GB2362674A - Auger with helical flight and fluid channel - Google Patents
Auger with helical flight and fluid channel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2362674A GB2362674A GB0100250A GB0100250A GB2362674A GB 2362674 A GB2362674 A GB 2362674A GB 0100250 A GB0100250 A GB 0100250A GB 0100250 A GB0100250 A GB 0100250A GB 2362674 A GB2362674 A GB 2362674A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- auger
- tip
- concrete
- tip portion
- stem
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
- E02D5/38—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making by use of mould-pipes or other moulds
- E02D5/44—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making by use of mould-pipes or other moulds with enlarged footing or enlargements at the bottom of the pile
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
- E02D5/36—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making without use of mouldpipes or other moulds
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/62—Compacting the soil at the footing or in or along a casing by forcing cement or like material through tubes
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
An auger 10 for drilling a bore hole in the ground has a stem with a tapering tip portion 16b and an upstanding helical flight 18a on the side surface 32 of the tip 16. A second helical flight 18b may be located on the tip at a rotational separation of 180 degrees. A fluid channel 22 runs down the length of the auger shaft 13 to an exit port 23 in the side surface of the tip. The stem of the auger has a cylindrical shaft portion 16a that accommodates part of the helical flight(s). A part of the tip portion may taper to a region of reduced diameter or to a point. The ratio of the maximum radial extent of the flight(s) measured from the centre 30 of the auger and the radius of the shaft may be between 40:30 and 32:30.
Description
2362674 1 Pile Formation This invention relates to apparatus for the
formation of piles for providing structural foundations for buildings or infra structures, in particular to apparatus for the formation of concrete piles.
There are several different ways of forming a concrete pile in the ground. one way is to drill a bore hole into the ground with an auger and f ill the hole with f luid concrete that is pumped through a f luid passage running down the length of the auger.
Another way is to create a bore hole by forcing a vibrating poker into the ground, withdrawing the poker and filling the resulting void with fluid concrete as the poker is being withdrawn. It is known to only partially fill the bore hole with concrete and then reinsert the vibrating poker in order to expand the cross sectional area of the lower part of the pile, before filling the remaining upper part of the bore with concrete. However, due to the substantial mass of the poker, the vibrations produced by this vibrating poker method can propagate some distance, making it unsuitable when there are buildings or other structures present nearby.
According to the invention there is provided an auger for drilling a bore hole in the ground comprising a stem with a tapering tip portion, wherein the tapering tip portion has at least one upstanding flight arranged thereon in a helical fashion, and wherein the stem has a fluid channel communicating between an inlet towards the top end of the stem and an outlet towards the step tip.
A concrete pile can then be formed in the ground using the 2608bl-DOC 211 December 11000 2 auger, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) creating a bore hole by screwing the auger into the ground in an axial direction; (b) pumping f luid concrete into the bore hole through the fluid channel in the stem whilst retracting the auger from a lower portion of the bore, such that the lower portion of the bore becomes filled with a volume of fluid concrete; (c) applying a pressure to the volume of fluid concrete by at least partly reinserting the auger into the lower portion of the bore, such that the applied pressure causes the volume of concrete to expand radially, thereby increasing the diameter of the lower portion of the bore; and, (d) retracting the auger from the remainder of the bore whilst pumping further concrete into the bore, such that the bore fills with concrete and forms a concrete pile.
This will result in a generally cylindrical pile having an enlarged bulb like region at its lower end. Due to the increased cross sectional area at. its lower end, the pile will have a greater load bearing capacty.
Because the bore hole is drilled with an auger, the bore hole can be formed in hard ground, and without significant vibration.
It will be appreciated that the auger need not be completely removed from the bore after having been partially reinserted into the lower portion of the bore a f irst time. Steps (b) and (c) may be repeazed several 2608bl.DOC - December 2000 3 - times in a cyclic fashion, such that fluid concrete is pumped into the bore and compressed in stages until the lower portion of the bore has been expanded sufficiently.
It will be further appreciated that the term concrete includes cements and other self setting fluid building materials, and/or that the concrete may be of a granular nature.
