GB2422344B - Rapid prototyping method using infrared sintering - Google Patents

Rapid prototyping method using infrared sintering

Info

Publication number
GB2422344B
GB2422344B GB0501380A GB0501380A GB2422344B GB 2422344 B GB2422344 B GB 2422344B GB 0501380 A GB0501380 A GB 0501380A GB 0501380 A GB0501380 A GB 0501380A GB 2422344 B GB2422344 B GB 2422344B
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
rapid prototyping
prototyping method
infrared sintering
sintering
infrared
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
GB0501380A
Other versions
GB2422344A (en
GB2422344A8 (en
GB0501380D0 (en
Inventor
David Ian Wimpenny
Soumya Banerjee
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
De Montfort University
Original Assignee
De Montfort University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by De Montfort University filed Critical De Montfort University
Priority to GB0501380A priority Critical patent/GB2422344B/en
Publication of GB0501380D0 publication Critical patent/GB0501380D0/en
Publication of GB2422344A publication Critical patent/GB2422344A/en
Publication of GB2422344A8 publication Critical patent/GB2422344A8/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2422344B publication Critical patent/GB2422344B/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/141Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
    • B29C64/153Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/10Formation of a green body
    • B22F10/14Formation of a green body by jetting of binder onto a bed of metal powder
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/22Driving means
    • B22F12/224Driving means for motion along a direction within the plane of a layer
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40Radiation means
    • B22F12/41Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/90Means for process control, e.g. cameras or sensors
    • B22F3/008
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10Sintering only
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/02Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/02Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
    • B29C35/08Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
    • B29C35/0805Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C39/00Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C39/02Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C39/12Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C39/00Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C39/02Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B29C39/12Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
    • B29C39/123Making multilayered articles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/165Processes of additive manufacturing using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C67/00Shaping techniques not covered by groups B29C39/00 - B29C65/00, B29C70/00 or B29C73/00
    • B29C67/02Moulding by agglomerating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C67/00Shaping techniques not covered by groups B29C39/00 - B29C65/00, B29C70/00 or B29C73/00
    • B29C67/02Moulding by agglomerating
    • B29C67/04Sintering
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33YADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00Processes of additive manufacturing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30Process control
    • B22F10/36Process control of energy beam parameters
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/70Recycling
    • B22F10/73Recycling of powder
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/10Auxiliary heating means
    • B22F12/13Auxiliary heating means to preheat the material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10Sintering only
    • B22F3/105Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B22F2003/1052Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding assisted by energy absorption enhanced by the coating or powder
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/02Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
    • B29C35/08Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
    • B29C35/0805Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
    • B29C2035/0822Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation using IR radiation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25Process efficiency

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
GB0501380A 2005-01-24 2005-01-24 Rapid prototyping method using infrared sintering Expired - Fee Related GB2422344B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0501380A GB2422344B (en) 2005-01-24 2005-01-24 Rapid prototyping method using infrared sintering

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0501380A GB2422344B (en) 2005-01-24 2005-01-24 Rapid prototyping method using infrared sintering

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB0501380D0 GB0501380D0 (en) 2005-03-02
GB2422344A GB2422344A (en) 2006-07-26
GB2422344A8 GB2422344A8 (en) 2006-08-23
GB2422344B true GB2422344B (en) 2008-08-20

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB0501380A Expired - Fee Related GB2422344B (en) 2005-01-24 2005-01-24 Rapid prototyping method using infrared sintering

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (1) GB2422344B (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106293545A (en) * 2015-05-25 2017-01-04 三纬国际立体列印科技股份有限公司 Printed drawings layer cutting method and its electronic installation
US9650537B2 (en) 2014-04-14 2017-05-16 Ut-Battelle, Llc Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing
US10124531B2 (en) 2013-12-30 2018-11-13 Ut-Battelle, Llc Rapid non-contact energy transfer for additive manufacturing driven high intensity electromagnetic fields
WO2019177535A1 (en) * 2018-03-12 2019-09-19 Nanyang Technological University Method of sintering a printed pattern

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WO2012127456A1 (en) * 2011-03-24 2012-09-27 Ramot At Tel-Aviv University Ltd. Method and devices for solid structure formation by localized microwaves
WO2014197086A1 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-12-11 3D Systems, Inc. Microwave post-processing for additive manufacturing
DE112014006198T5 (en) 2014-01-16 2016-10-27 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Create a three-dimensional object
US10220564B2 (en) 2014-01-16 2019-03-05 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Generating three-dimensional objects
CN105916661B (en) 2014-01-16 2019-09-10 惠普发展公司,有限责任合伙企业 Generate three dimensional object
US10688772B2 (en) 2014-01-16 2020-06-23 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Generating three-dimensional objects
GB201404247D0 (en) * 2014-03-11 2014-04-23 Bae Systems Plc Sintering particulate material
US10293593B2 (en) 2014-03-11 2019-05-21 Bae Systems Plc Forming a three dimensional object
EP3116706B1 (en) 2014-03-11 2020-02-19 BAE Systems PLC Sintering particulate material
DE102015004570A1 (en) * 2014-08-05 2016-02-11 Miranda Fateri Additive manufacturing method and apparatus for carrying out the additive manufacturing method
DE102015006533A1 (en) 2014-12-22 2016-06-23 Voxeljet Ag Method and device for producing 3D molded parts with layer construction technique
KR102003623B1 (en) 2015-01-30 2019-07-25 휴렛-팩커드 디벨롭먼트 컴퍼니, 엘.피. Three-dimensional object manufacturing technique
WO2017013242A1 (en) 2015-07-23 2017-01-26 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Laser printing system
US10041171B2 (en) 2015-08-10 2018-08-07 Delavan Inc. Particulates for additive manufacturing techniques
EP3359594A4 (en) * 2015-10-09 2019-07-03 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Particulate mixtures
US10265771B2 (en) * 2015-11-09 2019-04-23 Delavan Inc. Additive manufacture of electrically conductive materials
DE102015014964A1 (en) * 2015-11-20 2017-05-24 Voxeljet Ag Method and apparatus for 3D printing with narrow wavelength spectrum
CN108698314B (en) 2016-04-28 2021-03-30 惠普发展公司,有限责任合伙企业 Material group
US10889057B2 (en) 2016-05-12 2021-01-12 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Material sets
CN106738908B (en) * 2017-01-24 2023-08-18 广州恒锐电子技术有限公司 Rapid multi-sintering additive manufacturing equipment and method
DE102017006860A1 (en) 2017-07-21 2019-01-24 Voxeljet Ag Method and device for producing 3D molded parts with spectrum converter
EP3914043A1 (en) * 2020-05-20 2021-11-24 Henkel IP & Holding GmbH Post processing of 3d printed materials via microwave enhanced chemistry
CN114346261B (en) * 2022-01-11 2023-08-11 四川大学 3D printing system

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0363169A (en) * 1989-08-02 1991-03-19 Jujo Paper Co Ltd Light emitting/heat conversion sheet
JPH03184831A (en) * 1989-12-15 1991-08-12 Hitachi Chem Co Ltd Manufacture of porous body sheet formed of sintered plastic powder
WO1995015841A1 (en) * 1992-06-05 1995-06-15 Finab Limited Machine for making objects by selectively photopolymerising layered liquids or powders
WO1997028226A1 (en) * 1996-01-30 1997-08-07 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Heat ray absorbing composite material
WO2000064653A2 (en) * 1999-04-27 2000-11-02 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Method and material for producing model bodies
WO2005011959A1 (en) * 2003-07-25 2005-02-10 Loughborough University Enterprises Limited Method and apparatus for combining particulate material

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0363169A (en) * 1989-08-02 1991-03-19 Jujo Paper Co Ltd Light emitting/heat conversion sheet
JPH03184831A (en) * 1989-12-15 1991-08-12 Hitachi Chem Co Ltd Manufacture of porous body sheet formed of sintered plastic powder
WO1995015841A1 (en) * 1992-06-05 1995-06-15 Finab Limited Machine for making objects by selectively photopolymerising layered liquids or powders
WO1997028226A1 (en) * 1996-01-30 1997-08-07 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Heat ray absorbing composite material
WO2000064653A2 (en) * 1999-04-27 2000-11-02 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Method and material for producing model bodies
WO2005011959A1 (en) * 2003-07-25 2005-02-10 Loughborough University Enterprises Limited Method and apparatus for combining particulate material

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10124531B2 (en) 2013-12-30 2018-11-13 Ut-Battelle, Llc Rapid non-contact energy transfer for additive manufacturing driven high intensity electromagnetic fields
US9650537B2 (en) 2014-04-14 2017-05-16 Ut-Battelle, Llc Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing
CN106293545A (en) * 2015-05-25 2017-01-04 三纬国际立体列印科技股份有限公司 Printed drawings layer cutting method and its electronic installation
CN106293545B (en) * 2015-05-25 2020-10-16 三纬国际立体列印科技股份有限公司 Printing layer cutting method and electronic device thereof
WO2019177535A1 (en) * 2018-03-12 2019-09-19 Nanyang Technological University Method of sintering a printed pattern

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2422344A (en) 2006-07-26
GB2422344A8 (en) 2006-08-23
GB0501380D0 (en) 2005-03-02

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PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20190124