GB2436624A

GB2436624A - Fluid flow control device

Info

Publication number: GB2436624A
Application number: GB0606497A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Kwok M Ngai
Original assignee: Nuaire Ltd
Current assignee: Nuaire Ltd
Priority date: 2006-03-31
Filing date: 2006-03-31
Publication date: 2007-10-03
Anticipated expiration: 2026-03-31
Also published as: EP1840476A3; GB2436624B; EP1840476A2; EP1840476B1; GB0606497D0

Abstract

A fluid flow control apparatus preferably includes an air flow device 20 which comprises a housing 21 which has an inlet 22 and an outlet 23; a controller 30 is used to control the flow of a fluid preferably air through the housing from the inlet to the outlet; a sensor is used to sense the air flow through the housing and produce an output signal 31; the controller is arranged to control the flow of fluid through the housing based on the sensor output. Preferably the device is used in a ventilation system in a building.

Description

Fluid flow control apparatus The present invention relates to a fluid

flow control apparatus.

In particular, but not exclusively, the present invention relates to an airflow control device for use in a building's ventilating system to control the rate of flow of air between a room in the building and a ventilation duct.

Constant pressure ventilating systems for ventilating individual rooms within a building, particularly high-rise buildings like hotels and apartment blocks are known. A typical constant pressure system of the type supplied by the applicant is illustrated in Figure 1.

High-rise building 1 contains a main ventilating duct 2 that extends vertically through the building 1. A fan chamber 3 is provided at the top of the main ventilating duct 2 and contains a motor driven ventilating fan 3a. The ventilating fan 3a generates a flow of air through the main ventilating duct 2, which flow of air is discharged to the atmosphere through a discharge duct 4 connected to the fan chamber 3.

The building 1 comprises several floors 5, each comprising a room 6 adlacent to the main ventilating duct 2. The rooms 5 are separated from the main ventilating duct 2 by walls 7. Branch ventilating ducts 8 extend through the walls 7 to provide communication between each room 6 and the main ventilating duct 2. Thus in use, the ventilating fan 3a causes air to flow from the rooms 6 through the branch ventilating ducts 8 and through the main ventilating duct 2 for discharging to the atmosphere via discharge duct 4.

As illustrated in Figure 2, an airflow damper 9 terminates each branch-ventilating duct 8 at the room end. In one system offered by the applicant, and as illustrated in Figure 2, the airflow 9 is a motorised two-position damper grille known as the NRG grille. The NRG damper grille 9 comprises a shutter (not shown) that is motor driveable between a closed position and an open position. In the closed position, the grille 9 enables a trickle ventilation rate (for example 8 litres/sec) for a room 6 to be achieved as background ventilation and in the open position a boosted ventilation rate (for example 24 litres/sec) for a room 6 to be achieved.

The NRG damper grille 9 comprises an Infra Red motion sensor 10 for detecting room occupancy. When a person enters a currently un- occupied room, the sensor 10 detects movement and in response, the shutter (not shown) is driven from the trickle ventilation position to the boost ventilation position.

A pressure sensor 11 mounted at the fan chamber 3 continually monitors the system's pressure and compares it to a pre-set target pressure that the fan 3a is configured to maintain. When a room becomes occupied and a grill 9 opens, the pressure in the system reduces. The pressure sensor 11 detects the reduction and increases the fan speed to return the system's pressure to the pre-set target. This results in a boosted extract rate from the newly occupied room, whilst maintaining the trickle rate in any remaining un-occupied rooms and maintaining the boosted rate in any already occupied rooms.

The NGR grille 9 is configured to close to the trickle flow rate position approximately twenty minutes after the last movement in a room 6 is detected. The closing of a grille 9 causes the system's pressure to increase above the pre-set target pressure.

The pressure sensor 11 detects the increase and decreases the fan speed to return the system's pressure to the pre-set target.

This results in a trickle extract rate from the newly un-occupied room, whilst maintaining the trickle rate in any remaining un-occupied rooms and maintaining the boosted rate in any occupied rooms.