Preferably, the auger will be reinserted into the lower portion of the bore by screwing the auger into the concrete, since the screwing motion will provide a mechanical advantage in applying a pressure to the concrete, with the result that pressure applied to the concrete is not solely due to the weight of the auger.
Preferably, pressure to pump the fluid concrete will be applied to the fluid concrete at the inlet of the fluid passage by a pump. The pumping pressure may be continuously applied with the pump during steps (b) to (d). Preferably the pumping pressure will be in the range 0. 3 bar to 3 bar. In particular, the pumping pressure will preferably be in the range 0.5 bar to 1 bar.
To retract the auger, the auger will preferably be rotated in the opposite sense to that in whici it is rotated when it is inserted. However, the auger may be retracted by simply pulling the auger in an upward direction, without rotating it.
Concrete will preferably be continuously pumped into the bore as the auger is being retracted, so that the chance of a void being formed in the concrete is reduced. (it will be understood that as used herein, the term retraction also covers extraction).
2E08bl.DOC 1,e-eirber 2000 4 To increase the pressure of the concrete in the lower portion of the bore, fluid concrete will preferably continue to be pumped as the auger is reinserted into the lower portion of the bore.
The stem of the auger will preferably have a cylindrical shaft portion and a tip portion, the tip portion having at least one upstanding flight arranged thereon in a helical f ashion to make it easier to screw the auger into the ground and the fluid concrete. The flight(s) may continue some distance up the shaft portion beyond the tip portion, and/or the shaft portion may have an additional helical upstanding flight arranged on a section thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the tip portion will have two flights rotationally displaced by 180 degrees from one another.
At least part of the tip portion will preferably taper in order to displace the ground material sideways as the auger penetrates the ground. The tip may taper to a point, but in a preferred embodiment the tip will taper to a region of reduced diameter.
f To reduce the amount of ground materiAl that is displaced in an upward direction when the auger is screwed into the ground, the ratio of the maximum radial extent of the upstanding flights as measured from the centre of the auger and the radius of the shaft portion will preferably be between 4:3 and 32:30. In a preferred embodiment, this ratio will be substantially 35:30.
The invention will now be further described by way of example with reference to the following drawings in which:
2608bl.DOC 21 December 2000 Figures 1 to 6 show a sequence of steps in the forming of a concrete pile in accordance with the invention; and Figure 7 is a side view of an auger for forming concrete piles as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 is a cross sectional view of part of an auger 10 10 which has penetrated some distance into the ground 12, thereby forming a cylindrical shape. The auger has a shaft 13 at the end of which there is a tapered drilling tip 16 with helically arranged flights 18 such that rotating the auger causes the auger to penetrate the ground. The auger is connected to a drilling rig (not shown) in order that the auger can be rotated whilst being retained in a substantially vertical position.
partially dug bore hole 14 of In Figure 2, the auger 10 has further penetrated the ground 12 and formed a bore hole 14 whose depth is approximately equal to the depth of the pile that is to be formed.
Retraction of the auger 10 is then initiated, and fluid concrete 24 is pumped into the lower,part 20 of the bore hole 14 through a fluid channel 22 running down the centre of the shaft 13 of the auger 10 to an exit port 23 in the auger tip 16. The concrete is pumped into the bore hole as the auger is being retracted. The rate of retraction and the pump rate of concrete are matched so that there is a reduced risk of voids being formed or collapsable soil falling into the concrete 24. This is achieved by maintaining the pressure of the fluid concrete 24 in the fluid channel 22 as the auger is being retracted.
2608bl.DOC -1 December 2000 6 When the auger 10 is being retracted, the region of the bore hole 14 below the auger 10 fills with fluid concrete 24. Once the auger 10 has been retracted from a lower portion 21 of the bore hole 14 as shown in Figure 3, the auger 10 is then at least partially reintroduced in a downward direction into the fluid concrete 24 in the lower portion 21 of the bore hole 14. The auger is reintroduced by rotating the auger 10, which is forced downward due to the engagement of the flights 18 in the fluid concrete 24 as the tip 16 is rotated.
Figure 4 shows the auger 10 after it has been partially reintroduced into the lower portion 21 of the bore hole.
