GB2490395A - Probe for determining rate of hydrogen permeation - Google Patents
Probe for determining rate of hydrogen permeation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2490395A GB2490395A GB1206050.5A GB201206050A GB2490395A GB 2490395 A GB2490395 A GB 2490395A GB 201206050 A GB201206050 A GB 201206050A GB 2490395 A GB2490395 A GB 2490395A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- specimen
- probe
- hydrogen
- hole
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002493 poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005023 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000012085 test solution Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 25
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004210 cathodic protection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011005 laboratory method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/404—Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid, e.g. Clark-type oxygen sensors
- G01N27/4045—Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid, e.g. Clark-type oxygen sensors for gases other than oxygen
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
- G01N17/02—Electrochemical measuring systems for weathering, corrosion or corrosion-protection measurement
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/49—Systems involving the determination of the current at a single specific value, or small range of values, of applied voltage for producing selective measurement of one or more particular ionic species
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/20—Metals
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Testing Resistance To Weather, Investigating Materials By Mechanical Methods (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
Abstract
A probe B for determining the rate of hydrogen permeation into metals comprises a cell 02 for anodic oxidation of hydrogen, said cell having a hole dedicated for placing the metal membrane specimen B1, characterised in that the said hole is made so that the said specimen B1 after placing it in the hole acts also to close the cell hole. Washers B3 and screw ring B4 hold the membrane in place. An apparatus for determining the rate of hydrogen entry into metals comprises a cell for test solution adapted so that the probe can be inserted into it.
Description
Probe for determining the rate of hydrogen permeation in metals and apparatus comprising the same The subject matter of the invention is a probe for measurement of the rate of hydrogen permeation in metals and an apparatus for measurement of the rate of hydrogen permeation in metals under various conditions, in particular at elevated temperatures and in highly aggressive solutions, comprising the same. The apparatus is adapted for laboratory tests, and the probe with a specimen for measurement of hydrogen permeation can be used in industrial plants as well.
The apparatus makes use of an electrochemical technique, known in the state of the art, namely the technique for the measurement of the rate of hydrogen permeation developed by Devanathan and Stachurski (M. A. V. Devanathan, Z. Stachurski, Proc. Roy. Soc. A270 (1962) 90; J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 619). According to the technique, a membrane made of tested metal is placed between two electrochemical cells and connected with each of them. Hydrogen entering the membrane from a tested medium from one side (1,in put" side) permeates through the membrane to the opposite side (,,output" side), where it is anodically oxidised, and the anodic current is a measure for the rate of hydrogen permeation, and thus also of the rate of hydrogen entry into the membrane. A laboratory method for measuring hydrogen permeation using the electrochemical technique is set forth in the standard PN-EN ISO 17081,,Metoda pomiaru przenikania wodoru oraz okrelania absorpcji i transportu wodoru w metalach technik elektrochemiczn" (,,Method of measurement of hydrogen permeation and determination of hydrogen uptake and transport in metals by an electrochemical technique") that is a Polish version of the European Standard EN ISO 17081:2008. The method may be used to assess aggressiveness of various media with respect to hydrogen insertion into metals and alloys, or susceptibility of these metals to uptake hydrogen. It allows for determining the amount of absorbed hydrogen and the rate of transport thereof in a metal.
The method can be used to determine the rate of corrosion in the case where hydrogen is a product of corrosion reactions. Hydrogen is produced in large amounts as a result of corrosion in acidic and low water content media (chemical and petrochemical industries, oil and natural gas pipelines), and in smaller amounts also in cathodic protection of underground installations or even in atmospheric corrosion. Hydrogen permeates in a metal element susceptible to corrosion and leaves the element on the opposite side (,,output" side). The essence of the method is to oxidise the leaving hydrogen electrochemically and to measure the current of this anodic oxidation. The current is a measure for the rate of hydrogen permeation, and thus for the rate of corrosion.
The idea underlying this method is exploited in the following applications and patents related to monitoring the rate of corrosion in industrial apparatuses: US 5 858 204 (year 1999). ,,Electrochemical Sensor and Process for Assessing Hydrogen Permeation". The sensor is a sealed tube made of tested steel that is inserted into the tested medium. The anodic oxidation current for permeated hydrogen is measured using a zero resistance ammeter.
EP 987 536 Al (year 1999), ,,Hydrogen Permeation Cell". The specimen in a form of a membrane together with an electrochemical cell are pressed against the process vessel wall with an opening providing for contact with a process medium.
Wa 01/40782 A2,,Process for Metering Hydrogen Permeated in a Metallurgical Structure, and Apparatus thereof". The process makes use of a potential difference between two different conductors emerging when hydrogen permeates in one of them.
US 7 552 643 B2, ,,Device and system for corrosion detection". A chamber for collecting permeating hydrogen is affixed at a process vessel wall. The pressure change in the chamber is measured.
The above devices do not allow for fast measurement of the initial rate of hydrogen permeation with a freshly prepared sample, as installation of the probe and starting the flow of the process medium are time-consuming. The probes and specimens are quite large in size (e.g., the sealed tube in the US 5858204 patent), and the methods used for determining the permeating hydrogen are significantly less accurate than the Devanathan-Stachurski electrochemical technique.
The present solution consists in a modification of the apparatus for the Devanathan-Stachurski electrochemical technique, said modification enabling fast insertion of the probe
I
with a specimen into the a tested medium and starting measurements with a fresh specimen immediately after it has been inserted into the medium.
In the Devanathan-Stachurski method, two independent electrochemical cells and a membrane between them are assembled under normal conditions (in air), and subsequently the cells are filled with solutions and possibly deaerated and warmed up. These operations are performed each time the specimens (membranes) are replaced. The procedure is time-consuming, and warming up results in changes in the installed membrane, which makes it impossible to monitor the effects of environment, temperature and electrochemical conditions on the specimen in its original condition. The method uses mostly glass cells that are unsuitable for tests in, e.g., hot lyes used as a working medium in many important tech nologies.
Therefore, the purpose of the present invention is to develop a probe and apparatus without above deficiencies, and enabling fast and easy insertion of the specimen (membrane) into the tested solution when the latter is under stabilised conditions (specific temperature, deaerated or saturated with gas), including highly aggressive solutions and at elevated temperatures. The developed probe and apparatus allow for replacing specimens without disassembling the entire apparatus. The probe with a specimen can also be inserted into industrial process vessels.
The probe for determining the rate of hydrogen permeation in metals, comprising a cell for anodic oxidation of hydrogen, said cell with an hole dedicated for placing the specimen, according to the invention is characterised in that the said hole is made so that the said specimen, after placing it in the hole, acts also as a closing of the said cell.
Preferably, the said hole for placing the specimen is located near the bottom of the said cell.
In a preferred embodiment, the probe according to the invention comprises additionally washers, preferably silicone ones, for fixing the said specimen in the said hole.
Preferably, the probe according to the invention comprises additionally an element pressing the said specimen against the said hole, most preferably a screwed in ring.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the components of the probe according to the invention are made of material with a high chemical resistance and properties of an electric insulator, most preferably of Teflon, PTFE or KEL-F, PCTFE.
The invention comprises also an apparatus for determining the rate of hydrogen permeation in metals, characterised in that it comprises a cell for tested solution, adapted and designed so that the probe described above can be inserted into it.
Preferably, the apparatus according to the invention has means to provide heating, preferably electric means to provide heating, allowing to warm up the solution in the said cell.
Preferably, the apparatus according to the invention comprises a reference electrode that is placed outside the said cell, preferably at ambient temperature.
In a preferred embodiment variant of the apparatus according to the invention, the said reference electrode is in contact with the specimen via a stopcock of a salt-bridge.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the components of the apparatus according to the invention are made of material with a high chemical resistance and properties of an electric insulator, preferably of Teflon, PTFE or KEL-F, PCTFE.
The present invention is now described in a more detail in preferred embodiments, with reference to the accompanying figures where: Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention, Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of the probe according to the invention, adapted for operation with the apparatus shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 3 shows the results of electrochemical measurements described in example 1, and Fig. 4 shows the results of electrochemical measurements described in example 2.
Detailed description of the invention
The subject of the invention is illustrated in Fig. 1 (whole apparatus) and Fig. 2 (insertable probe). The whole apparatus (Fig. 1) is composed of three parts: A -cell for solution, B -insertable probe with a specimen, C -junction with the reference electrode.
Part A comprises the cell (Al) for tested solution (A2) with electric heating (A3) installed on it, and with screwed in cover (A4). The following components are fixed in the cover (A4): an inlet port for a gas used for deaeration (A5), a tube with auxiliary Pt-electrode (A6), a reflux condenser (A7), a bottom-sealed tube for a thermo-controller sensor (A8) and a conical hole for inserting the probe B with the specimen (B1) through a conical internally threaded sleeve (B2), and a conical hole for inserting the junction with the reference electrode (part C).
In the probe B (Fig. 2), the specimen in a form of a membrane (B1) is placed between silicone washers (B3) and is pressed on with a screwed in ring (B4). Electric contact is provided by a wire (B5) passing through the hole (01). The space (02) is used as a cell for anodic oxidation of hydrogen passing through the membrane. It contains a 0.1 M NaOH solution (B6), the auxiliary Pt electrode (B7) and a Ni wire (B8) in a Teflon insulation with uncovered terminal as a reference electrode for the 1,output" side.
Part C (Fig. 1) is composed of a Luggin capillary (Cl), a three-way stopcock (C2) for aspiration of the tested solution, an interim cell (C3) with tested solution and reference electrode (C4) for measurement of the potential of the,,input" membrane.
The Part A components (except for (A3)), the components of the probe B and the tube from the part C, fed through the cover into the cell A are made of Teflon (PTFE). The essential component of the probe B, screwed into the sleeve B2, may be made of another material with a high chemical resistance and properties of an electric insulator, and at the same time showing more preferable mechanical properties than Teflon, for instance of KEL-F P CT F E) Otherwise than in conventional equipment, the apparatus according to the invention is characterised in that the specimen is not connected with two electrochemical cells, but is placed only in one of them (probe B) that efficiently and quickly can be inserted into a vessel with tested solution (part A). The invention preferably allows for fast inserting the specimen into tested solution, simple specimen replacement without necessary disassembly of the entire measurement setup and performing measurements with a small specimen after appropriate surface processing (cleaning, modification, deposition of a surface layer). In addition, the probe B can be inserted not only into any electrochemical cell, but also into an industrial plant.
Characteristic of the apparatus according to the invention is also that the reference electrode (C4) for measurement of the potential of the,,input" side of the membrane is located outside the vessel A, at ambient temperature and also that it is immersed in the tested solution and contacts the specimen with an open salt bridge stopcock, whereby the electric resistance of narrow passages and diffusion potential at the interface of different solutions are eliminated.
If the apparatus is fabricated from Teflon and the probe B also from KEL-F, it guarantees full corrosion resistance in aggressive solutions, including hot lyes.
The electrochemical measurements are carried out with conventional apparatus.
The solution according to the invention allows for fast insertion of the probe with a metal specimen into tested medium.
Preferred embodiments Preferred examples of using the invention in studies on hydrogen evolution on and entry into iron cathode in alkaline solutions are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
Example 1
Fig. 3 shows the cathodic current density Jcat at the,,input" side of an iron membrane and the density of the simultaneously measured hydrogen permeation current JH at the output" side with potential on the "input" side being swept in the cathodic direction in a 0.1M NaOH at temperatures 25°C and 80°C. The Figure shows that these currents, andjH in particular, depend distinctly on temperature. It means that when the solution is heated after fixing the specimen in a conventional Devanathan-Stachurski electrochemical cell, the tested surface will change, which will make it impossible to follow the electrochemical processes and hydrogen permeation in the initial stage on a freshly prepared surface at a constant elevated temperature.
Example 2
Fig. 4 shows the cathodic current density Jcat at the,,input" side and the density of the simultaneously measured hydrogen permeation current JH at the,,output" side after a potential of -1.70 V (NHE) has been applied at the,,input" side after 5 mm from the moment the specimen was inserted into a 25% KOH solution at 80°C, which corresponds to operating conditions of industrial electrolysers. One can see that at the beginning the current Jcat reaches temporarily high intensity, and subsequently decreases (temporary fluctuations result from bubbles of evolving hydrogen), whereas the rate of hydrogen permeation JH increases in spite of a constant Jcat value. It indicates that changes take place on the metal surface at constant potential and at constant temperature. If the measurement would be carried out in a conventional apparatus with two separate cells, then the changes resulting from the temperature effect would be additionally superimposed.
The examples presented above indicate correct operation of the entire apparatus and its individual components. The fundamental condition of coupled electrochemical measurements is fulfilled, said condition consisting in that the solution in the main cell A does not have a contact with the solution in the probe B. The measured rate of hydrogen permeation provides information on both the hydrogen diffusion rate in the membrane and the processes affecting hydrogen entry at the,,input" side of the membrane.
Claims (10)
- Claims 1. A probe for determining the rate of hydrogen permeation in metals, comprising a cell (02) for anodic oxidation of hydrogen, said cell with an hole dedicated for placing the specimen (B 1), characterised in that the said hole is made so that the said specimen (Bl), after placing it in the hole, acts also as a closing of the said cell (02).
- 2. A probe according to claim 1, characterised in that the said hole for placing the specimen (Bl) is located near the bottom of the said cell (02).
- 3. A probe according to any of the foregoing claims, characterised in that it comprises additionally washers (B3), preferably silicone ones, for fixing the said specimen (Bl) in the said hole.
- 4. A probe according to any of the foregoing claims, characterised in that it comprises additionally an element (B4) pressing the said specimen (Bl) against the said hole, preferably a screwed in ring.
- 5. A probe according to any of the foregoing claims, characterised in that its components are made of material with a high chemical resistance and properties of an electric insulator, preferably of Teflon, PTFE or KEL-F, PCTFE.
- 6. An apparatus for determining the rate of hydrogen entry into metals, characterised in that it comprises a cell (Al) for tested solution (A2), adapted and designed so that a probe according to any of the foregoing claims from 1 to 5 can be inserted into it.
- 7. An apparatus according to claim 6, characterised in that it has means to provide heating, preferably electric means to provide heating (A3), allowing to warm up the solution ((A2) in the said cell (Al).
- 8. An apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, characterised in that it comprises a reference electrode (C4) that is placed outside the said cell (Al), preferably at ambient temperature.
- 9. An apparatus according to claim 8, characterised in that the said reference electrode (C4) is in contact with the specimen (Bi) via a stopcock (C2) of a salt-bridge.
- 10. An apparatus according to any of the claims from 6 to 9, characterised in that its components are made of material with a high chemical resistance and properties of an electric insulator, preferably of Teflon, PTFE or KEL-F, PCTFE.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL394698A PL394698A1 (en) | 2011-04-29 | 2011-04-29 | Probe for determining the penetration rate of hydrogen into metal and a device comprising such a probe |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201206050D0 GB201206050D0 (en) | 2012-05-16 |
| GB2490395A true GB2490395A (en) | 2012-10-31 |
Family
ID=46160336
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1206050.5A Withdrawn GB2490395A (en) | 2011-04-29 | 2012-04-04 | Probe for determining rate of hydrogen permeation |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2490395A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL394698A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018200633A1 (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2018-11-01 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Apparatus and method for the non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
| WO2018200626A1 (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2018-11-01 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Apparatus and method for the non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2886497A (en) * | 1957-04-12 | 1959-05-12 | United States Steel Corp | Method for determining the permeability of steel to hydrogen |
| GB1507126A (en) * | 1975-04-24 | 1978-04-12 | Israel Aircraft Ind Ltd | Method and apparatus for indicating embrittlement due to hydrogen permeation during surface treatment processes |
| GB1524017A (en) * | 1976-04-26 | 1978-09-06 | Petrolite Corp | Hydrogen patch cell |
| WO1983003007A1 (en) * | 1982-02-26 | 1983-09-01 | Arup, Hans | Method and device for determining hydrogen flux |
| GB2199951A (en) * | 1987-01-17 | 1988-07-20 | Morteza Shirkhanzadeh | Testing steel for hydrogen embrittlement |
| US5405513A (en) * | 1994-07-08 | 1995-04-11 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Method and apparatus for an electrochemical test cell |
| GB2339916A (en) * | 1998-07-20 | 2000-02-09 | Intevep Sa | Apparatus and method for monitoring hydrogen permeation |
-
2011
- 2011-04-29 PL PL394698A patent/PL394698A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2012
- 2012-04-04 GB GB1206050.5A patent/GB2490395A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2886497A (en) * | 1957-04-12 | 1959-05-12 | United States Steel Corp | Method for determining the permeability of steel to hydrogen |
| GB1507126A (en) * | 1975-04-24 | 1978-04-12 | Israel Aircraft Ind Ltd | Method and apparatus for indicating embrittlement due to hydrogen permeation during surface treatment processes |
| GB1524017A (en) * | 1976-04-26 | 1978-09-06 | Petrolite Corp | Hydrogen patch cell |
| WO1983003007A1 (en) * | 1982-02-26 | 1983-09-01 | Arup, Hans | Method and device for determining hydrogen flux |
| GB2199951A (en) * | 1987-01-17 | 1988-07-20 | Morteza Shirkhanzadeh | Testing steel for hydrogen embrittlement |
| US5405513A (en) * | 1994-07-08 | 1995-04-11 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Method and apparatus for an electrochemical test cell |
| GB2339916A (en) * | 1998-07-20 | 2000-02-09 | Intevep Sa | Apparatus and method for monitoring hydrogen permeation |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018200633A1 (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2018-11-01 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Apparatus and method for the non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
| WO2018200626A1 (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2018-11-01 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Apparatus and method for the non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
| US10436741B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2019-10-08 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Apparatus and method for the non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
| CN110603445A (en) * | 2017-04-28 | 2019-12-20 | 沙特阿拉伯石油公司 | Apparatus and method for non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
| US10732163B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2020-08-04 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Apparatus and method for the non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
| US10809241B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2020-10-20 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Apparatus and method for the non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
| US11624743B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2023-04-11 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Apparatus and method for the non-destructive measurement of hydrogen diffusivity |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PL394698A1 (en) | 2012-11-05 |
| GB201206050D0 (en) | 2012-05-16 |
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