In such a constant pressure ventilation system, the pressure setting (z) at the fan 3a is negative (for example negative l5OPa) relative to the atmospheric pressure of the rooms.

Moreover, the pressure drop (x) in the ducting from the fan 3a to any given grille 9 added to the pressure drop (Y) across that grille 9 to the room 6 is equal to the pressure setting of the fan, i.e. Z = X + Y. A system is normally commissioned to ensure that it can deliver the boost flow rate from all the rooms 6 simultaneously. The pressure drop through the ductwork 2 is a function of the total airflow through the ductwork 2, whilst the pressure drop through a grille 9 is a function of the airflow through that grille 9.

Thus, when a majority of the grilles 9 are in the trickle position (for example, all of them in Figure 1, except the lowest) the ductwork pressure drop (X) is less than it is when all of the grilles 9 are in the boost position. However, as explained above, the fan pressure is maintained at a pre-determined constant (z) and so the pressure drop through the grilles 9 must increase to make up the shortfall. This results in over-ventilation of the rooms 6, especially those having a grille in the boost position.

To minimize this effect, a design constraint is imposed by setting the airflow resistance of the grilles 9 higher (for example twice as high) than that of the ducting 2. Thus in use, the pressure drop (Y) across a grille is higher than the pressure drop (x) across the ducting, for example Y = 2X if the airflow resistance of the grille 9 is twice that of the ducting 2. Consequently, any drop in X need be compensated by a relatively small increase in Y to maintain z constant, resulting in a relatively small increase in flow rate through the grille 9. This constraint reduces the over ventilating problem but cannot eliminate it completely.

Furthermore, this design constraint results in a higher than ideal system airflow resistance, which reduces the energy saving benefits of using a constant pressure system.

It is desirable to provide a fluid flow control apparatus that can control the flow rate of fluid flowing there through in a convenient and accurate manner.

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided fluid flow control apparatus comprising: a housing having an inlet and an outlet; a controller for controlling the flow of a fluid flowing through the housing from the inlet to the outlet; a sensor for sensing a fluid flowing through the housing and generating an output signal that depends upon the flow rate of the fluid, and wherein the controller is arranged to control the flow rate of the fluid through the housing in dependence upon the sensor output.

Preferably, the controller is arranged to control the flow of the fluid through the housing such that the flow rate meets a pre-determined target. Advantageously, if it is sensed that the flow rate has deviated from the target flow rate the controller controls the flow rate so that it returns to the target rate.

Preferably, the controller is configurable to control the flow of the fluid through the housing such that the flow rate meets either a first pre-determined target or a second higher pre-determined target. In a building ventilating system the first target may be a relatively low trickle' flow rate suitable for an un-occupied room and the second higher pre-determined target may be a relatively high boost' flow rate suitable for an occupied room.

Preferably, the controller is configurable so that the first and second pre-determined target rates are selectable between upper and lower limits.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a ventilating system for ventilating at least one room of a building, the ventilating system comprising a ventilation duct and a fan for causing an air flow through the duct to ventilate the at least one room, the ventilating system further comprising a fluid flow apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention, the fluid flow apparatus connected to or in the duct to control the rate of flow of air between the room and the duct.

An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawing in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a constant pressure ventilation system; Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of an enlarged section of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of an airflow damper embodying the present invention.

Referring now to Figure 3 of the drawings, there is illustrated an airflow control device 20 embodying the present invention.

The airflow control device 20 comprises a housing 21 formed of a rigid material, for example metal or moulded plastic. The housing 21 includes at its respective ends an open inlet spigot 22 and an open outlet spigot 23 and defines an airflow path from the inlet 22 to the outlet 23.

In one embodiment of the invention, such an airflow control device 20 replaces the NGR damper grille 9 in each room served by the constant pressure ventilation system 1 of Figure 1. The device 20 is mounted by means of its outlet spigot 23 to the room end of a branch ventilating duct 8 and is mounted by means of its inlet spigot 22 to a wall 7. The device 20 therefore defines an airflow path from a room 6 into a branch ventilating duct 8.

The device 20 further comprises an airflow control system 24 for controlling the amount of airflow through the device 20. In a preferred embodiment, the airflow control system 24 comprises a static damper plate 25 and a movable damper plate 26. The static damper plate 25 is mounted at a fixed position within the housing 21 toward the outlet 23. The static damper plate 25 is co-axial with the housing 21 and has a central aperture 27.

The movable damper plate 26 is mounted on a linear driver 28 within the housing 21 on the inlet side of the static damper plate 25 facing the central aperture 27. The static damper plate 25 is also co-axial with the housing 21 and has a diameter greater than that of the central aperture 27.

The linear driver 28 is coupled to a bi-directional motor 29 for driving the moveable damper plate 26 back and forth relative to the static damper plate 25. The moveable damper plate 26 has a travel range 28 and may be moved to any position within this range 29 to control the airflow through the central aperture 27 and hence through the device 20.

The control system 24 further comprises a processor 30 for controlling the motor 29 to position the moveable damper plate 26. In the preferred embodiment, the control system 24 is configured so that the device 20 provides either a trickle flow rate or a higher boost flow rate. The target trickle flow rate is a rate suitable for when the room being ventilated is un-occupied and the boost flow rate a rate suitable for when the room is occupied.

A control signal 31 from an infra-red motion sensor (not shown) is fed to the processor 30, which selects on the basis of the signal 30 whether the device is to operate at the trickle flow rate (when no motion is detected) or the boost flow rate (when motion is detected) and controls the motor 29 to position the moveable damper plate 26 appropriately. Preferably, the processor 30 is arranged to maintain the device operating at the boost flow rate for a pre-determined time period, say 20 minutes, after the detection of the last movement in the room.

This prevents the device 20 needlessly switching to trickle flow rate on occasions that the room is left only momentarily un-occupied. Other means may be used to select whether the device is to operate at trickle flow rate or boost flow rate, for example, a manual switch operated by an occupant or a signal from a Building Management System (BMS) control.

The actual target flow rates in both the trickle flow rate setting and the boost flow rate setting may be set at any desired value between a minimum value and a maximum value by means of potentiometers (not shown).

Alternatively, the target flow rates may be selected as any value between the maximum and minimum values by means of a signal (not shown) input from an external sensor (not shown), for example a carbon dioxide sensor measuring the quality of the air in the room.

The device 20 further comprises an air velocity sensor 32 located within the housing 21 the inlet side of the moveable damper plate 26 in a measurement section 33. In use, the air velocity sensor 32 measures the airflow through the measurement section 33, generates a signal 34 indicative of the airflow rate through the section and feeds the signal to the processor 30.

In both the trickle flow rate mode and the boost flow rate mode, the processor 30 processes the signal 34 and controls the motor 29 to position the moveable damper plate 26 so that the actual flow rate through the device 20 meets the set target flow rate.

In practice, provided the pressure differential across the device 20 is within a pre-determined range, the target airflow rate can be maintained. The pre-determined pressure differential range will be dependent upon the design of the device 20, in particular the geometry of the air-flow path, the size of the aperture 27 and the range of travel of the moveable damper plate 25.

Thus, a constant pressure ventilating system 1 incorporating devices 20 in place of the grilles 8 will not suffer from the over ventilating problem described in the introduction. Any over ventilating of a room will be instantly detected by the control system 24 and the moveable damper 26 moved so as to lower the airflow rate back to the target rate. Furthermore, the design constrain applied to known systems that the airflow resistance of the dampers should be considerably higher than that of the ducting need not apply to systems embodying the present invention resulting in energy efficiency gains.

The design of the dampers 25, 26 produces a constant streamline pattern at the measurement section 33 over the range of airflow rates that the device 20 will likely carry in a constant pressure ventilation system. Advantageously, this helps ensure that local air velocity measured by the air velocity sensor 31 is representative of the air velocity through the measurement section 32 as a whole. It will be appreciated however, that different designs of airflow damping systems are possible for varying the effective area of an airflow section to meet a target flow rate.

Preferably, soft compressible material 35, for example open-cell foam or the like, is placed on the static damper plate 25, as illustrated, or alternatively the moveable damper plate 26 or indeed both plates. This material 35 helps prevent a whistling noise generated when airflow is forced past the dampers. The compressible property of the material allows for fine adjustment of airflow when the damper is driven against the material.

In known constant pressure ventilation systems offered by the applicant, NRG-IL inline dampers may be used as an alternative to the NRG grilles 9. In such systems each NRG-IL inline damper function in a similar manner as an NRG grille 8 but is connected in-line and part way along a branch duct 8 rather than at the end of a branch duct 8 as is grille 9. It will be appreciated that in such systems a device 20 may also be used connected in-line and part way along a branch duct 8 in place of an NRGIL inline damper.

Although the embodiment described above relates to a building ventilation system it will be appreciated that the invention may advantageously be used in other applications requiring control of a fluid's flow rate. Although the embodiment described above relates to a building ventilation system in which air is drawn from a room the invention may also advantageously be used in ventilation systems in which air is blown into a room.

Having thus described the present invention by reference to a preferred embodiment it is to be well understood that the embodiment in question is exemplary only and that modifications and variations such as will occur to those possessed of appropriate knowledge and skills may be made without departure from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and equivalents thereof. In the claims, any reference signs placed in parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claims. The word comprising'' and comprises'', and the like, does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in any claim or the specification as a whole. The singular reference of an element does not exclude the plural reference of such elements.

Claims

CLAIMS

1. Fluid flow control apparatus comprising: a housing having an inlet and an outlet; a controller for controlling the flow of a fluid flowing through the housing from the inlet to the outlet; a sensor for sensing a fluid flowing through the housing and generating an output signal that depends upon the flow rate of the fluid, and wherein the controller is arranged to control the flow rate of the fluid through the housing in dependence upon the sensor output.

2. Fluid flow apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller is arranged to control the flow of the fluid through the housing such that the flow rate meets a pre-determined target.

3. Fluid flow apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the controller is configurable to control the flow of the fluid through the housing such that the flow rate meets either a first pre-determined target or a second higher pre-determined target.

4. Fluid flow apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the controller is configurable so that the first and second pre-determined target rates are selectable between upper and lower limits.

5. Fluid flow apparatus according to any proceeding claim, wherein the controller comprises a damper arrangement for varying the size of an area of the housing through which the fluid flows to thereby control the flow rate.

6. Fluid flow apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the damper arrangement comprises a first damper plate defining an aperture through which fluid flowing through the housing can flow and a second damper plate opposing the first damper plate, and means for causing relative movement between the damper plates to vary the size of the area of the housing through which the fluid flows.

7. Fluid flow apparatus according to claim 6 wherein the first damper plate is fixed in the housing and the second damper plate is moveable relative to the first damper plate.

8. Fluid flow apparatus according to claim 7, the damper arrangement further comprising a drive mechanism for reciprocally moving the second damper plate relative to the first damper plate.

9. Fluid flow apparatus according to any of claims 6 to 8 wherein at least one of the first damper plate and second damper plate has a surface comprising a material that inhibits noise generated by a fluid flowing there over.

10. Fluid flow apparatus according to any proceeding claim, wherein the sensor is a fluid velocity sensor.

ii. Fluid flow apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, the pre-determined target flow rate is selectable between upper and lower limits.

12. Fluid flow apparatus according to claim 11 wherein the pre-determined target flow rate is selectable by means of a signal input by a gas sensor.

13. Ventilating system for ventilating at least one enclosed space in a building, the ventilating system comprising a ventilation duct and a fan for causing an air flow through the duct to ventilate the at least one enclosed space, the ventilating system further comprising a fluid flow apparatus according to any preceding claim, the fluid flow apparatus connected to or in the duct to control the rate of flow of air between the enclosed space and the duct.

14. Ventilating system according to claim 13, wherein the system is a constant pressure system arranged in use to vary the speed of the fan to maintain a constant pre-determined pressure difference between the fan and the at least one enclosed space.