33140U1 (en) Heat window Maslova V.V.
DE1459733C3 (en) Electric floor storage heater
DE202013001599U1 (en) Wall element with integrated electrical heating and reflective coating on the back
DE102015014745A1 (en) Hüllflächenstrahlungsheizung with one-sided fixed thermal insulation
CZ2010355A3 (en) Building assembly of heat-insulating system with air gap
Kazanci et al. Horizontal temperature distribution in a plus-energy house: Cooling season measurements
RU141595U1 (en) CONVECTOR
RU159485U1 (en) ELECTRIC HEATER
af Klintberg et al. Air Gap Method: Measurements of airflow inside air gaps of walls
Goriel et al. Study of Natural ventilation flow in a room fitted with a solar chimney
CZ305731B6 (en) Heating body
NL2016210B1 (en) Method for applying a facade to a building, and a facade of a building.

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WAP Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1)