GB2546078A - Rocker arm and method for manufacture - Google Patents
Rocker arm and method for manufacture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2546078A GB2546078A GB1600212.3A GB201600212A GB2546078A GB 2546078 A GB2546078 A GB 2546078A GB 201600212 A GB201600212 A GB 201600212A GB 2546078 A GB2546078 A GB 2546078A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- rocker arm
- wings
- main frame
- fingers
- latch
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/18—Rocking arms or levers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/02—Valve drive
- F01L1/04—Valve drive by means of cams, camshafts, cam discs, eccentrics or the like
- F01L1/047—Camshafts
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/18—Rocking arms or levers
- F01L1/185—Overhead end-pivot rocking arms
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L13/00—Modifications of valve-gear to facilitate reversing, braking, starting, changing compression ratio, or other specific operations
- F01L13/0005—Deactivating valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/12—Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
- F01L1/18—Rocking arms or levers
- F01L2001/186—Split rocking arms, e.g. rocker arms having two articulated parts and means for varying the relative position of these parts or for selectively connecting the parts to move in unison
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
Abstract
A rocker arm with an elongate main frame 6 with at least one cam follower, a subframe 25 with an auxiliary cam follower movable between a first and second position on the main frame, A movable latch 29 positioned on the opposite end of the main frame for locking the sub frame in the first position wherein the latch has a contact surface and compliance spring 32. The latch portion has at least two wings (46, figure 3A) extending radially from the latch, and a cap-shaped element (60, Figure 4A) with a number of fingers (63, Figure 4A) which enclose the wings of the latch and leave the cap moveable axially relative to the wings. The fingers may be evenly distributed along the lower free edge of the cap element wherein the spacing is smaller than the width of the wings. A method for manufacturing a rocker arm comprising the steps of providing the components of the rocker arm, assembling the latch in the elongate main frame, arranging the wings around the latch portion, bending some of the fingers inwardly, sliding the cap shaped element over the latch portion, rotating the cap element axially and bending the remaining fingers inwardly.
Description
Rocker arm and method for manufacture
The invention relates to a rocker arm comprising: - an elongate main frame with on one end a valve stem actuation portion, a pivot axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the elongate frame and at least one main cam follower arranged to the main frame, wherein the valve stem actuation portion, the pivot axis and the at least one main cam follower are arranged along the length of the elongate main frame and at a distance from each other; - a subframe with an auxiliary cam follower arranged thereto wherein the subframe is movable arranged between a first and a second position on the elongate main frame; - a latch movable arranged on the elongate main frame for locking the subframe in the first position, wherein the latch protrudes from the other end of the elongate main frame in longitudinal direction opposite from the one end; - an actuation part arranged on the protruding latch portion, wherein the actuation part comprises a contact surface for contact with an actuator and a compliance spring arranged between the contact surface and the protruding latch portion.
Such a rocker arm is for example known from the earlier patent application PCT/EP2015/061768 of the applicant.
In this earlier patent application a valve train is disclosed wherein an auxiliary cam is provided on the main cam shaft, which can be switched on and switched off by controlling the latch in the corresponding rocker arm. This latch is controlled by an auxiliary cam shaft, which makes it possible to turn on or off a number of latches of adjacent valves simply by rotating the auxiliary cam shaft in the desired position.
When the latch is locked, the auxiliary cam will either alter the profile of the main cam or even fully replace the profile of the main cam. When the latch is unlocked, the auxiliary cam follower can freely move between the first and second position, such that the auxiliary cam is in fact disabled. Only the main cam will impose its profile onto the valve .
When the subframe of the rocker arm is more of less aligned with the main frame of the rocker arm, the subframe can easily be locked just by sliding the latch into a hole in the subframe. This will require virtually no force, such that rotation of the auxiliary cam shaft can be performed quickly. By arranging a compliance spring between the selector cam on the auxiliary cam shaft and the latch, it is ensured that the selector cam can be rotated at any time, while the sliding pin will slide into the subframe as soon as the subframe is aligned with the main frame.
Is has proved difficult to arranged the compliance spring on the latch during manufacture of the known rocker arm. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a rocker arm, in which the compliance spring can be mounted more easily.
