GB2557392A - Apparatus and method for in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2557392A GB2557392A GB1714610.1A GB201714610A GB2557392A GB 2557392 A GB2557392 A GB 2557392A GB 201714610 A GB201714610 A GB 201714610A GB 2557392 A GB2557392 A GB 2557392A
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- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- module
- primary
- gasifier
- synthesis gas
- gas
- Prior art date
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Links
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 17
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 title claims description 12
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 84
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005200 wet scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000249 desinfective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
- F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
- F23G5/085—High-temperature heating means, e.g. plasma, for partly melting the waste
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2204/00—Supplementary heating arrangements
- F23G2204/20—Supplementary heating arrangements using electric energy
- F23G2204/201—Plasma
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/12—Heat utilisation in combustion or incineration of waste
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is introduced into a primary module (1-3, Fig. 1) to produce a waste feedstock which is gasified in a secondary module comprising a primary plasma gasifier (5, Fig. 1). A generator module generates electricity from synthesis gas produced from the primary gasifier. The primary module (1-3, Fig. 1), secondary module, and generator module are contained in a compact housing suitable for locating in a private dwelling or small commercial premises. Exhaust gas from the secondary module is routed through a ducting assembly comprising a feedback loop to the primary gasifier (5, Fig. 1), and/or a conduit to a secondary plasma gasifier. Primary residual gas is recirculated back to the primary gasifier (5, Fig. 1), and/or to a secondary plasma gasifier, to produce a secondary residual gas. Secondary residual gas produced from the primary or secondary gasifier is vented through a vent. A shredder (2, Fig. 1) may produce a shredded waste feedstock, and a filter module (12, Fig. 1) may remove solid or gaseous residue from the secondary residual gas before venting.
Description
(54) Title of the Invention: Apparatus and method for in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material
Abstract Title: Compact domestic plasma gasifier for destruction of municipal solid waste with recirculation of primary residual gas (57) Municipal solid waste (MSW) is introduced into a primary module (1-3, Fig. 1) to produce a waste feedstock which is gasified in a secondary module comprising a primary plasma gasifier (5, Fig. 1). A generator module generates electricity from synthesis gas produced from the primary gasifier. The primary module (1-3, Fig. 1), secondary module, and generator module are contained in a compact housing suitable for locating in a private dwelling or small commercial premises. Exhaust gas from the secondary module is routed through a ducting assembly comprising a feedback loop to the primary gasifier (5, Fig. 1), and/or a conduit to a secondary plasma gasifier. Primary residual gas is recirculated back to the primary gasifier (5, Fig. 1), and/or to a secondary plasma gasifier, to produce a secondary residual gas. Secondary residual gas produced from the primary or secondary gasifier is vented through a vent. A shredder (2, Fig. 1) may produce a shredded waste feedstock, and a filter module (12, Fig. 1) may remove solid or gaseous residue from the secondary residual gas before venting.
ELECTRICITY FOR HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
V
This print incorporates corrections made under Section 117(1) of the Patents Act 1977.
At least one drawing originally filed was informal and the print reproduced here is taken from a later filed formal copy.
1/3
03 18
Fig. 1
2/3
OPERATION
Push start
Ignition - battery or electric Warning lights Auto shut off Program progress
03 18
RECEIVING RECEPTACLE
Front or top loading Optimum size Bag or loose How is it cleaned How does it seal Hole in bench top
Optimal size 85h x 58d x 38w Self sustaining Built in/free standing
EXHAUST • To existing extract • Flu or flueless • What is exhausted
INTERNAL PROCESS • Waste to receiving receptacle and seal • Ignition/pilot light • Chipper?
• Destruction Gasifier Plasma arc Incineration Torch Other
Products Syngas Heat Slag/ash
WHAT DOES IT NEED?
• Air intake • Water to cool gas • Electricity to start • Gas to start
HOW IS IT FUELED?
• Self fueling • Gas • Electricity • Battery
To scrubber To storage • To operate machine _) • To generate electricity —i
To generate electricity
Waste to 3rd party collection
Fig. 2
HOW IT WORKS
Single blast Continuous Pilot light Pre charged Pre fueled
GENERATE ELECTRICITY
Energy converter Turbine Heat exchange CHP Fuel cell (conversion rates) j
ELECTRICITY STORAGE • Battery • Grid • Used to ingnite machine • ?% additional
3/3
03 18
ELECTRICITY FOR HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
Fig. 3
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR IN-SITU DESTRUCTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE MATERIAL
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for in-situ destruction of waste material and particularly, though not exclusively, to the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) within a private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises in a manner which generates a net energy output.
Statistics published by The World Bank suggest that, in 2012, the world’s cities generated 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste, equivalent to 1.2 kilograms per person per day. With continuing global population growth this annual total is predicted to almost double to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025. It is estimated that the global costs incurred relating to waste management exceeded $200 billion in 2010. This figure is set to increase concomitantly with increasing waste volume. Increasing investment will be required for a wide range of physical infrastructure projects such as treatment facilities, landfill sites, collection vehicles and domestic/commercial bins; and for the development and enforcement of associated policy, including tackling corruption and mismanagement issues surrounding private sector waste management contracts.
Global growth predictions for solid waste are incompatible with increasingly stringent environmental policies. For economic reasons landfill remains the most commonly used method of waste disposal, with incineration being the most common alternative. In the United Kingdom, approximately two thirds of waste is disposed of in this manner. However, contamination of soil and ground water and airborne pollution is a major concern. In developing countries the proliferation certain diseases can be attributed to landfill waste.
Whilst approximately one third of MSW is recycled in the United Kingdom, this is not a satisfactory solution to the growing problems inherent in waste management. Sorting and segregation of MSW tends to be highly labour intensive both at the point of disposal for both for the public and for commercial and industrial establishments, and at the point of processing. The processing of recycled MSW itself uses significant amounts of energy and water resources and a high proportion of recyclate is rejected and redirected to landfill. The location of recycling plants may be remote from the point of disposal leading to consequent transportation costs and pollution. Indeed, local recycling plants are often merely interim collection and sorting stations for MSW which is then sold and shipped internationally for final processing. In summary, the economic and environmental case for recycling is weak.
In summary, effective waste management represents a growing challenge for governments and municipal authorities.
The inventors of the present invention have identified a need for an alternative and sustainable means of disposal for municipal solid waste and/or hazardous waste which overcomes, or at least ameliorates, one of more of the aforementioned problems. The inventors have therefore developed an apparatus and associated methodology for the insitu destruction of MSW material at the point of source within private dwellings or smallscale commercial premises.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for the in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material within a private dwelling or smallscale commercial premises, the apparatus comprising:
(I) a primary module for receiving municipal solid waste material and preparing a waste feedstock;
(ii) a secondary module comprising a primary plasma gasifier for gasification of the waste feedstock received from the primary module;
(ni) a generator module for generating electricity from a synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier; and (iv) a compact housing for containing said modules which is dimensioned for location within a private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises;
wherein the apparatus further comprises a ducting assembly for routing a residual exhaust gas received as an output from the secondary module; said ducting assembly comprising one or both of:
(v) a feedback loop for recirculating a primary exhaust residual gas to the primary plasma gasifier to produce a secondary residual gas; and (vi) a conduit for routing a primary residual gas to a secondary plasma gasifier to produce a secondary residual gas;
wherein the apparatus further comprises a vent apparatus for venting a secondary residual exhaust gas received as an output from the primary and/or secondary plasma gasifier.
Optionally, a filter module is located upstream of the vent apparatus for removing one or more types of solid and/or gaseous residue from the secondary residual exhaust gas prior to venting.
Optionally, the filter module is provided in the form of one or more replaceable cartridges.
Optionally, the vent apparatus comprises an external flue for venting a secondary residual exhaust gas to the atmosphere.
Alternatively, the vent apparatus comprises a connection to extant external vent system connected within a private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises.
It will be appreciated that the type of venting will be dependent upon the chemical composition and toxicity level of the secondary residual exhaust gas. For example, at one extreme, an entirely inert residual exhaust gas need not be vented externally of the domestic or commercial premises within which it is situated. However, in practice, it is likely that external venting will be required to eliminate any potential health risks associated with the residual exhaust gas.
Optionally, the primary module comprises an inlet for receiving municipal solid waste material in communication with a shredder for shredding municipal solid waste material and producing a shredded waste feedstock.
Optionally, the primary module further comprises a storage container for containing a shredded waste feedstock prior to its introduction into the secondary module.
Optionally, the primary module further comprises a dosing mechanism for introducing a shredded waste feedstock into the secondary module.
Optionally, the dosing mechanism is a vibratory feeder.
Optionally, the primary and/or secondary plasma gasifier comprises a microwave plasma generator.
Advantageously, the use of microwave plasma technology uses significantly less energy than conventional thermal pyrolytic gasification alternatives.
Optionally, a heat exchanger is provided to cool the synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier prior to its introduction to the generator module.
It will be appreciated that the heat exchanger may consist of a number of heat exchangers arranged in series to progressively cool the synthesis gas to within a predetermined temperature range. Heat energy recovered from the synthesis gas within the heat exchanger(s) may be utilised for water and/or space heating within an associated private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises.
Optionally, the secondary module comprises a plasma containment vessel separated from the heat exchanger by a thermal barrier.
Optionally, the secondary module comprises a residue container for collecting noncombustible ash and/or slag residue.
Optionally, a synthesis gas scrubber is provided to clean the synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier prior to its introduction to the generator module.
Optionally, the secondary module comprises a storage vessel for storing synthesis gas prior to its introduction to the generator module.
Optionally, the generator module comprises a gas engine for combusting a synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier and producing electricity therefrom.
Optionally, the gas engine is a micro gas turbine.
Alternatively, the generator module comprises a fuel cell for converting a synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier into electricity.
Optionally, the fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell.
Alternatively, the fuel cell is a molten carbonate fuel cell.
Optionally, a battery is connected to the generator module for storing generated electricity for future use.
Optionally, an electrical connection is provided between the generator module and/ or battery and the primary and/or secondary plasma gasifier to provide an electrical supply for operation of said gasifier(s).
Optionally, an electrical connection is provided between the generator module and/or battery and the primary module to provide an electrical supply for operation of the shredder and/or dosing mechanism.
Optionally, the housing is adapted to attenuate noise and/or absorb heat originating from the apparatus.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for the in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material within a private dwelling or small6 scale commercial premises, the process using an apparatus according to the first aspect and comprising the steps of:
(i) introducing municipal solid waste material into the primary module and preparing a waste feedstock;
(ii) dosing the waste feedstock into the secondary module;
(iii) gasifying the waste feedstock within the secondary module to produce a synthesis gas output;
(iv) routing a residual exhaust gas from the secondary module through the primary plasma gasifier and/or the secondary plasma gasifier to produce a secondary residual gas;
(v) providing the synthesis gas as an input to the generator module and generating electricity therefrom; and (vi) venting the secondary residual exhaust gas externally of the apparatus.
Optionally, the step of venting the secondary residual exhaust gas is preceded by filtering one or more types of solid and/or gaseous residue from the secondary residual exhaust gas.
Optionally, the process includes the step of periodically replacing a filter cartridge within the ducting assembly to maintain effective removal of said one or more types of solid and/or gaseous residue.
Optionally, the step of preparing a waste feedstock involves shredding the municipal solid waste material introduced into the primary module and storing it within a storage container prior to its introduction into the secondary module.
Optionally, the step of dosing the waste feedstock into the secondary module involves conveying it into the primary plasma gasifier via a vibratory feeder mechanism.
Optionally, the process includes the step of periodically emptying a residue container for collecting non-combustible ash and/or slag residue arising from the step of gasifying the waste feedstock.
Optionally, the step of providing the synthesis gas as an input to the generator module is preceded by cooling the synthesis gas by routing it through a heat exchanger.
Optionally, the step of providing the synthesis gas as an input to the generator module is preceded by cleaning the synthesis gas by routing it through a scrubber.
Optionally, the step of providing the synthesis gas as an input to the generator module is preceded by storing the synthesis gas under pressurised conditions within a storage vessel.
Optionally, the step of generating electricity involves combusting the synthesis gas in a gas turbine.
Alternatively, the step of generating electricity involves introducing the synthesis gas into a fuel cell.
Optionally, the step of generating electricity involves feeding back the generated electricity as an input supply for one or more operational aspects of the apparatus; and/or storing the generated electricity for future use; and/or supplying the generated electricity to the grid.
Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the following diagrams, in which:Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an apparatus according to the present invention;
Fig. 2 is an artist’s impression of the visual appearance of an apparatus according to the present invention; and
Fig. 3 is a flow chart depicting the various process steps implemented within the apparatus of the present invention.
A shown in Fig. 1, municipal solid waste (MSW) is introduced into the apparatus via an inlet 1 which, as shown in Fig. 2, may take the form of a front or top loading drawer or chute. A shredder 2 is provided downstream of the inlet 1 for intercepting and shredding MSW to produce a shredded waste feedstock. A storage container 3 is provided downstream of the shredder 2 for storing the shredded waste feedstock. An outlet at the base of the storage container 3 is in communication with a dosing mechanism in the form of a vibratory feeder 4. The inlet 1, shredder 2, storage container 3, and vibratory feeder 4 collectively define the main components of a notional primary module of the apparatus of the present invention.
The vibratory feeder 4 introduces the shredded waste feedstock at a controlled rate into a secondary module of the apparatus of the present invention. More particularly, the shredded waste feedstock is conveyed into a plasma containment vessel of a microwave induction plasma gasifier 5. Input conduits (not shown) are provided for introducing air and/or oxygen in a controlled fashion into an electric arc of a plasma torch (not shown) powered by a plasma generator 8 and microwave generator 10. The interaction between air and/or oxygen and the plasma torch ionises the gas which causes it to become electrically and thermally conductive.
As described further below, the most commercially valuable product of the gasification of the shredded waste feedstock is synthesis gas. A residue container 9 is provided beneath the plasma containment vessel for the collection of an inert vitrified slag and/or ash byproduct which may comprise, for example, incombustible inorganic components of MSW such as glass, ceramics and metals. Another by-product of the gasification process is heat which is conducted - via a thermal dividing wall 6 of the plasma containment vessel - to a fluid heat exchanger 7 for providing water and/or space heating within an associated private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises. In doing so the very high gas temperatures created within the plasma containment vessel are reduced.
As indicated in Fig. 3, raw synthesis gas output from the gasifier 5 is introduced, via a ducting assembly, into a wet scrubbing system whereby it is cleansed to remove the majority of remaining solid particulates and water soluble contaminants, and cooled further. Once an optimal chemical composition of the synthesis gas is obtained it is routed, via a ducting assembly to generator module comprising a compressor and a storage vessel for storing compressed synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is thereby made available as a fuel for powering a gas turbine generator to generate electricity which may be stored in one or more batteries within and/or external to the apparatus.
A proportion of the gas output from the wet scrubbing system may be deemed unacceptable for use as a fuel for the generator module and so is bled off for secondary processing in order to obtain an increased yield. For the purpose of the following description, this component of the gas output is termed a primary residual gas. A feedback loop of the ducting assembly is provided to facilitate recirculation of the primary residual gas back into the gasifier 5 where secondary processing occurs. The gas output from gasifier 5 for a second time is termed a secondary residual gas.
A proportion of the primary and/or secondary residual gas output may be deemed unacceptable even after secondary (or further) processing and so is vented from the apparatus. A filter module 12 is provided within the ducting assembly at a position intermediate the scrubbing system and the vent for the purpose of removing one or more types of solid and/or gaseous residue from the residual exhaust gas prior to venting to atmosphere via a dedicated flue, or via an existing external vent system connected within an associated private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises, e.g. such a toilet vent.
As shown in Fig. 2, the entire apparatus is contained within a compact housing which is dimensioned for location within a private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises. For example, the apparatus may be similar in size to a large dishwasher or laundry machine which would be fitted beneath a standard kitchen worktop (or alternatively could be a taller freestanding unit).
In use, the process for the in-situ destruction of MSW within a private dwelling or smallscale commercial premises involves introducing the MSW into the inlet 1 or chute of the primary module which, when closed, is hermetically sealed and locked. The MSW then descends, e.g. under the influence of gravity, into the shredder 2. Shredding of the MSW increases its surface area and improves the yield of the subsequent gasification stage. The shredded MSW feedstock is stored in the storage container 3 and dosed into the plasma gasifier 5 on demand in a controlled manner by the vibratory feeder 4.
Extremely high temperatures within the plasma torch (which may exceed 1400 degrees centigrade) effectively vapourise the shredded MSW to produce a raw synthesis gas, heat, and a small proportion (e.g. between l/400th and l/1000th by weight) of an inert vitrified slag and/or ash which is collected in the residue container 9 for periodic disposal and possible re-use as a road aggregate. Heat is conducted via the thermal dividing wall 6 of the plasma containment vessel to the fluid heat exchanger 7 thus enabling water and/or space heating within an associated private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises. Heat may also be provided as an input to the gas turbine generator and/or used to generate electricity via the Organic Rankins Cycle. The cooled raw synthesis gas is then ducted to a wet scrubbing system and the primary residual gas exiting therefrom may then be recirculated back as an input to the plasma gasifier 5 for secondary processing to produce the secondary residual gas.
Exhaust components of the primary and/or secondary residual gas which are not acceptable for combustion within the gas turbine generator are bled off to the vent via the filter module 12 which removes any remaining solid and/or gaseous residue which might be harmful to the environment or human health.
Useful synthesis gas is then compressed and stored for later use as a fuel for the gas turbine of the generation module. Some of the synthesis gas may also be used as a fuel component for the plasma gasifier itself. Electricity generated within the generation module may be stored for later use within one or more batteries inside or outside the apparatus; or may alternatively be connected directly to the external grid. Advantageously, electricity stored within the battery or batteries within the apparatus may be used to start-up and power aspects of the apparatus itself such as the shredder 2, the vibratory feeder 4, the plasma gasifier 5, the compressor, and a user control panel (see Fig. 2) provided on the external surface of the apparatus housing 11.
It will be appreciated that the apparatus and associated methodology associated with the present invention provides numerous advantages for the user, municipal authorities, governments, and for the environment. Firstly, the user is provided with a convenient and compact apparatus which resembles existing kitchen appliances. The user may dispose of MSW in a familiar way, e.g. by placing bagged waste into an inlet. However, the user is no longer tasked with the unpleasant and unhygienic task of sorting and segregating waste, emptying bins, replacing liners etc. Instead, the user merely operates the apparatus via a control panel in a similar manner to starting a dishwasher cycle. Other than a small amount of inert, vitrified slag/ash and exhaust gases, there is no physical output from the process. Collection, transport, treatment and disposal or MSW by local authorities is therefore no longer required.
The employment of a microwave plasma gasifier means that the MSW is vapourised at temperatures significantly above those of know pyrolysis gasifiers. This is advantageous in two respects. Firstly, other than shredding, no pre-processing of the MSW is required to, for example, dry or pelletise the waste prior to gasification; and indeed moisture content within the waste is advantageous because steam can enhance the plasma torch. Secondly, the synthesis gas produced by such a high temperature gasifier substantially eliminates all noxious components thus providing an apparatus which is safe for use in a domestic and/or small commercial setting. Exhaust gases will normally require no treatment prior to being vented externally of the building via dedicated or extant venting systems. Indeed, it is envisaged that exhaust gases may be clean enough to permit internal venting within a premises. This may require exhaust gases to be passed through a filter to remove any remaining potentially harmful particulates or gaseous compounds.
It will be appreciated that the apparatus of the present invention is self-sustaining and a net provider of clean energy where excess can be routed to the external grid.
Although particular embodiments of the invention have been disclosed above, this has been done by way of example and for the purposes of illustration only. The aforementioned embodiments are not intended to be limiting with respect to the scope of the appended claims. It is contemplated by the inventors that various substitutions, alterations, and modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
Examples of these include providing a second separate gasifier for secondary processing of the raw synthesis gas exiting the scrubbing system, i.e. as an alternative to recirculating the gas into the same gasifier 5. Whilst the synthesis gas is described above as being fuel for a gas turbine generator, it may equally be used in conjunction with a fuel cell such as a solid oxide or a molten carbonate fuel cell. The apparatus may be adapted to accept sewage waste in addition to MSW. In view of the nature of the waste it processes, the apparatus may be provided with a cleaning and/or flushing and/or disinfecting cycle to avoid unpleasant odours accumulating within domestic or small commercial establishments where the apparatus is to be used. The inlet 1 may be provided with a hinged opening. The opening of the inlet 1 may be opened via a foot lever for hygiene reasons.
