GB2488657A - Detecting and locating impacts on pipelines using acoustic emission (AE) sensors - Google Patents

Detecting and locating impacts on pipelines using acoustic emission (AE) sensors Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2488657A
GB2488657A GB1203545.7A GB201203545A GB2488657A GB 2488657 A GB2488657 A GB 2488657A GB 201203545 A GB201203545 A GB 201203545A GB 2488657 A GB2488657 A GB 2488657A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
pipeline
acoustic emission
impact
emission sensor
sensor
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GB1203545.7A
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GB201203545D0 (en
Inventor
Charles Buchan Ritchie
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Score Group Ltd
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Score Group Ltd
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Publication of GB201203545D0 publication Critical patent/GB201203545D0/en
Publication of GB2488657A publication Critical patent/GB2488657A/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D5/00—Protection or supervision of installations
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/14—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object using acoustic emission techniques
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D5/00—Protection or supervision of installations
    • F17D5/005—Protection or supervision of installations of gas pipelines, e.g. alarm
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17D—PIPE-LINE SYSTEMS; PIPE-LINES
    • F17D5/00—Protection or supervision of installations
    • F17D5/02—Preventing, monitoring, or locating loss
    • F17D5/06—Preventing, monitoring, or locating loss using electric or acoustic means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
    • G01H1/00—Measuring characteristics of vibrations in solids by using direct conduction to the detector
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2475—Embedded probes, i.e. probes incorporated in objects to be inspected
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2481—Wireless probes, e.g. with transponders or radio links
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
    • G01V1/001—Acoustic presence detection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
    • G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/26—Scanned objects
    • G01N2291/263—Surfaces
    • G01N2291/2634—Surfaces cylindrical from outside

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Abstract

A system for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline 10 uses at least one acoustic emission sensor (AE) 12 attached to an external surface of the pipeline. A terminal (14, Fig 4) remote from the or each acoustic emission sensor receives data from the sensor(s) via a communications link which conveys information in real time. Impact events cause high frequency ultrasonic stress waves to propagate along the pipeline wall which are detected by the AE sensor(s). The distance from an acoustic emission sensor 12 to an impact location 32 can be calculated based on the difference between the arrival times of two distinct acoustic wave types propagating along the pipeline wall. The system may filter the acoustic signal into two or more frequency bands (e.g. 20 kHz-70kHz and 100 kHz-1MHz) so that the two distinct acoustic wave types are more easily determined. In a pipeline network with branches, each branch may have at least one sensor attached.

Description

Impact detection and monitoring system The present invention relates to a system and method for detecting and locating impacts to a pipeline and relates more particularly, but not exclusively, to a system and method for detecting impacts to subsea pipelines in real time.
In the waters of oil producing regions around the world there exists a complex and often unmapped network of subsea pipelines and production equipment. These same waters are navigated by a range of vessels including oil tankers, fishing vessels and commercial transport vessels that often anchor in close proximity to offshore pipelines. Damage to pipelines by anchors, anchor chains and other maritime activity is not uncommon and incurs heavy costs in terms of inspection and maintenance activities necessary to ensure the integrity of the pipeline, and to ensure adequate protection of the marine environment.
A sufficiently large impact from an anchor or anchor chain causes plastic deformation of the pipe wall at the impact site and generates a high frequency ultrasonic stress wave.
Acoustic monitoring has long been used as a means for the detection of pipe degradation due to fatigue, corrosion and leaks. US6360608 discloses an analysis technique developed to detect and measure cracks in plate-like structures by computing the peak amplitude ratio of a signal.
Systems that detect low frequency sound travelling through a fluid column or gas are also known. US7607351 discloses an impact detection system using a hydrophone to detect external impact. However, a hydrophone requires that its sensing element is in contact with the media carried inside the pipe. This necessitates that the sensor is attached to the pipe by penetration which necessarily compromises the structural integrity of the pipe leading to sealing issues.
Furthermore, noise from an impact is broadband', meaning it comprises an infinite makeup of frequencies from the audible range to ultrasonic.
These frequencies are attenuated differently by the oil/gas media in the pipeline, the metal of the pipe wall, and the surrounding seawater. As a consequence, there are different acoustic timings and frequencies arriving at different times at a sensor.
These different sound paths cause a serious problem for a hydrophone, especially a hydrophone mounted on and in a pipeline, because the sound from an impact will arrive at three different times. There is also the question of any direct' route through the seawater, which has a higher transmission speed than most oil or gas that might be within the pipeline, as it may be a shorter distance if there are bends and turns in the pipeline.
The hydrophone used in US 7607351 operates on the basis of impact sound travelling within the fluid or gas in the pipeline from the impact location to hydrophone. It does not discuss acoustic waves travelling in the pipe wall itself or acoustic waves travelling in the seawater from the impact location to the sensor.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved system for detecting and locating external impacts to a pipeline.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a system for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline, the system comprising: at least one acoustic emission sensor attached to an external surface of the pipeline; a terminal remote from the or each acoustic emission sensor for receiving data from the or each acoustic emission sensor; and a communications link conveying information in real time between the or each sensor and the terminal.
The use of one or more acoustic emission (AE) sensors allows for two advantages over conventional acoustic sensors, accelerometers, microphones or hydrophones etc in that they (1) operate over a wider range of frequencies; and (2) offer greater sensitivity. Thus by (1), they are more able to detect a frequency that travels efficiently enough through the pipeline itself to reach the sensor; and by (2), the sensor is able to respond to smaller levels of signal present and/or detect impact events occurring further away.
Preferably, the or each sensor is a high frequency acoustic emission sensor operating up to 1 MHz.
Preferably, the or each sensor is a high frequency acoustic emission sensor operating in the range of 20 KHz to 70 KHz and/or 100 KHz to I MHz.
Preferably, the or each of the acoustic emission sensors comprises a sensing element and an output.
Preferably, the terminal includes a data acquisition system.
Preferably, the data acquisition system includes signal conditioning equipment.
Preferably, the terminal includes recording equipment.
Preferably, the terminal contains display means.
Preferably, the system of the present invention further comprises a time-signal selector, a frequency selector, or both, able to select data from one or more high frequency ultrasonic stress waves from an impact on the pipeline conveyed by the pipeline, i.e. conveyed or otherwise transmitted along the pipeline wall.
Each medium conveying the noise from the impact -which noise will generally be in the form of a range of frequency signals -will have associated with it a characteristic or unique set of frequencies. Each set of frequencies is identifiable. The present invention overcomes the different attenuations caused by the different media, by concentrating on and selecting the set of frequencies being conveyed along the pipeline wall only.
Preferably, the system of the present invention further comprises filtering means for filtering an acoustic signal generated by an impact into two or more distinct frequency bands within which two or more different acoustic wave types can be more easily determined; wherein a distance from an acoustic emission sensor to an impact location can be calculated based on the difference between the arrival times of the two or more different acoustic wave types at the acoustic emission sensor.
Preferably, the system of the present invention may also be employed for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline in a pipeline network having one or more branches, the system comprising at least one acoustic emission sensor attached to an external surface of each pipeline branch.
A pipeline network may employ an array of AE sensors. Using an array of acoustic transmitters and receivers allows calibration of the transfer function of a section of pipeline, to allow for: a) when a large acoustic signal is detected to trigger (post trigger) a first-in/first-out (FIFO) type data acquisition system; b) to perform a mathematical reconstruction of the received signal to work out post-impact how far away, and at what amplitude, the original impact event was; and/or c) to perform a long range guided wave scan to determine the amount of mode conversion at the impact point to determine the change in pipeline cross-section (i.e. the size of the impact dent).
One or more of the above may be possible post calibration with a short base array, long base array or even a single sensor (able to give impact distance).
Preferably, the system of the present invention further comprises an analyser to analyse data from more than one acoustic emission sensor to locate the impact in the network.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline, the process comprising the steps of: detecting a high frequency ultrasonic stress wave propagating along the pipeline; conveying a signal from the or each acoustic emission sensor to a terminal in real time; and receiving an output signal from the or each acoustic emission sensor.
Preferably, the output signal is displayed at a terminal.
Preferably, the method further comprises the step of time selection, frequency selection, or both of the high frequency ultrasonic stress wave propagating along the pipeline, and generally only along the pipeline, as discussed above. The method relies on the detection of high frequency noise, making it easier to calculate speed through the pipe wall.
Hydrophones detect all noise from an impact via all media which arrive over a period of time, which then requires dissection of the overall spectrum of noise so that the characteristics of the actual event can be disentangled and calculated.
Preferably, the method of the present invention may also be for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline in a pipeline network having one or more branches, with at least one acoustic emission sensor attached to an external surface of each pipeline branch, and further comprising the step of analysing data from more than one acoustic emission sensor to locate the impact in the network.
Various advantages of multiple acoustic emission sensors across a pipeline network, such as an array of sensors, are described hereinabove.
A further advantage of the use of one or more acoustic emission sensors is that a high amplitude impact signal will initially travel at a non-linear rate, as the group velocities are pressure dependent. This is detectable by an acoustic emission sensor, but not a hydrophone or the like.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a pipe with an acoustic emission sensor in communication with a system; Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a vessel in close proximity to oil platforms whose anchor contacts an adjacent pipeline; Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of high frequency ultrasonic stress waves generated by an impact to a pipeline; and Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a system for detecting and locating external impacts to a pipeline.
Referring to the drawings, Figure 1 shows an acoustic emission (AE) sensor 12 externally attached to a subsea pipeline 10. The sensor 12 detects a high frequency ultrasonic stress wave created by an impact 11 to the pipeline 10. The impact 11 will generate a steep sided change in local pressure, and this will create a noise having almost an infinite spectrum of frequencies. These frequencies will travel at various velocities and attenuations along the pipeline 10. Some will couple into the surrounding fluid, some will couple into the inside of the pipeline 10, and some will couple in and out of various longitudinal or flexural modes.
In general some AE frequencies do not travel very far due to having short wavelengths and large numbers of cycles for damping to have effect over a finite distance. However the impact event will generate a large amplitude signal and some frequencies will travel large distances.
Hydrophones generally work at frequencies under 100 KHz, and the different sound paths cause a serious problem for hydrophones because the impact noise travels at different speeds in the oil and gas media in the pipeline, versus the pipe wall, versus the seawater. Thus, the impact sound will arrive at three different times.
As can be seen in Figure 2, a vessel 21 in proximity to oil platforms 22 has an anchor 23 contacting a pipeline 10. The impact on the pipeline of the anchor generates a high frequency ultrasonic stress wave 25 detected by an AE sensor 12. The AE sensor produces an output signal in response.
Figure 3 shows a sensor 12 attached to the exterior of a pipeline 10. An impact 31 causing plastic deformation of the pipe wall at the impact site 32 generates a high frequency ultrasonic stress wave 33 that travels through the wall of the pipe 10 away from the impact location. The acoustic emission sensor 12 produces an output signal when excited by the ultrasonic stress waves.
Figure 4 shows an AE sensor transmitting a signal to a terminal via a signal processing unit in a system for detecting and locating impacts to a pipeline. The output signal 16 of the AE sensor is transmitted via processing means 18, shown in the present embodiment as signal conditioning and data acquisition, to a terminal 14, shown in the present embodiment as a network computer or server attached to a workstation.
Connecting the electrical output of the acoustic emission sensor to the signal conditioning, data acquisition and monitoring system enables the location and severity of the impact to be calculated. The frequencies of most importance are associated with two modes of acoustic wave propagation commonly known as the extensional wave and the flexural wave respectively.
Filtering of an acoustic emission signal in two distinct frequency bands -e.g. 100 KHz to 1MHz and 20 KHz to 70 KHz -enable the respective extensional and flexural waves to be separated into two distinct signals that may be recorded and separately analysed. The two distinct signals propagate along the pipeline wall 10 at different speeds and thus arrive at the sensor at different times. Analysis of the arrival time of the different signals using time of flight techniques can be employed to determine the distance to an acoustic event such as an impact caused by an external influence, such as an anchor or anchor chain.
Employing a plurality of sensors, such as an array, can be useful particularly in or over a pipeline network 50 as shown by way of example only in Figure 5. In the illustrated pipeline network 50, AE sensors 51 are located at least at each end of each branch or length 52 of pipeline.
Optionally additional AE sensors 51 are also provided at intermediate distances along each branch or length 52 of pipeline. Separating the extensional and flexural waves into two distinct signals and analysing their arrival times at different AE sensors 51 enables the position of an acoustic event within the pipeline network 50 to be determined in a similar manner to that described above.
The sensing apparatus of the present invention therefore only requires attachment to the surface of the pipe and does not require invasive modification to the structure of the pipe. This maintains pipe integrity and results in lower installation costs.
Improvements and modifications may be made without depa ding from the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.

Claims (16)

  1. Claims 1. A system for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline, the system comprising: at least one acoustic emission sensor attached to an external surface of the pipeline; a terminal remote from the or each acoustic emission sensor for receiving data from the or each acoustic emission sensor; and a communications link conveying information in real time between the or each sensor and the terminal.
  2. 2. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the or each sensor is a high frequency acoustic emission sensor operating up to 1 MHz.
  3. 3. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the or each sensor is a high frequency acoustic emission sensor operating in the range of 20 KHz to 70 KHz and/or 100 KHz to 1 MHz.
  4. 4. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the or each of the acoustic emission sensors comprises a sensing element and an output.
  5. 5. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the terminal includes a data acquisition system.
  6. 6. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the data acquisition system includes signal conditioning equipment.
  7. 7. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the terminal includes recording equipment.
  8. 8. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the terminal includes display means.
  9. 9. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising a time-signal selector, a frequency selector, or both, able to select data from one or more high frequency ultrasonic stress waves from an impact on the pipeline conveyed by the pipeline.
  10. 10. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising filtering means for filtering an acoustic signal generated by an impact into two or more distinct frequency bands within which two or more different acoustic wave types can be more easily determined; wherein a distance from an acoustic emission sensor to an impact location can be calculated based on the difference between the arrival times of the two or more different acoustic wave types at the acoustic emission sensor.
  11. 11. A system as claimed in any preceding claim for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline in a pipeline network having one or more branches, the system comprising at least one acoustic emission sensor attached to an external surface of each pipeline branch.
  12. 12. A system as claimed in claim 11 comprising an analyser to analyse data from more than one acoustic emission sensor to locate the impact in the network.
  13. 13. A method for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline comprising the steps of: detecting a high frequency ultrasonic stress wave propagating along the pipeline; conveying a signal from the or each acoustic emission sensor to a terminal in real time; and receiving an output signal from the or each acoustic emission sensor.
  14. 14. A method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the output signal is displayed at a terminal.
  15. 15. A method as claimed in claims 13 or 14, further comprising the step of time selection, frequency selection, or both of the high frequency ultrasonic stress wave received along the pipeline.
  16. 16. A method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15 for detecting and locating an external impact to a pipeline in a pipeline network having one or more branches, with at least one acoustic emission sensor attached to an external surface of each pipeline branch, and further comprising the step of analysing data from more than one acoustic emission sensor to locate the impact in the network.
GB1203545.7A 2011-03-02 2012-02-29 Detecting and locating impacts on pipelines using acoustic emission (AE) sensors Withdrawn GB2488657A (en)

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GBGB1103520.1A GB201103520D0 (en) 2011-03-02 2011-03-02 Impact detection and monitoring system

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105927862A (en) * 2016-04-21 2016-09-07 中国矿业大学 Method for acoustically monitoring blockage of gas extraction pipeline
US20180113049A1 (en) * 2016-10-25 2018-04-26 Acellent Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for analysis and detection of encroachment and impact upon underground structures
CN110455916A (en) * 2019-08-20 2019-11-15 深圳大学 A kind of solid material recognition methods based on acoustics dispersion phenomenon

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114235951B (en) * 2021-11-29 2024-07-05 中国航发沈阳发动机研究所 Crack fault acoustic diagnosis method and device for engine air inlet casing support plate

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US5623421A (en) * 1995-11-03 1997-04-22 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Monitoring pressurized vessels for leaks, ruptures or hard hits
US6065342A (en) * 1997-10-01 2000-05-23 Rolls-Royce Plc Apparatus and a method of locating a source of acoustic emissions in an article
US20010047691A1 (en) * 2000-01-03 2001-12-06 Yuris Dzenis Hybrid transient-parametric method and system to distinguish and analyze sources of acoustic emission for nondestructive inspection and structural health monitoring
US20060079747A1 (en) * 2004-09-27 2006-04-13 Acellent Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for detecting a load change upon a structure and analyzing characteristics of resulting damage
US20060283266A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2006-12-21 Acellent Technologies, Inc. Single-wire sensor/actuator network for structural health monitoring
WO2011039589A1 (en) * 2009-09-29 2011-04-07 Eni S.P.A. System and method for the continuous detection of impacts on pipelines for the transportation of fluids, particularly suitable for underwater pipelines

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5623421A (en) * 1995-11-03 1997-04-22 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Monitoring pressurized vessels for leaks, ruptures or hard hits
US6065342A (en) * 1997-10-01 2000-05-23 Rolls-Royce Plc Apparatus and a method of locating a source of acoustic emissions in an article
US20010047691A1 (en) * 2000-01-03 2001-12-06 Yuris Dzenis Hybrid transient-parametric method and system to distinguish and analyze sources of acoustic emission for nondestructive inspection and structural health monitoring
US20060079747A1 (en) * 2004-09-27 2006-04-13 Acellent Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for detecting a load change upon a structure and analyzing characteristics of resulting damage
US20060283266A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2006-12-21 Acellent Technologies, Inc. Single-wire sensor/actuator network for structural health monitoring
WO2011039589A1 (en) * 2009-09-29 2011-04-07 Eni S.P.A. System and method for the continuous detection of impacts on pipelines for the transportation of fluids, particularly suitable for underwater pipelines

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105927862A (en) * 2016-04-21 2016-09-07 中国矿业大学 Method for acoustically monitoring blockage of gas extraction pipeline
CN105927862B (en) * 2016-04-21 2018-08-07 中国矿业大学 A kind of method that sound wave monitoring gas pumping pipeline blocks
US20180113049A1 (en) * 2016-10-25 2018-04-26 Acellent Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for analysis and detection of encroachment and impact upon underground structures
US11609148B2 (en) * 2016-10-25 2023-03-21 Acellent Technologies, Inc. Method and apparatus for analysis and detection of encroachment and impact upon underground structures
CN110455916A (en) * 2019-08-20 2019-11-15 深圳大学 A kind of solid material recognition methods based on acoustics dispersion phenomenon
CN110455916B (en) * 2019-08-20 2022-04-08 深圳大学 Solid material identification method based on acoustic dispersion phenomenon

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GB201103520D0 (en) 2011-04-13

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