This object is achieved with a rocker arm according to the preamble, which is characterized by: - at least two wings arranged around the protruding latch portion, which at least two wings extend in radial direction from the protruding latch portion; - a cap shaped element having a top surface providing the contact surface, a wall hanging down from the edge of the top surface and a number of fingers arranged on the lower, free edge of the wall and extending inwardly, wherein the number of fingers enclose the at least two wings and wherein the cap shaped element is movable in axial direction relative to the at least two wings.
During manufacture of a rocker arm according to the invention, the fingers of the cap shaped element are not all at once bent inwardly, but only a few, such that the cap shaped element can be slid over the latch and the already inwardly bent fingers can be rotated to grab behind the at least two wing elements. This ensures that the cap shaped element together with the compliance spring, which is positioned between the top surface and the latch, is kept in position. Then the remaining fingers can be bent inwardly, such that further rotation of the cap shaped element will not result in disassembly of the compliance spring.
After assembly, the cap shaped element is still movable in axial direction, such that the selector cam can be rotated at any time and the compliance spring will take up the stroke difference between the selector cam and the latch, when the latch cannot instantly slide to the first position due to temporary misalignment of the subframe and the main frame.
Preferably, the at least two wings are arranged to the elongate main frame or to the protruding latch portion.
The compliance spring is kept in position by the cap shaped element. When the at least two wings are arranged on the latch, the spring will be kept in direct contact with the protruding latch portion.
If the two wings are arranged to the elongate main frame, then the cap shaped element will also ensure, that the latch cannot slide out of the elongate main frame.
In a further embodiment of the rocker arm according to the invention the diameter of the inscribed circle of the tips of the number of fingers is smaller than the diameter of the enclosed circle of the at least two wings. This ensures, that when the cap shaped element is positioned over the protruding latch portion with only some of the fingers bent inwardly, the cap shaped element can be rotated to lock with the wings and afterward the remaining fingers can be bent inwardly.
Preferably, the number of fingers is evenly distributed along the lower, free edge and wherein the spacing of the fingers is smaller than the width of the wings. This ensures that the fingers, after they have been bent all inwardly, cannot loose grip on the at least two wings.
In a preferred embodiment of the rocker arm according to the invention the latch comprises a pin movable in the longitudinal direction of the main rocker arm, wherein one end of the pin is engagable on the auxiliary rocker arm and wherein the other end of the pin is the protruding latch portion. A pin can be easily be guided in the main frame by providing a bore and can also easily be provided with a return spring to urge the pin to the second position, in which the subframe is not latched to the main frame.
Preferably, the subframe is elongate and arranged with one end pivotable in the main frame, and wherein the other end of the subframe couples with the movable latch.
The elongate shape of the subframe enables a pivot movement of the subframe relative to the main frame. Furthermore a cam follower can be arranged to the elongate subframe, such that in the second, non latched position of the latch, the subframe can freely pivot along with the profile of an auxiliary cam on the camshaft, while in latched position, the cam follower on the subframe will control at least partially the movement of the main frame and accordingly the movement of the valve connected to the valve stem actuation portion.
The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a rocker arm, which method comprises the steps of : - providing the components of the rocker arm according to the invention, wherein the number of fingers of the cap shaped element are in line with the down hanging wall; - assembling the latch movable in the elongate main frame, wherein the latch protrudes from the other end of the elongate main frame in longitudinal direction opposite from the one end; - arranging the at least two wings around the protruding latch portion; - bending part of the number of fingers inwardly - sliding the cap shaped element over the protruding latch portion, wherein the inwardly bent fingers slide interlocking past the at least two wings; - rotating the cap shaped element axially such that in longitudinal direction, the inwardly bent fingers at least partially overlap with the at least two wings; - bending the remaining fingers inwardly.
Preferably, the method according to the invention further comprises the step of positioning the compliance spring in the cap shaped element before sliding the cap shaped element over the protruding latch portion.
These and other features of the invention will be elucidated in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 shows an enlarged perspective view partially in cross section of a valve train assembly;
Figures 2A and 2B shows a cross sectional view of the drive train assembly of figure 1 in an unlatched position and a latched position.
Figure 3A shows a perspective view of a second embodiment of a rocker arm according to the invention.
Figure 3B shows a perspective view of a third embodiment of a rocker arm according to the invention.