Claims (36)
1. An apparatus for the in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material within a private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises, the apparatus comprising:
(i) a primary module for receiving municipal solid waste material and preparing a waste feedstock;
(ii) a secondary module comprising a primary plasma gasifier for gasification of the waste feedstock received from the primary module;
(iii) a generator module for generating electricity from a synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier; and (iv) a compact housing for containing said modules which is dimensioned for location within a private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises;
wherein the apparatus further comprises a ducting assembly for routing a residual exhaust gas received as an output from the secondary module; said ducting assembly comprising one or both of:
(v) a feedback loop for recirculating a primary exhaust residual gas to the primary plasma gasifier to produce a secondary residual gas; and (vi) a conduit for routing a primary residual gas to a secondary plasma gasifier to produce a secondary residual gas;
and wherein the apparatus further comprises a vent apparatus for venting a secondary residual exhaust gas received as an output from the primary and/or secondary plasma gasifier.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a filter module is located upstream of the vent apparatus for removing one or more types of solid and/or gaseous residue from the secondary residual exhaust gas prior to venting.
3. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the filter module is provided in the form of one or more replaceable cartridges.
4. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the vent apparatus comprises an external flue for venting a secondary residual exhaust gas to the atmosphere.
5. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the vent apparatus comprises a connection to extant external vent system connected within a private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises.
6. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the primary module comprises an inlet for receiving municipal solid waste material in communication with a shredder for shredding municipal solid waste material and producing a shredded waste feedstock.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the primary module further comprises a storage container for containing a shredded waste feedstock prior to its introduction into the secondary module.
8. An apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the primary module further comprises a dosing mechanism for introducing a shredded waste feedstock into the secondary module.
9. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the dosing mechanism is a vibratory feeder.
10. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the primary and/or secondary plasma gasifier comprises a microwave plasma generator.
11. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein a heat exchanger is provided to cool the synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier prior to its introduction to the generator module.
12. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the secondary module comprises a plasma containment vessel separated from the heat exchanger by a thermal barrier.
13. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the secondary module comprises a residue container for collecting non-combustible ash and/or slag residue.
14. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein a synthesis gas scrubber is provided to clean the synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier prior to its introduction to the generator module.
15. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the secondary module comprises a storage vessel for storing synthesis gas prior to its introduction to the generator module.
16. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the generator module comprises a gas engine for combusting a synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier and producing electricity therefrom.
17. An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the gas engine is a micro gas turbine.
18. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 16, wherein the generator module comprises a fuel cell for converting a synthesis gas received as an output from the gasifier into electricity.
19. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the fuel cell is a solid oxide fuel cell.
20. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the fuel cell is a molten carbonate fuel cell.
21. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein a battery is connected to the generator module for storing generated electricity for future use.
22. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein an electrical connection is provided between the generator module and the primary and/or secondary plasma gasifier to provide an electrical supply for operation of said gasifier (s).
23. An apparatus according to claim 7 or 8, wherein an electrical connection is provided between the generator module and the primary module to provide an electrical supply for operation of the shredder and/or dosing mechanism.
24. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the housing is adapted to attenuate noise and/or absorb heat originating from the apparatus.
25. A process for the in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material within a private dwelling or small-scale commercial premises, the process using an apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 24 and comprising the steps of:
(i) introducing municipal solid waste material into the primary module and preparing a waste feedstock;
(ii) dosing the waste feedstock into the secondary module;
(iii) gasifying the waste feedstock within the secondary module to produce a synthesis gas output;
(iv) routing a residual exhaust gas from the secondary module through the primary plasma gasifier and/or the secondary plasma gasifier to produce a secondary residual gas;
(v) providing the synthesis gas as an input to the generator module and generating electricity therefrom; and (vi) venting the secondary residual exhaust gas externally of the apparatus.
26. A process according to claim 25, wherein the step of venting the secondary residual exhaust gas is preceded by filtering one or more types of solid and/or gaseous residue from the secondary residual exhaust gas.
27. A process according to claim 26, wherein the process includes the step of periodically replacing a filter cartridge within the ducting assembly to maintain effective removal of said one or more types of solid and/or gaseous residue.
28. A process according to any of claims 25 to 27, wherein the step of preparing a waste feedstock involves shredding the municipal solid waste material introduced into the primary module and storing it within a storage container prior to its introduction into the secondary module.
29. A process according to any of claims 25 to 28, wherein the step of dosing the waste feedstock into the secondary module involves conveying it into the primary plasma gasifier via a vibratory feeder mechanism.
30. A process according to any of claims 25 to 29, wherein the process includes the step of periodically emptying a residue container for collecting non-combustible ash and/or slag residue arising from the step of gasifying the waste feedstock.
31. A process according to any of claims 25 to 30, wherein the step of providing the synthesis gas as an input to the generator module is preceded by cooling the synthesis gas by routing it through a heat exchanger.
32. A process according to any of claims 25 to 31, wherein the step of providing the synthesis gas as an input to the generator module is preceded by cleaning the synthesis gas by routing it through a scrubber.
33. A process according to any of claims 25 to 32, wherein the step of providing the synthesis gas as an input to the generator module is preceded by storing the synthesis gas under pressurised conditions within a storage vessel.
34. A process according to any of claims 25 to 33, wherein the step of generating electricity involves combusting the synthesis gas in a gas turbine.
35. A process according to any of claims 25 to 33, wherein the step of generating electricity involves introducing the synthesis gas into a fuel cell.
36. A process according to any of claims 25 to 35, wherein the step of generating 5 electricity involves feeding back the generated electricity as an input supply for one or more operational aspects of the apparatus; and/or storing the generated electricity for future use; and/or supplying the generated electricity to the grid.
Intellectual
Property
Office
Application No: GB 1714610.1 Examiner: Dr Rhys Williams
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1714610.1A GB2557392B (en) | 2017-09-12 | 2017-09-12 | Apparatus and method for in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material |
| PCT/GB2018/052491 WO2019053398A1 (en) | 2017-09-12 | 2018-09-04 | Apparatus and method for in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1714610.1A GB2557392B (en) | 2017-09-12 | 2017-09-12 | Apparatus and method for in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201714610D0 GB201714610D0 (en) | 2017-10-25 |
| GB2557392A true GB2557392A (en) | 2018-06-20 |
| GB2557392B GB2557392B (en) | 2019-01-02 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1714610.1A Active GB2557392B (en) | 2017-09-12 | 2017-09-12 | Apparatus and method for in-situ destruction of municipal solid waste material |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2557392B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2019053398A1 (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2014101257A4 (en) * | 2014-10-15 | 2014-11-13 | Blakemore, Luke Adam MR | Portable Putrescribe Plasma Gassifier |
| US20160326440A1 (en) * | 2014-01-10 | 2016-11-10 | Manik Ventures Limited | Disposal of refuse |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2136939B (en) * | 1983-03-23 | 1986-05-08 | Skf Steel Eng Ab | Method for destroying refuse |
| DE3611429A1 (en) * | 1985-02-15 | 1986-11-06 | SKF Steel Engineering AB, Hofors | WASTE DECOMPOSITION METHOD |
| TR200702772T1 (en) * | 2005-09-28 | 2007-06-21 | Gep Yeşi̇l Enerji̇ Üreti̇m Teknoloji̇leri̇ Li̇mi̇ted Şi̇rketi̇ | A system and method for obtaining fuel from waste materials |
| US20100229522A1 (en) * | 2009-03-16 | 2010-09-16 | Jim Kingzett | Plasma-Assisted E-Waste Conversion Techniques |
| US10131845B2 (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2018-11-20 | Zeguo Qiu | Automatic carbonizing collector for wastes |
-
2017
- 2017-09-12 GB GB1714610.1A patent/GB2557392B/en active Active
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2018
- 2018-09-04 WO PCT/GB2018/052491 patent/WO2019053398A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20160326440A1 (en) * | 2014-01-10 | 2016-11-10 | Manik Ventures Limited | Disposal of refuse |
| AU2014101257A4 (en) * | 2014-10-15 | 2014-11-13 | Blakemore, Luke Adam MR | Portable Putrescribe Plasma Gassifier |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2557392B (en) | 2019-01-02 |
| WO2019053398A1 (en) | 2019-03-21 |
| GB201714610D0 (en) | 2017-10-25 |
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