The introduction of the auger 10 increases the pressure of the fluid concrete 24 in the lower portion 21 of the bore hole 14. Consequently, the side wall 26 of the lower portion of the bore hole expands outwardly, as shown in Figure 4. The resulting bore has a wider horizontal cross section in the lower portion 21. (The depth of the bore hole 14 will also increase due to the pressure applied to the concrete 24, but this increase will be small in comparison to the depth of the bore hole 14) v The auger then is retracted to a. Ievel where the tip 16 of the auger 10 is above the expanded portion of the bore 14 as shown in Figure 5. At this stage, the auger 10 can be retracted completely. Alternatively, the auger 10 can be reintroduced again in order to expand the bore hole 14 in the region immediately above the expanded lower bore portion 21, or to further expand the lower bore hole portion 21.
once the lower region of the bore has been sufficiently 35 expanded by the reintroduction of the auger 10, the auger
2608bl.DOC - December 2000 is withdrawn from the bore whilst pumping concrete into the bore 14. When the auger 10 is completely withdrawn, the resulting bore 14 is completely filled with concrete. An elongate metal cage 28 is then inserted into the concrete-filled bore 14 for structural support and the concrete 24 is allowed to set, resulting in a pile as shown in Figure 6.
The auger 10 of Figure 1 used to drill the bore hole 14 is shown in more detail on Figure 7. The tip 16 has a cylindrical portion 16a joined to the auger shaft 13, followed by a tapering portion 16b whose narrow end forms the lower extremity of the auger 10. Two upstanding helical flights 18a and 18b are disposed on the side surface 31 of the tip 16, the two flights 18a and 18b being rotationally separated by 180 degrees. The flights 18a and 18b are inclined with respect to the side surface 32 of the tip 16 such that when the auger rotates about 180 degrees about a vertical axis 30, the inclination of a 20 flight in the radial direction will reverse, passing through a horizontal inclination after having been rotated through 90 degrees. When the auger 10 is rotated in the ground in one sense, the helically arranged flights will screw into the ground and force the auger to move in a 25 downward direction. Rotating the auger in the opposite sense will cause the auger to move upwards.
The diameter of the shaft 13 and the cylindrical portion 16a of the tip 16 is approximately 300 mm. The tapering portion of the tip 16b tapers down to a diameter of about mm at the extremity of the tip 16.
The radial extent of the flights as measured from the surface of the tip diminishes as the tips widens. When measured from the central axis 30, the radial extent of 2608bl.DOC 21 1-ece.mber 2000 8 the flights is constant and about 175 mm. Theref ore, in this example the ratio of the radial extent of the flights as measured from the central axis 30 and the radial extent of the tip varies between about 35:12 towards the narrow 5 end of the tip and 35:30 when the tip is at its widest.
Because the flights 18a and 18b are relatively short in a radial direction as compared to the diameter of the tip 16, and because of the orientation of the flights, the auger 10 displaces earth predominantly in a sideways direction rather than in a vertical direction when it is screwed into the ground. This means that displaced earth is not brought up to the surface where it can be a nuisance.
The fluid channel 22 through which concrete is pumped, here a tubular passage running down the length of the shaft and to the tip 16, is indicated by a dashed line. In this example, the long axis of the fluid channel 22 is coaxially aligned with the central axis 30 of the shaft 13.
The exit port 23 in the f luid passage 22 is situated on the side surface of the tip 16, such that concrete pumped through the auger 10 is injected into the bore hole 14 at an angle to the vertical direction. However, the exit port could alternatively be positioned in line with the long axis of the fluid channel 22.
An expendable and releasable cap (not shown) placed on the exit port 23 is used to prevent soil being forced into the fluid channel and blocking it as the auger is drilling the bore hole 14. After a hole 14 of the desired depth has been drilled with the auger 10, concrete is pumped into the fluid passage. The pressure of this concrete will 2608bl.DOC 2-':ecerriber 2000 9 - build up until it reaches 0.5 bar and 1 bar and is sufficient to release the expendable cap from the exit port 23, thereby allowing fluid concrete to flow from the exit port 23 and into the bore 14.