Figures 4A - 4C shows the steps of manufacturing a rocker arm according to the invention.
Figure 5A shows a cross sectional view of a part of the rocker arm of figure 3A provided with the compliance spring.
Figure 5B shows a cross sectional view of a part of the rocker arm of figure 3B provided with the compliance spring.
Figure 1 shows an enlarged perspective view partially in cross section of a valve train assembly 1, which is largely known from the earlier patent application PCT/EP2015/061768 of the applicant. In this figure 1 a main cam shaft 20 is depicted having main cams 21, 22 and auxiliary cams 23, 24. The main frame of the rocker arms 6 rests with one end on a valve stem 4 to operate the corresponding valve.
Each main frame 6 has a subframe 25 pivotable around an axle 26. A spring 27 is arranged around the axle 26 and attached to the subframe 25 to urge the subframe 25 upwardly. The subframe 25 is furthermore provided with an auxiliary cam follower 28, which follows the profile of the auxiliary cam 23, while a main cam follower 9 is provided to follow the profile of the main cams 21, 22.
The latch 12 operated by the selector cam 14 on the auxiliary cam shaft 16 has a pin 29, which is movable in the length of the main frame of the rocker arm 6. Springs 30 urges the pin 29 against the selector cam 14. The other end of the pin can be shifted into the subframe 25 of the rocker arm to lock the subframe 25 to the main frame 6. The complinace spring 32 arranged between the pin 29 and the selector cam 14 ensure that the selector cam 14 can be rotated at any time, even when the subframe 25 is not yet aligned with the main frame of the rocker arm 6.
In figure 2A, the main frame of the rocker arm 6 is in substantial horizontal position. The pivot axis of the main frame 6 is shown as a sphere shaped support 31. The selector cam 14 is in a position in which the pin 29 is out of engagement with the subframe 25. This allows the subframe 25 to pivot freely around the axle 26, when the auxiliary cam 23 presses the cam follower 28 downwards. Only when the main cams 21 press the cam followers 8, 9 downward, the main frame 6 of the rocker arm will pivot around the pivot 31 to lift the valve 4 to an open position in the cylinder head (not shown).
In figure 2B, the selector cam 14 is in a position in which the pin 29 is in engagement with the subframe 25.
When the main cam shaft 20 is rotated the cam lobe of the main cam 21 pushes the main cam followers 8, 9 down, such that the main rocker arm 6 is tilted and the valve 4 is lifted. In this position the auxiliary cam follower 28 is out of contact with the auxiliary cam 23. However, when the main cam shaft 20 is rotated further, the auxiliary cam 23 will get in contact with the cam follower 28 and keep the valve 4 lifted longer, than in the case, where the subframe 25 is not latched with the main frame 6.
As is clear from figure 2A, the compliance spring 32 ensures that the selector cam 14 can already be rotated to the position as shown in figure 2B, even when the subframe 25 is not yet aligned with the main frame 6.
Figure 3A shows a perspective view of a second embodiment of a rocker arm 40 according to the invention, which is similar to the rocker arm shown in figures 1 and 2.
The rocker arm 40 has a cast metal main frame 41 with two main cam followers 8, 9. A subframe 42 is pivotably arranged around a pivot axle 43 in the main frame 41. A spring 44 arranged around the pivot axle 43 urges the subframe 42 in alignment with the main frame 41. The subframe 42 is provided with an auxiliary cam follower 28. A latch pin 45 provided with two wings 46 protrudes out of an end of the main frame 41 and is further similar embodied as the latch 29 shown in figures 1 and 2.
Figure 3B shows a perspective view of a third embodiment of a rocker arm 50 according to the invention, which is a variant of the embodiment 40 of figure 3A. Similar parts are designated with the same reference signs.
The rocker arm 50 is different from the rocker arm 40, in that the two wings 51 are arranged around the latch pin 52 and which wings 51 are attached directly to the main frame 53 .
Figures 4A - 4C shows the steps of manufacturing a rocker arm according to the invention. Especially it is shown how the compliance spring 32 is arranged to the latch, as the assembly of other components is more conventional.
In figure 4A a cap shaped element 60 with a top surface 61 and a wall 62 hanging down from the top surface 61 is provided. The top surface 61 is engaged by the selector cam 14, as explained in figures 1 and 2. Four fingers 63 are provided in the wall 61.
In figure 4B, the compliance spring 32 is inserted into the cap shaped element 60 and two fingers 63 are bent inwardly. By leaving two of the four fingers 63 in line with the wall 62, the wings 46 of the latch 45 can be inserted into the cap shaped element 60 passed the inwardly bent fingers 63.
Then by rotating the latch 45 over about 45 degrees, the wings 46 will be locked in position behind the bent fingers 63.
Then the remaining fingers 63 can also be bent inwardly, as shown in figure 4C, preventing the latch 45, 46 to become detached from the cap shaped element 60 and the compliance spring 32.
Figure 5A shows a cross sectional view of a part of the rocker arm 40 of figure 3A provided with a cap shaped element 60 and the compliance spring 32 with the method according figures 4A - 4C. An additional spring 30 is provided to urge the latch 45 to the unlatched position (as shown in figure 2A).
Figure 5B shows a cross sectional view of a part of the rocker arm 50 of figure 3B provided with a cap shaped element 60 and the compliance spring 32 with the method according figures 4A - 4C.
Claims (8)
1. Rocker arm comprising: - an elongate main frame with on one end a valve stem actuation portion, a pivot axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the elongate frame and at least one main cam follower arranged to the main frame, wherein the valve stem actuation portion, the pivot axis and the at least one main cam follower are arranged along the length of the elongate main frame and at a distance from each other; - a subframe with an auxiliary cam follower arranged thereto wherein the subframe is movable arranged between a first and a second position on the elongate main frame; - a latch movable arranged on the elongate main frame for locking the subframe in the first position, wherein the latch protrudes from the other end of the elongate main frame in longitudinal direction opposite from the one end; - an actuation part arranged on the protruding latch portion, wherein the actuation part comprises a contact surface for contact with an actuator and a compliance spring arranged between the contact surface and the protruding latch portion, characterized by - at least two wings arranged around the protruding latch portion, which at least two wings extend in radial direction from the protruding latch portion; - a cap shaped element having a top surface providing the contact surface, a wall hanging down from the edge of the top surface and a number of fingers arranged on the lower, free edge of the wall and extending inwardly, wherein the number of fingers enclose the at least two wings and wherein the cap shaped element is movable in axial direction relative to the at least two wings.
2. Rocker arm according to claim 1, wherein the at least two wings are arranged to the elongate main frame or to the protruding latch portion.
3. Rocker arm according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the diameter of the inscribed circle of the tips of the number of fingers is smaller than the diameter of the enclosed circle of the at least two wings.
4. Rocker arm according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the number of fingers is evenly distributed along the lower, free edge and wherein the spacing of the fingers is smaller than the width of the wings.
5. Rocker arm according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the latch comprises a pin movable in the longitudinal direction of the main rocker arm, wherein one end of the pin is engagable on the auxiliary rocker arm and wherein the other end of the pin is the protruding latch portion.
6. Rocker arm according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the subframe is elongate and arranged with one end pivotable in the main frame, and wherein the other end of the subframe couples with the movable latch.
7. Method for manufacturing a rocker arm, which method comprises the steps of: - providing the components of the rocker arm according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the number of fingers of the cap shaped element are in line with the down hanging wall; - assembling the latch movable in the elongate main frame, wherein the latch protrudes from the other end of the elongate main frame in longitudinal direction opposite from the one end; - arranging the at least two wings around the protruding latch portion; - bending part of the number of fingers inwardly - sliding the cap shaped element over the protruding latch portion, wherein the inwardly bent fingers slide interlocking past the at least two wings; - rotating the cap shaped element axially such that in longitudinal direction, the inwardly bent fingers at least partially overlap with the at least two wings; - bending the remaining fingers inwardly.
8. Method according to claim 7, further comprising the step of positioning the compliance spring in the cap shaped element before sliding the cap shaped element over the protruding latch portion.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1600212.3A GB2546078A (en) | 2016-01-06 | 2016-01-06 | Rocker arm and method for manufacture |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1600212.3A GB2546078A (en) | 2016-01-06 | 2016-01-06 | Rocker arm and method for manufacture |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201600212D0 GB201600212D0 (en) | 2016-02-17 |
| GB2546078A true GB2546078A (en) | 2017-07-12 |
Family
ID=55406762
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1600212.3A Withdrawn GB2546078A (en) | 2016-01-06 | 2016-01-06 | Rocker arm and method for manufacture |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2546078A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3667037A1 (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2020-06-17 | Deere & Company | Valve train with switchable engine braking |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130199330A1 (en) * | 2010-10-08 | 2013-08-08 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Actuator device for adjusting a sliding cam system |
| WO2014142731A2 (en) * | 2013-03-11 | 2014-09-18 | Scania Cv Ab | Cam follower for a valve tappet arrangement in a combustion engine |
| GB2526554A (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2015-12-02 | Eaton Srl | Valvetrain with variable valve actuation |
| EP2998526A1 (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-23 | Otics Corporation | Variable valve mechanism of internal combustion engine |
-
2016
- 2016-01-06 GB GB1600212.3A patent/GB2546078A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130199330A1 (en) * | 2010-10-08 | 2013-08-08 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Actuator device for adjusting a sliding cam system |
| WO2014142731A2 (en) * | 2013-03-11 | 2014-09-18 | Scania Cv Ab | Cam follower for a valve tappet arrangement in a combustion engine |
| GB2526554A (en) * | 2014-05-27 | 2015-12-02 | Eaton Srl | Valvetrain with variable valve actuation |
| EP2998526A1 (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-23 | Otics Corporation | Variable valve mechanism of internal combustion engine |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3667037A1 (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2020-06-17 | Deere & Company | Valve train with switchable engine braking |
| US10927714B2 (en) | 2018-12-14 | 2021-02-23 | Deere & Company | Valve train with switchable engine braking |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201600212D0 (en) | 2016-02-17 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP3149295B1 (en) | Valvetrain with variable valve actuation | |
| EP3384137B1 (en) | Valve train with variable valve actuation | |
| DE102011052912B4 (en) | Internal combustion engine and valve train with sliding cams for an internal combustion engine | |
| DE4343952C2 (en) | Internal combustion engine with variable valve lift control | |
| DE10220904B4 (en) | Device for adjusting the stroke of a valve actuated by a camshaft | |
| DE112018005349T5 (en) | DOUBLE LIFT TOGGLE WITH ADDITIONAL MOVEMENT | |
| DE102005020236B4 (en) | Method for mounting a camshaft on the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine | |
| US10815840B2 (en) | Coupling assembly for switchable lever | |
| GB2546078A (en) | Rocker arm and method for manufacture | |
| DE102012012150B4 (en) | Rocker arm arrangement and internal combustion engine | |
| US9057290B2 (en) | Switching roller finger follower with locking mechanism | |
| DE102008059207A1 (en) | Cam follower for actuating gas exchange valve in valve gear device of internal-combustion engine, has gripping element for gripping cam outline and another gripping element for gripping another cam outline | |
| DE102017128405A1 (en) | Variable valve mechanism for a motor | |
| WO2008101784A1 (en) | Switchable cup tappet | |
| DE112018004019T5 (en) | ACTUATOR | |
| DE102021124455A1 (en) | Valve contact carrier for a valve train of an internal combustion engine and rocker arm arrangement for a valve train of an internal combustion engine | |
| WO2022034098A1 (en) | Sliding-cam camshaft assembly for an internal combustion engine, and method for switching a sliding-cam camshaft assembly for an internal combustion engine | |
| EP3259457B1 (en) | Valve lift control device | |
| AT521668B1 (en) | VARIABLE VALVE GEAR DEVICE | |
| WO2021110286A1 (en) | Rocker arm, reaction bar and valvetrain | |
| EP1001061B1 (en) | Mechanism to control a rotary clutch for a dobby and dobby equiped with such a mechanism | |
| DE19903492B4 (en) | Switchable bucket tappets, in particular for gas exchange valves of internal combustion engines | |
| JP2014077424A (en) | Variable valve device for internal combustion engine | |
| DE102021124458A1 (en) | Valve contact carrier for a valve train of an internal combustion engine and rocker arm arrangement for a valve train of an internal combustion engine | |
| DE102019106823A1 (en) | rocker arm |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |