GB2475889A

GB2475889A - Gasification system

Info

Publication number: GB2475889A
Application number: GB0921266A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Rifat Al Chalabi; Ophneil Henry Perry
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2009-12-04
Filing date: 2009-12-04
Publication date: 2011-06-08
Anticipated expiration: 2029-12-04
Also published as: CN102656406A; IN2012DN04902A; BR112012013108A2; MX2012006346A; WO2011067552A1; EA201200847A1; EP2507555A1; US20120298020A1; GB2475889B; GB0921266D0; TW201139946A; CR20120340A; AU2010326436A1

Abstract

The invention provides an apparatus for processing material such as organically coated waste and organic materials including biomass, industrial waste, municipal solid waste and sludge, comprising a processing chamber (2) for processing said material at an elevated temperature to produce syngas and a combustion chamber (4) having at least one burner therein for combusting syngas released by processing of said material. A conduit means (18) is provided between said combustion chamber and said processing chamber for carrying hot exhaust gases from the combustion chamber (4) to said processing chamber (2) and at last one mirror (24) is arranged to reflect and concentrate sunlight thereby to cause the temperature within said processing chamber (2) to be raised.

Description

S

Gassification System This invention relates to gasification systems, in particular to gasification systems for waste.

Thermal gasification of waste products by the pyrolysis under controlled conditions is a known process used to disseminate waste and to produce synthetic gas (syngas) therefrom which can then be used for the production of energy in known ways.

Accordingly energy can be recovered from organic matter within waste.

One problem associated with such processes is that to provide the heat for the pyrolysis to occur currently necessitates the use of natural gas burners. The natural gas is needed to start the system and bring the waste material up to its pyrolysis temperature and then to provide a constant burner in which the syngas can be * 15 combusted, The use of natural gas in waste gasification systems removes some of the environmental benefits of recovering energy from waste organic matter and can somewhat offset any advantages gained.

It is the purpose of the present invention to provide an improved system for processing organic waste.

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided: an apparatus for processing material such as organically coated waste and organic materials including biomass, industrial waste, municipal solid waste and sludge, comprising: a processing chamber for processing said material at an elevated temperature, in an oxygen deficient environment, to produce syngas; a combustion chamber having at least one burner therein for combusting syngas released by processing of said material; a conduit means between said combustion chamber and said processing chamber for carrying hot exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber to said processing chamber; and at last one mirror arranged to reflect and concentrate sunlight thereby to cause the temperature within said processing chamber to be raised.

Preferably the processing chamber has at least one external heat absorbent surface associated therewith and said at last one mirror is arranged to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto said heat absorbing surface.

The apparatus enables heat obtained directly from sunlight to be used for heating the processing chamber, thereby reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, in particular natural gas, as the source of this heat. Accordingly, as the energy input into the system from external supplied sources is reduced, the overall efficiency of the system is increased.

The heat absorbent surface preferably comprises of a heat absorbent external layer and a first gas heating conduit adjacent said heat absorbent layer for receiving combustion chamber exhaust gas, said first gas heating conduit in fluid communication with said processing chamber such that, in use, combustion chamber exhaust gas passing adjacent said heat absorbent surface is heated by said reflected sunlight and flows into said process chamber so as to raise the temperature therein.

By heating a gas that is then carried into the processing chamber greater control of the processing chamber environment can be obtained as the gas flow can be increased or decreased to alter its residency time in the first gas heating conduit so as to alter the temperature of said gas entering said processing chamber.

Preferably there is an insulating layer adjacent said gas first heating conduit and separated from said absorbent layer thereby; and a bypass valve operable to either direct exhaust gas from said combustion chamber through said first gas heating conduit or direct exhaust gas from said combustion chamber through a gas heating conduit bypass; wherein said gas heating conduit bypass is separated from said heat absorbent surface by an insulating layer.

In this manner, when sunlight is available to heat the absorbent surface the exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber can pass through the first gas heating conduit to become heated and when no, or minimal, sunlight is available, for example at night time, the hot exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber can bypass the absorbent surface so as to avoid heat loss therefrom, thereby ensuring the maximum amount of the heat from the combustion chamber exhaust gas enters the processing chamber to heat it.

In a preferred embodiment the processing chamber is movable and the heat absorbent surface forms an external surface of said movable processing chamber.

The apparatus may further comprise a second at least one mirror for reflecting sunlight onto a second heat absorbent surface and a second heating conduit adjacent said second heat absorbing surface, said second heating conduit carrying syngas from said production chamber to combustion chamber and operable to pre heat said syngas prior to combustion in said combustion chamber.

By raising the syngas temperature prior to its combustion in the combustion chamber less external energy is needed during the combustion process. In a preferred arrangement the apparatus comprises a combustion tower housing said combustion chamber and the second heat absorbent surface comprises an external surface of said combustion tower.

The external surface of the first and/or second heat absorbing surface may have a surface texture thereon so as to increase its surface area. Although beneficial in fixed arrangements this is especially beneficial in arrangements wherein the processing chamber moves, e.g rotates or pivots, during operation as it maximises, at any one time, the surface area exposed to the reflected sunlight and reduces the need for the mirrors to track the movement of the processing chamber. Preferably the internal surface of the first and/or second heating conduit has a surface texture thereon to induce turbulence in gas flow therethrough thereby increasing heat exchange with said heat absorbent surface.

The apparatus may further comprise a third at least one mirror for reflecting and concentrating sunlight directly into said combustion chamber so as to, in use, raise the temperature of any syngas within said combustion chamber.

By reflecting concentrated solar energy directly into the combustion chamber solar energy can be directly used to raise the syngas temperature to the required 850° plus that is needed for the combustion of syngas to reduce harmful emissions. The use of direct solar heating for this process has the further added advantage that it is easier to provide the required residency period of two seconds at the elevated temperature for the syngas to oxidize as when using the combustion of syngas with the aid of a natural gas burner. Since the addition of the natural gas, and oxidant to burn the natural gas, in the combustion chamber will increase the total volume of gas to be burned inside the combustion chamber a larger combustion chamber is needed to accommodate and combust this extra volume. Then elimination, or at worst minimisation, of the natural gas needed hence reduces the volume of the combustion chamber needed to achieve the required residency time.

The combustion chamber may comprise at least one substantially transparent section to allow the concentrated sunlight to enter said combustion chamber and the substantially transparent section may comprises a lens. The lens may act to further concentrate the solar energy striking the lens into a small and very hot area. If necessary the transparent section may be locally cooled so as to preserve its thermal integrity Preferably the apparatus further comprising injector means for introducing oxygen or oxygen containing gas into said combustion chamber to enable complete oxidisation of the syngas.

In a preferred arrangement the apparatus further comprises: a syngas reservoir; a storage conduit for carrying a portion of said hot gas from the processing chamber into said syngas reservoir; and a syngas feed line for feeding syngas from said reservoir to said combustion chamber. The storage conduit and feed line may comprise sections of a conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber such that the syngas reservoir is inline in said conduit. Alternatively the reservoir can be located offline and the storage conduit and feed line connect the reservoir to the processing chamber and combustion chamber respectively, and may optionally branch from the a conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber. Preferably a first control valve to control the flow of gas from the processing chamber into the syngas reservoir and a second valve to control the flow of combustion chamber exhaust gas into said processing chamber are provided.

The apparatus therefore can be configured to direct excess syngas into a storage reservoir. This has several benefits including the provision of a smaller combustion chamber. As, when used for batch processing of organic waste the syngas produced is not a steady flow but rather ramps up at the start of the process and ramps down at the end of the process the combustion chamber must be dimensioned to meet maximum demand. By providing a syngas reservoir to which some of the syngas can be diverted the consumption of syngas in the combustion chamber can be balanced over the cycle. Further advantages of the reservoir are detailed below.

Preferably the apparatus further comprises a fossil fuel feed line to said burner capable of maintaining a pilot and/or, in the absence of sufficient syngas and/or solar heat, providing sufficient fossil fuel for combustion in said burner so as to, in use, create sufficient heat for the oxidation of any syngas entering said combustion chamber.

In a preferred arrangement a conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber is arranged to direct syngas into said combustion chamber burner. In this manner, when syngas is available it can be burned in the burner in place of fossil fuel to reduce the fossil fuel needed or, where solar heating is used in the combustion chamber, the syngas can be burned in the burner when there is insufficient solar energy available to raise the combustion chamber to the required combustion temperature.

The apparatus preferably comprises a combustion chamber exhaust gas outlet for supplying hot exhaust gas to a means of converting heat to electrical energy.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of processing organic waste comprising: placing said organic waste in a processing chamber; reflecting sunlight from a plurality of mirrored surfaces onto a heat absorbent surface so as to raise the temperature within said processing chamber so as to cause the organic waste material to gassify and produce synthetic gas; withdrawing said synthetic gas from said processing chamber and passing it into a combustion chamber where its temperature is raised, in the presence of oxygen, to sufficient temperature to oxidise said synthetic gas; re-circulating at least a portion of the combustion chamber exhaust gas back into said processing chamber.

Preferably the method further comprises: passing combustion chamber exhaust gas adjacent said heat absorbent surface to heat said exhaust gas with said reflected sunlight and passing said heated gas into said process chamber so as to raise the temperature within said processing chamber.

The method may further comprise raising the temperature of said syngas prior to passing it into said combustion chamber by passing said syngas adjacent a second heat absorbent surface and reflecting sunlight from a second at least one mirrored surface onto said second heat absorbent surface.

A portion of said withdrawn syngas may be diverted into a storage reservoir and the method may comprise feeding syngas from said storage reservoir to said combustion chamber. Preferably heat from said recycled combustion chamber exhaust gas makes up any shortfall in thermal input from reflected sunlight.

The method may further comprise reflecting and concentrating sunlight into said combustion chamber so as to directly heat gasses therein. Preferably reflecting and concentrating sunlight into said combustion chamber heats the gasses therein to a temperature at which in the presence of oxygen they oxidise.

The method may comprising introducing fossil fuel into a burner within the combustion chamber to produce a flow of hot combustion chamber exhaust gas sufficient to compensate for any shortfall in reflected sunlight used for heating said processing chamber. Preferably the method also comprises: controlling the flow of syngas diverted into the reservoir; controlling the flow of syngas from the reservoir into the combustion chamber; and controlling the flow of combustion chamber exhaust gas into the processing chamber; so as to maximise the solar energy used by the process and minimise the fossil fuel burnt in the burner.

Benefits of the method reflect those described in relation to the apparatus.

According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a method of processing organic waste comprising: during a sunlight processing cycle, following the method according to the second aspect of the invention; and during a night time processing cycle introducing fossil fuel into a burner in said combustion chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber.

In this manner solar energy is used when available to provide heating for the process chamber and optionally pre-heating of the syngas prior to combustion and heating the syngas in the combustion chamber and, when not available, i.e. during a night time processing cycle using fossil fuels to provide the required thermal input to the system.

It will be appreciated that the night time cycle may be run at any time when there is insufficient solar energy to provide the required heat and is not restricted to use during night time hours.

According to a forth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of processing organic waste comprising: during a sunlight processing cycle following the method according to the second aspect of the invention wherein a portion of said withdrawn syngas is diverted into a storage reservoir; and during a night time processing cycle introducing syngas from said syngas reservoir into a burner within said combustion chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber.

In this method a portion of the syngas created during sunlight processing cycles is diverted and stored for use as a fuel during the night time processing cycle, i.e. the solar energy is converted into chemical energy and is stored in the form of a syngas for use during night time processing cycles where it is converted from chemical energy to thermal energy to drive the processing of the organic waste. In this manner the size of the combustion chamber can be balanced to the combined night time/daytime processing cycle needs Preferably during said night time processing cycle, if said syngas reservoir becomes depleted below a specified threshold, the method further comprises introducing fossil fuel into said burner in said combustion chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber.

Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described, by means of example, with reference to the following drawings in which: Figures 1 and 2 show schematic diagrams of processes in accordance with the invention; Figure 3 shows an apparatus for performing the process of Figure 2; Figure 4 shows a further schematic diagram of a process in accordance with the invention; Figure 5 shows an apparatus for performing the process of Figure 4; Figure 6 shows a diagram of the heat exchange surfaces of the apparatus of Figures 3 and 5; Figure 7 shows a further schematic diagram of a process in accordance with the invention; and Figure 8 shows an apparatus for performing the process of Figure 7.

Referring to Figure 1 a diagram of an apparatus for processing organic waste is shown.

The apparatus comprises a processing chamber 2 in which waste material containing organic substances is thermally treated. The processing chamber 2 may be of a known type which may include a through-process chamber in which a stream of waste material containing organic substances is continuously fed into one end and the char removed from the other or, alternatively, it may be used in a batch processing method wherein waste material is loaded in to the processing chamber 2, is left therein for a period of time, and then is removed from the processing chamber 2. The processing chamber 2 is preferably moved during use so as to expose all surfaces of the waste material therein such that they may be processed. Movement may include one or more of rotating or tipping the processing chamber.

A combustion chamber 4 is connected to an outlet of the processing chamber 2 by conduit 6 which has a valve 8 therein. Conduit 6 carries syngas created by the processing of the organic waste material. The valve 8 may control one or both of the flow of syngas into the combustion chamber 4 and the back pressure within the processing chamber 2. The combustion chamber 4 contains a burner, not shown, in which the syngas is combusted.

Oxygen, or an Oxygen containing gas, for example compressed air, is injected into the combustion chamber 4 from supply 10. Sufficient Oxygen, or Oxygen containing gas, is added to the combustion chamber to enable the full oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds in the syngas combusting therein. The combustion chamber 4 is maintained at a temperature in excess of 850°C. This temperature may be achieved either by the combustion of the syngas itself or alternatively, or in addition, by the combustion of a fossil fuel, in particular natural gas, which is supplied from source 12 through conduit 14 and is controlled by means of valve 16. The burner may comprise an afterburner arrangement into which the syngas is introduced.

An outlet conduit 18 withdraws a proportion of the hot combustion gasses from the combustion chamber 4 and passes these through a first gas heating conduit 20 and from there into the processing chamber 2. The flow of hot exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber 4 into the first gas heating conduit is controlled by means of valve 22.

A solar reflector means 24 reflects sunlight onto an absorbent surface 26 of the first gas heating conduit 20.

The solar reflector means 24 comprises a mirror which focuses and concentrates the sunlight. The mirror may be any one of a number of known high temperature solar collectors for example it may include one or more parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes, Fresnel Reflectors or Linear Fresnel Reflectors.

The concentrated sunlight imparts thermal energy into the gas passing through the first gas heating conduit 20 thereby increasing its temperature before it passes into the processing chamber 2. The thermally heated exhaust gasses impart heat into the organic waste material in the processing chamber 2 causing it to pyrolysis and release synthetic gas.

The amount of natural gas from source 12 that is combusted in the combustion chamber 4 will vary throughout the process cycle and will reduce as the amount of syngas produce from the combustion chamber 4 increases.

A first gas heating conduit bypass 28 having a valve 30 therein allows the hot exhaust gasses taken from the combustion chamber 4 to bypass the first gas heating conduit 20. This bypass would be used in times of low solar energy whereby passing the hot combustion chamber exhaust gas through the first gas heating conduit 20 would result in a heat loss from the absorbent surface thereof. In such conditions, bypassing the gas heating conduit 20 results in hotter gasses being inputted to the processing chamber 2.

When the bypass 28 is in use it is anticipated that a higher volume of natural gas would be burned within the combustion chamber 4 such that a larger volume of hot exhaust gasses are input into the combustion chamber 4 to compensate for their lower temperature due to the lack of additional solar thermal heating.

Combustion chamber 4 has an outlet conduit 32 which takes the hot exhaust gasses not re-circulated back into the processing chamber 2 to an energy generation plant.

The hot exhaust gasses may, for example, be used to create steam to power a steam turbine.

The inclusion of the solar reflector 24 into the process reduces the volume of natural gas required to maintain the process thereby reducing the environmental impact associated with the use of fossil fuels. The flow rates of gas through the various valves is controlled so as to maintain a predetermined temperature and pressure within the processing chamber 2 in order to thermally decompose all the organic matter therein without melting the majority of the metal within the waste. However, metals with very low melting points, for example lead, may be melted within the process.

Referring to Figure 2 a similar system to that of Figure 1 is shown. In addition, instead of the syngas leaving the processing chamber 2 via conduit 6 being fed directly into the combustion chamber 4, it first passes through a second heating conduit 34 which has a second heat absorbent surface 36. One or more solar reflectors 24 as described above reflect sunlight onto the heat absorbent surface of the second heating conduit 34 so as to heat the syngas from the processing chamber 2 prior to its introduction to the combustion chamber 4.

By heating the syngas to close to its combustion temperature prior to adding it into the combustion chamber 4 the amount of energy needed in the combustion chamber 4 to combust it at a temperature in excess of 850°C is thereby reduced, further improving the efficiency of the system.

While it is noted that the total amount of energy required to thermally decompose the organic material and to combust the syngas produced therefrom does not change, the source of a proportion of this energy, in the present invention, is provided by the solar reflectors and therefore a reduced reliance on fossil fuels from supply 12 is achieved.

Referring to Figure 3 a diagram of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention is shown. The apparatus comprises a processing chamber 2 which is pivotally mounted on to processing chamber mounts 40 such that, in use, it can be pivoted thereon so as to cause any organic waste materials therein to pass from one side of the processing chamber 2 to the other. The processing chamber may be of the type described in published patent application WO 2006/1 00512.

The conduit 6 connects an outlet of the processing chamber 2 to the combustion chamber 4 and an outlet conduit 18 connects the combustion tower 4 to the processing chamber 2.

A plurality of solar reflectors 24 reflect light from the sun 42 onto a heat absorbing surface 20 of the processing chamber and a heat absorbing surface 34 of the combustion chamber 4.

The solar reflectors are shown as parabolic mirrors which may be positioned via positioning means 44 to track the sun so as to reflect solar energy onto the heat absorbing surfaces 20, 34. The combustion chamber 34 has a natural gas inlet and an Oxygen inlet, not shown.

The outlet of the combustion chamber 4 has a valve block 46 which controls the proportion of the hot exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber 34 which are directed through conduit 18 to the processing chamber and through conduit 32 to a power generation means. In use the apparatus of Figure 3 are operated as described with reference to the system of Figure 2. Further details of the heat absorbent panels 20, 34 are described below with reference to Figure 6.

Referring to Figures 4 and 5 a schematic diagram and apparatus of a further embodiment of the invention are shown. The system is substantially similar to that shown in Figures 2 and 3 except in so far as additional solar reflectors 48 are provided to reflect and concentrate sunlight from the sun 42 directly into the combustion chamber 4 so as to raise the temperature therein. The combustion chamber 4 comprises at least one substantially transparent section 50 through which the concentrated sunlight reflected by solar reflectors 48 can pass to enter the combustion chamber 4. In use the syngas exits the processing chamber 2 via conduit 6 and its flow is controlled by valve 8. The syngas then passes through the heat exchange panels 34 where it is heated by sunlight reflected by parabolic dishes 24 which reflect and concentrate sunlight onto the heat absorbent surface 36 of the panels 34. The preheated syngas then enters the combustion chamber 4 where its temperature is increased to a combustion temperature in excess of 850°C by concentrated sunlight reflected directly into the combustion chamber 4 by parabolic mirrors 48. A supply of Oxygen, or Oxygen containing gas 10, is supplied to the combustion chamber with the syngas in sufficient quantities for full oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's) within the syngas to occur within the combustion chamber.

The combustion chamber 4 is also supplied with natural gas from a supply 12 through conduit 14, the supply being controlled by valve 16. At times when there is insufficient sunlight to power the combustion process within the combustion chamber 4 natural gas can be burnt in the combustion chamber 4 so as to increase the temperature therein.

The remainder of the system operates substantially as described with reference to Figures 2 and 3.

The system and apparatus shown in Figures 4 and 5 maximise the use of available solar energy and can drastically reduce the amount of fossil fuels that are needed to be consumed to process organic waste material within the processing chamber 2.

Furthermore, the excess exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber 4 are used to power an electricity generating means resulting in a waste processing apparatus that transfers solar thermal energy into chemical potential energy within the processing chamber by processing organic waste and then combusts the chemical potential energy within combustion chamber 4 to produce thermal and kinetic energy in exhaust gasses passing through conduit 32 which can then be transferred into electrical potential energy.

Accordingly, not only is waste material safely processed but as a by-product of the waste processing cycle electrical energy can be produced with the minimum reliance upon fossil fuels.

It will be appreciated that the solar energy can only be used to power the processing of the waste materials during hours of sufficient sunlight. Accordingly, in a second mode of operation the system shown in any one of diagrams 1,2 and 4 can, during hours where there is not sufficient sunlight to provide the required thermal energy input, function solely on the thermal energy provided by the combustion or natural gas from source 12 within the combustion chamber.

Referring to Figure 6 a schematic cross-section of heating panels 20, 34 of the invention is shown. The panels are shown in two modes of operation, a night time mode of operation and a daytime mode of operation. During the daytime mode of operation exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber 4 enter the heating panel 52 via conduit 18 and pass through a first gas heating conduit 20 which runs adjacent the absorbent surface 26. Although not shown the heat absorbing surface 26 may have a corrugated or otherwise adapted external surface that increases its surface area. The use of an externally textured surface, for example a corrugated surface is especially beneficial when used with moving or rotating processing chambers as it ensures that there are always parts of the surface area which are perpendicular to the light reflected from the solar reflectors thereby enabling maximum heat absorbance.

The internal surface 54 of the conduit 20 may contain a surface texture that encourages the turbulent flow of exhaust gasses through the conduit 20. By inducing turbulent flow over the internal surface through which heat is absorbed, maximum heat transfer into the flowing gasses is obtained. The panel 52 may comprise a large flat conduit 20 or alternatively may comprise a plurality of smaller conduits arranged adjacent to one another substantially over the entire heat absorbent surface 26 of the panel 52.

After passing through the conduit 20 the heated exhaust gasses exit the panel 52 via outlet 56 and may thereafter directly enter the processing chamber 2. In some arrangements the outlets surface 58 of the panel 52 may comprise an internal surface of the processing chamber 2.

During night time use valve 30 is opened and the exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber 4 flow therethrough. The conduit 28 through which the exhaust gasses flow bypasses the heat exchange surface 26 of the panel 52 and is separated therefrom via a layer of insulation 60. During non-sunlight, or low sunlight hours the heat absorbent surface 26 will be at a lower temperature than the exhaust gasses entering the conduit 28 and therefore, without the thermal separation of the hot exhaust gasses from the heat absorbent surface 26 heat would be lost through the surface 26. Having bypassed the first heating conduit 20 the hot exhaust gasses pass directly from the combustion chamber 4 through outlets 56 into the processing chamber 2. Accordingly a heat absorbing panel may be provided that can be used to receive heat into gas passing therethrough during the hours in which solar energy is available and may thermally insulate exhaust gasses from combustion chamber 4 from the external environment when insufficient solar energy is available to affect heat.

Referring to Figures 7 and 8 a further embodiment of the invention is shown. The apparatus is substantially as described in relation to Figures 4 and 5 except in so far as a storage conduit 62 with a control valve 64 therein branches off the conduit 6 which carries syngas from the processing chamber 2 to the combustion chamber 4 via heat exchange conduit 34. The storage conduit 62 feeds into a syngas reservoir in which syngas can be stored. A syngas feed line 68 connects the syngas reservoir 66 to the combustion chamber 4. The syngas feed line 68 has a valve 70 therein for controlling the feed of syngas from the syngas reservoir 66 into the combustion chamber 4. The syngas feed line 68 may feed syngas from the reservoir 66 back into the conduit 6 so that it can travel therein to the combustion chamber 4 or, alternatively, the syngas feed line 68 may lead directly into the combustion chamber 4 without reconnecting with conduit 6.

In arrangements where the syngas feed line 68 leads back into conduit 6, a valve, not shown, is positioned in conduit 6 between the junctions with the storage conduit 62 and the syngas feed line 68.

In use, syngas exiting the processing chamber 2 via conduit 6 may be directed such that a proportion of the syngas enters the combustion chamber for combustion therein and a proportion of the syngas produced is withdrawn from the conduit 6 and is stored in the syngas reservoir 66 via storage conduit 62.

As the processing chamber 2 is, in a preferred arrangement, a batch processing chamber the output level of syngas varies in relation to the treatment cycle. During the initial period of treatment a low production of syngas is achieved which increases to a maximum production rate of syngas toward the middle of the cycle and, towards the end of the cycle the syngas production rate decreases. The syngas reservoir 66 may act as a buffer to withdraw syngas from the system during times of maximum production and to return syngas to the system during times of lower production so as to even the flow of syngas to the combustion chamber 4 throughout the processing cycle.

Alternatively, or in addition to evening the flow of syngas to the combustion chamber 4, syngas drawn from the syngas reservoir 66 may be combusted at a higher or lower rate within a combustion chamber 4 to vary the temperature and flow rate of exhaust gas passing therefrom into the processing chamber 2. In this manner, during the initial stages of the cycle where the organic waste material within the processing chamber 2 is at a relatively low temperature heat can be quickly supplied to the processing chamber to bring the temperature of the organic containing waste material up to its processing temperature. This heating is provided in two manners. Firstly by the rate of syngas and/or natural gas burnt within the combustion chamber and secondly by the amount of solar energy that can be reflected from the solar reflectors 24 on to the heating conduits 20 to increase the temperature of the exhaust gasses from combustion chamber 4. Once the processing chamber 2 is at its processing temperature the volume of syngas from the reservoir 66 that is being combusted in the combustion chamber 4 can be decreased such that sufficient heat is maintained within the processing chamber 2 for the process to continue.

Towards the end of the processing cycle, as the syngas production rate within the processing chamber 2 decreases, then additional syngas may be added into the combustion chamber 4 from the syngas reservoir 66 so as to maintain a high enough temperature and flow of exhaust gasses to maintain the production of electricity from the electricity producing means powered by the exhaust gasses supplied by conduit 32.

It is anticipated that during the middle period of the processing cycle, when maximum syngas is being produced from the processing chamber, that sufficient syngas will be produced to both power the combustion chamber and to allow for a proportion of the produced syngas to be withdrawn via storage conduit 62 to replenish syngas levels within the reservoir 66.

In a preferred method of operation the processing chamber 2 produces sufficient excess syngas during hours of sunlight such that a sufficient reserve can be stored within the reservoir 66 such that, at night time, when the solar energy is not available to power the system that a large portion, if not all, of the heating requirement of the combustion chamber 4 can be provided by the combustion therein of syngas from the syngas reservoir 66, in combination with the syngas produced by the processing chamber 2. In this manner, the system can be run during both the night time and daytime with a minimal need for the additional use of fossil fuels. Effectively, the syngas within the reservoir 66 is used to store the solar energy utilised within the process during sunlight hours for conversion back into thermal energy during night time hours.

As will be appreciated the skilled person, various standard operating conditions are associated with the combustion of syngas, for example the temperature and residence time at which it is combusted in order to fully oxidise any VOCs therein and various exhaust gas treatment operations would be used in connection with the method and apparatus as described herein.

It will further be appreciated by the skilled person that various combinations of the features of the embodiments may be utilised in combination with one another whilst remaining within the scope of the invention. For example, the syngas reservoir 66 described in relation to Figures 7 and 8 may be used with the system as described in Figures 1 to 3. a

Claims

CLAIMS: 1 An apparatus for processing material such as organically coated waste and organic materials including biomass, industrial waste, municipal solid waste and sludge, comprising: a processing chamber for processing said material at an elevated temperature to produce syngas; a combustion chamber having at least one burner therein for combusting syngas released by processing of said material; a conduit means between said combustion chamber and said processing chamber for carrying hot exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber to said processing chamber; and at last one mirror arranged to reflect and concentrate sunlight thereby to cause the temperature within said processing chamber to be raised.

2 The apparatus according to claim wherein: the processing chamber has at least one external heat absorbent surface associated therewith and said at last one mirror is arranged to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto said heat absorbing surface.

3 The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said heat absorbent surface comprises a heat absorbent external layer and a first gas heating conduit adjacent said heat absorbent layer for receiving combustion chamber exhaust gas, said first gas heating conduit in fluid communication with said processing chamber such that, in use, combustion chamber exhaust gas passing adjacent said heat absorbent surface is heated by said reflected sunlight and flows into said process chamber so as to raise the temperature therein.

4 The apparatus according to claim 3 further comprising: an insulating layer adjacent said first gas heating conduit and separated from said absorbent layer thereby; and a bypass valve operable to either direct exhaust gas from said combustion chamber through said first gas heating conduit or direct exhaust gas from said combustion chamber through a gas heating conduit bypass; wherein said gas heating conduit bypass is separated from said heat absorbent surface by an insulating layer.

The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 4 wherein the processing chamber is moved during operation and said heat absorbent surface forms an externat surface of said movable processing chamber.

6 The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 5 further comprising: a second at least one mirror for reflecting sunlight onto a second heat absorbent surface; and a second heating conduit adjacent said second heat absorbing surface said second heating conduit carrying syngas from said production chamber to combustion chamber and operable to pre heat said syngas prior to combustion in said combustion chamber.

7 The apparatus according to claim 6 wherein the apparatus comprises a combustion tower housing said combustion chamber and the second heat absorbent surface comprises an external surface of said combustion tower.

8 The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 7 wherein the external surface of the first andlor second heat absorbing surface has a surface texture thereon so as to increase its surface area.

9 The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 8 claim wherein the internal surface of the first and/or second heating conduit has a surface texture thereon to induce turbulence in gas flow therethrough thereby increasing heat exchange with said heat absorbent surface.The apparatus according to any preceding claim further comprising: a further at least one mirror for reflecting and concentrating sunlight directly into said combustion chamber so as to raise the temperature within said combustion chamber.

U

11 The apparatus according to claim 10 wherein said combustion chamber comprises at least one substantially transparent section to allow the concentrated sunlight to enter said combustion chamber.

12 The apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said substantially transparent section comprises a lens.

13 The apparatus according to any one of claims 11 or 12 wherein said transparent section is locally cooled.

14 The apparatus according any one of claims 10 to 13 further comprising injector means for introducing oxygen or oxygen containing gas into said combustion chamber.

The apparatus according to any preceding claim further comprising: a syngas reservoir; a storage conduit for carrying a portion of said hot gas from the processing chamber into said syngas reservoir; and a syngas feed line for feeding syngas from said reservoir to said combustion chamber.

16 The apparatus according to claim 15 wherein said storage conduit and said feed line comprise sections of a conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber such that the syngas reservoir is inline in said conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber.

17 The apparatus according to claim 15 further comprising: a first control valve to control the flow of gas from said conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber into the syngas reservoir; and a second valve to control the flow of combustion chamber exhaust gas into said processing chamber.

18 The apparatus according to any preceding claim further comprising a fossil fuel feed line to said burner capable of maintaining an burner pilot and/or, in the absence of sufficient syngas and/or solar heat, providing sufficient fossil fuel for combustion in said burner so as to, in use, create sufficient heat for the oxidation of any syngas entering said combustion chamber.

19 The apparatus according to any preceding claims wherein syngas produced by said processing chamber is directed into said combustion chamber burner.

An apparatus according to any preceding claims further comprising a combustion chamber exhaust gas outlet for supplying hot exhaust gas to a means of converting heat to electrical energy.

21 A method of processing organic waste comprising: placing said organic waste is a processing chamber; reflecting sunlight from a plurality of mirrored surfaces onto a heat absorbent surface so as to raise the temperature, in an oxygen deficient environment, within said processing chamber so as to cause the organic waste material to gassify and produce synthetic gas; withdrawing said synthetic gas from said processing chamber and passing it into a combustion chamber where its temperature is raised, in the presence of oxygen, to sufficient temperature to oxidise said synthetic gas; re-circulating at least a portion of the combustion chamber exhaust gas back into said processing chamber.

22 The method according to claim 21 further comprising: passing combustion chamber exhaust gas adjacent said heat absorbent surface to heat said exhaust gas with said reflected sunlight: and passing said heated gas into said process chamber so as to raise the temperature within said processing chamber.

23 The method according to claim 21 or 22 further comprising: raising the temperature of said syngas prior to passing it into said combustion chamber by passing said syngas adjacent a second heat absorbent surface; and reflecting sunlight from a second at least one mirrored surface onto said second heat absorbent surface.

24 The method according to any one of claims 21 to 23 further comprising diverting a portion of said withdrawn syngas into a storage reservoir.

The method according to claim 24 further comprising feeding syngas from said storage reservoir to said combustion chamber.

26 The method according to claim 25 wherein heat from said recycled combustion chamber exhaust gas makes up any shortfall in thermal input from reflected sunlight.

27 The method according to any one of claims 21 to 26 further comprising: reflecting and concentrating sunlight into said combustion chamber so as to directly heat gasses therein.

28 The method according to claim 27 wherein reflecting and concentrating sunlight into said combustion chamber heats the gasses therein to a temperature at which in the presence of oxygen they oxidise.

29 The method according to any one of claims 21 to 28 further comprising introducing fossil fuel into an burner within the combustion chamber to produce a flow of hot combustion chamber exhaust gas sufficient to compensate for any shortfall in reflected sunlight used for heating said processing chamber.

The method according to claim 29 further comprising: controlling the flow of syngas diverted into the reservoir; controlling the flow of syngas from the reservoir into the combustion chamber; and controlling the flow of combustion chamber exhaust gas into the production chamber; so as to maxim ise the solar energy used by the process and minimise the fossil fuel burnt in the burner.

31 A method of processing organic waste comprising: during sunlight hours, following the method according to any one of claims 21 to 30; and during night time hours introducing fossil fuel into a burner in said combustion chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber.

32 A method of processing organic waste comprising: during sunlight hours, following the method according to claim 23; and during night time hours introducing syngas from said syngas reservoir into a burner within said combustion chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber.

33 The method according to claim 32 wherein the method further comprises: during said night time hours, if said syngas reservoir becomes depleted below a specified threshold, introducing fossil fuel into said burner in said combustion chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber.Amendments to the claims have been filed as follows: CLAIMS: 1 An apparatus for processing material such as organically coated waste and organic materials including biomass, industrial waste, municipal solid waste and sludge, comprising: a processing chamber for processing said material at an elevated temperature to produce syngas; a combustion chamber having at least one burner therein for combusting syngas released by processing of said material; a conduit means between said combustion chamber and said processing chamber for carrying hot exhaust gasses from the combustion chamber to said processing chamber; at last one mirror arranged to reflect and concentrate sunlight thereby to cause the temperature within said processing chamber to be raised; a syngas reservoir; a storage conduit for carrying syngas into said syngas reservoir; and a syngas feed line for feeding syngas from said reservoir to said combustion chamber.2 The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein: the processing chamber has at least one external heat absorbent surface *SS...* associated therewith and said at last one mirror is arranged to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto said heat absorbing surface.SS. *** * 3 The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said heat absorbent surface comprises a heat absorbent external layer and a first gas heating conduit adjacent said heat absorbent layer for receiving combustion chamber exhaust gas, said first gas heating conduit in fluid communication with said processing chamber such that, in use, combustion chamber exhaust gas passing adjacent said heat absorbent surface is heated by said reflected sunlight and flows into said process chamber so as to raise the temperature therein.4 The apparatus according to claim 3 further comprising: an insulating layer adjacent said first gas heating conduit and separated from said absorbent layer thereby; and a bypass valve operable to either direct exhaust gas from said combustion chamber through said first gas heating conduit or direct exhaust gas from said combustion chamber through a gas heating conduit bypass; wherein said gas heating conduit bypass is separated from said heat absorbent surface by an insulating layer.The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 4 wherein the processing chamber is moved during operation and said heat absorbent surface forms an external surface of said movable processing chamber.6 The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 5 further comprising: a second at least one mirror for reflecting sunlight onto a second heat absorbent surface; and a second heating conduit adjacent said second heat absorbing surface said second heating conduit carrying syngas from said production chamber to combustion chamber and operable to pie heat said syngas prior to combustion in said combustion chamber.7 The apparatus according to claim 6 wherein the apparatus comprises a combustion tower housing said combustion chamber and the second heat absorbent **..surface comprises an external surface of said combustion tower.8 The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 7 wherein the external surface of the first and/or second heat absorbing surface has a surface texture thereon so as to increase its surface area. * ** * * S *** S9 The apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 8 claim wherein the internal surface of the first and/or second heating conduit has a surface texture thereon to induce turbulence in gas flow therethrough thereby increasing heat exchange with said heat absorbent surface.The apparatus according to any preceding claim further comprising: a further at least one mirror for reflecting and concentrating sunlight directly into said combustion chamber so as to raise the temperature within said combustion chamber.11 The apparatus according to claim 10 wherein said combustion chamber comprises at least one substantially transparent section to allow the concentrated sunlight to enter said combustion chamber.12 The apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said substantially transparent section comprises a lens.13 The apparatus according to any one of claims 11 or 12 wherein said transparent section is locally cooled.14 The apparatus according any one of claims 10 to 13 further comprising injector means for introducing oxygen or oxygen containing gas into said combustion chamber.15 The apparatus according to claim I wherein said storage conduit and said feed line comprise sections of a conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber such that the syngas reservoir is inline in said conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber. 20 16 The apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising: a first control valve to control the flow of gas from said conduit between said processing chamber and said combustion chamber into the syngas reservoir; and a second valve to control the flow of combustion chamber exhaust gas into said processing chamber.17 The apparatus according to any preceding claim further comprising a fossil fuel feed line to said burner capable of maintaining an burner pilot and/or, in the absence of sufficient syngas and/or solar heat, providing sufficient fossil fuel for combustion in said burner so as to, in use, create sufficient heat for the oxidation of any syngas entering said combustion chamber.18 The apparatus according to any preceding claims wherein syngas produced by said processing chamber is directed into said combustion chamber burner.19 An apparatus according to any preceding claims further comprising a combustion chamber exhaust gas outlet for supplying hot exhaust gas to a means of converting heat to electrical energy.20 A method of processing organic waste comprising: placing said organic waste in a processing chamber; reflecting sunlight from a plurality of mirrored surfaces onto a heat absorbent surface so as to raise the temperature, in an oxygen deficient environment, within said processing chamber so as to cause the organic waste material to gassify and produce syngas; withdrawing said syngas from said processing chamber; diverting at least a portion of said withdrawn syngas into a storage reservoir; passing syngas into a combustion chamber where its temperature is raised, in the presence of oxygen, to sufficient temperature to oxidise said syngas; re-circulating at least a portion of the combustion chamber exhaust gas back into said processing chamber.21 The method according to claim 20 further comprising: passing combustion chamber exhaust gas adjacent said heat absorbent surface ". 20 to heat said exhaust gas with said reflected sunlight; and *1S* passing said heated gas into said process chamber so as to raise the temperature within said processing chamber. * * * * I.22 The method according to claim 20 or 21 further comprising: raising the temperature of said syngas prior to passing it into said combustion chamber by passing said syngas adjacent a second heat absorbent surface; and reflecting sunlight from a second at least one mirrored surface onto said second heat absorbent surface.23 The method according to claim 20 further comprising feeding syngas from said storage reservoir to said combustion chamber.24 The method according to claim 23 wherein heat from said recycled combustion chamber exhaust gas makes up any shortfall in thermal input from reflected sunlight.The method according to any one of claims 20 to 24 further comprising: reflecting and concentrating sunlight into said combustion chamber so as to directly heat gasses therein.26 The method according to claim 25 wherein reflecting and concentrating sunlight into said combustion chamber heats the gasses therein to a temperature at which in the presence of oxygen they oxidise.27 The method according to any one of claims 20 to 26 further comprising introducing fossil fuel into a burner within the combustion chamber to produce a flow of hot combustion chamber exhaust gas sufficient to compensate for any shortfall in reflected sunlight used for heating said processing chamber.28 The method according to claim 27 further comprising: controlling the flow of syngas diverted into the reservoir; controlling the flow of syngas from the reservoir into the combustion chamber; and controlling the flow of combustion chamber exhaust gas into the processing chamber; . 20 SO as to maximise the solar energy used by the process and minimise the fossil *S*.fuel burnt in the burner.*...S. * *29 A method of processing organic waste comprising: during sunlight hours, following the method according to any one of claims 20 to 28; and during night time hours introducing fossil fuel into a burner in said combustion :1 * chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber.A method of processing organic waste comprising: during sunlight hours, following the method according to claim 20; and during night time hours introducing syngas from said syngas reservoir into a burner within said combustion chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber.31 The method according to claim 30 wherein the method further comprises: during said night time hours, if said syngas reservoir becomes depleted below a specified threshold, introducing fossil fuel into said burner in said combustion chamber in sufficient quantities to: a) create sufficient hot exhaust gas to heat said processing chamber to the required temperature for the gasification of the organic waste therein; and b) raise the temperature within the combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to oxidise therein syngas produced in and received from said processing chamber. * . ****S... * * ** * * S S * *5S*55... * S * S. * S * 5.5 SS S5S5i * *