As it will be appreciated from the above description, this invention provides a simple way of forming concrete piles having an enlarged base, without producing excessive vibration, and allowing firm or hard soils to be 10 penetrated.
1 1 2608bl.DOC 21 December 2000
Claims (9)
- Claims:I. An auger for drilling a bore hole in the ground comprising a stem with a tapering tip portion, wherein the tapering tip portion has at least one upstanding flight arranged thereon in a helical fashion, and wherein the stem has a fluid channel communicating between an inlet towards the top end of the stem and an outlet towards the step tip.
- 2. An auger as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the stem of the auger has a cylindrical shaft portion leading to the tip portion, and wherein the flight(s) continue some distance up the shaft portion beyond the tip portion.
- 3. An auger as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein the shaft portion has an additional helical upstanding flight arranged on a section thereof.
- 4. An auger as claimed in any previous claim, wherein the tip portion has two flights arranged thereon, the two flights being rotationally displaced by 180 degrees from one another.1
- 5. An auger as claimed in any previous claim, wherein at least part of the tip portion tapers tg a point.
- 6. An auger as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein at least part of the tip portion tapers to a 30 region of reduced diameter.
- 7. An auger as claimed in any previous claim, wherein the ratio of t-e maximum radial extend of the upstanding flights as measured from the centre of the auger and the radius of the shaft portion is between 4:3 and 32:30.2608bi.DOC ecember 2000
- 8. A method of forming a concrete pile as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the ratio is substantially 35:30.
- 9. An auger for drilling a bore hole substantially as herein described with reference to or as shown in the accompanying drawings.1 2608bl-DOC 7':-2:ember 2000
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0100250A GB2362674A (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2000-05-26 | Auger with helical flight and fluid channel |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB0100250A GB2362674A (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2000-05-26 | Auger with helical flight and fluid channel |
GB0012784A GB2362673B (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2000-05-26 | Pile formation |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB0100250D0 GB0100250D0 (en) | 2001-02-14 |
GB2362674A true GB2362674A (en) | 2001-11-28 |
Family
ID=9892394
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB0100250A Withdrawn GB2362674A (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2000-05-26 | Auger with helical flight and fluid channel |
GB0012784A Expired - Fee Related GB2362673B (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2000-05-26 | Pile formation |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB0012784A Expired - Fee Related GB2362673B (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2000-05-26 | Pile formation |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20020008328A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1158104A1 (en) |
GB (2) | GB2362674A (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2418949A (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2006-04-12 | Screwfast Foundations Ltd | Screwpile with cement delivery port |
CN101319499B (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2012-03-28 | 刘润郊 | Pile forming method and device for screwed pedestal pile with large flow concrete filled by hole drilling pump |
CN103526746A (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2014-01-22 | 王志耸 | Full-thread pile pouring machine extruding soil body and pile-forming construction method thereof |
CN104389308A (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2015-03-04 | 中建四局第六建筑工程有限公司 | Construction method of cast-in-situ stiff piles for foundation pit supporting |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU781681B2 (en) * | 2000-03-06 | 2005-06-09 | Screw In Technologies Pty Ltd | Anchor elements and methods and apparatus for fabricating anchor elements |
CN103290841B (en) * | 2013-06-18 | 2015-06-03 | 江苏东恒大地工程技术有限公司 | Pile mould with draw-pull type movable feed ports and construction method |
CN103741679A (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-04-23 | 广西科技大学 | Production method for pipe sinking cast-in-place file |
CN103741677A (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-04-23 | 广西科技大学 | Production method for bored pile |
JP6450951B2 (en) * | 2014-06-30 | 2019-01-16 | 株式会社テノックス | Hydraulic solidifying material liquid replacement column building method and hydraulic solidifying material liquid replacement column building block |
JP2016056650A (en) * | 2014-09-12 | 2016-04-21 | 株式会社テノックス | Device and method for manufacturing hydraulic solidification material liquid-substituted column, and hydraulic solidification material liquid-substituted column |
JP6629076B2 (en) * | 2015-05-15 | 2020-01-15 | 創伸産業株式会社 | Ground reinforcement method |
US10634657B2 (en) * | 2018-04-18 | 2020-04-28 | 6422277 Manitoba Ltd. | Pile testing device |
WO2023034855A1 (en) | 2021-08-31 | 2023-03-09 | Innovation Foundation Systems LLC | A system and method for installing an aggregate pier |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2042029A (en) * | 1979-02-13 | 1980-09-17 | Chuan Pao Chen P | Method and apparatus for forming subterranean concrete piles |
GB2070668A (en) * | 1980-02-25 | 1981-09-09 | Hollandsche Betongroep Nv | Auger for the manufacturing of concrete foundation piles |
EP0065340A1 (en) * | 1981-05-12 | 1982-11-24 | Fundamentum B.V. | Method for making a foundation pile |
GB2202885A (en) * | 1987-04-02 | 1988-10-05 | Westpile Int Uk Ltd | Piling |
GB2328700A (en) * | 1995-07-31 | 1999-03-03 | Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd | Auger piling |
GB2345715A (en) * | 1999-01-12 | 2000-07-19 | Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd | Composite auger piling with enlarged base footing |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3206936A (en) * | 1960-12-15 | 1965-09-21 | Herman L Moor | Method and means for making concrete piles |
FR1322130A (en) * | 1961-02-28 | 1963-03-29 | Method and apparatus for forming a concrete pile in the ground by drilling | |
GB2048999B (en) * | 1979-05-14 | 1983-01-26 | Bullivant R | Construction of in situ piles |
JPS603317A (en) * | 1983-06-18 | 1985-01-09 | Teruo Koi | Construction work of foundation pile |
SE446467B (en) * | 1985-02-25 | 1986-09-15 | Edvin Lindell | METHOD OF PELLING AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE PROCEDURE |
AT394592B (en) * | 1990-12-12 | 1992-05-11 | Kellner Willibald | Method of producing a tubular foundation in the ground |
FR2758577B1 (en) * | 1997-01-22 | 1999-03-12 | Menard Soltraitement | METHOD, DEVICE AND MATERIALS FOR CONSOLIDATING A FURNISHED AND / OR COMPRESSIBLE LAND, IN PARTICULAR FOR RECEIVING A BUILDING ON IT |
-
2000
- 2000-05-26 GB GB0100250A patent/GB2362674A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-05-26 GB GB0012784A patent/GB2362673B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-05-24 EP EP01304590A patent/EP1158104A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-05-25 US US09/865,650 patent/US20020008328A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2042029A (en) * | 1979-02-13 | 1980-09-17 | Chuan Pao Chen P | Method and apparatus for forming subterranean concrete piles |
GB2070668A (en) * | 1980-02-25 | 1981-09-09 | Hollandsche Betongroep Nv | Auger for the manufacturing of concrete foundation piles |
EP0065340A1 (en) * | 1981-05-12 | 1982-11-24 | Fundamentum B.V. | Method for making a foundation pile |
GB2202885A (en) * | 1987-04-02 | 1988-10-05 | Westpile Int Uk Ltd | Piling |
GB2328700A (en) * | 1995-07-31 | 1999-03-03 | Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd | Auger piling |
GB2345715A (en) * | 1999-01-12 | 2000-07-19 | Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd | Composite auger piling with enlarged base footing |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2418949A (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2006-04-12 | Screwfast Foundations Ltd | Screwpile with cement delivery port |
GB2418949B (en) * | 2004-10-05 | 2009-07-08 | Screwfast Foundations Ltd | Screwpiles |
CN101319499B (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2012-03-28 | 刘润郊 | Pile forming method and device for screwed pedestal pile with large flow concrete filled by hole drilling pump |
CN103526746A (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2014-01-22 | 王志耸 | Full-thread pile pouring machine extruding soil body and pile-forming construction method thereof |
CN104389308A (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2015-03-04 | 中建四局第六建筑工程有限公司 | Construction method of cast-in-situ stiff piles for foundation pit supporting |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2362673A (en) | 2001-11-28 |
GB0012784D0 (en) | 2000-07-19 |
GB0100250D0 (en) | 2001-02-14 |
US20020008328A1 (en) | 2002-01-24 |
GB2362673B (en) | 2002-08-21 |
EP1158104A1 (en) | 2001-11-28 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |