GB2353647A - Speed trap warning system - Google Patents

Speed trap warning system Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2353647A
GB2353647A GB9920067A GB9920067A GB2353647A GB 2353647 A GB2353647 A GB 2353647A GB 9920067 A GB9920067 A GB 9920067A GB 9920067 A GB9920067 A GB 9920067A GB 2353647 A GB2353647 A GB 2353647A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
vehicle
predetermined
database
warning
avoided
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB9920067A
Other versions
GB2353647B (en
GB9920067D0 (en
Inventor
Martin Burch
Gareth Hopkins
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MORPHEOUS HOLDINGS Ltd
Original Assignee
MORPHEOUS HOLDINGS Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by MORPHEOUS HOLDINGS Ltd filed Critical MORPHEOUS HOLDINGS Ltd
Priority to GB9920067A priority Critical patent/GB2353647B/en
Publication of GB9920067D0 publication Critical patent/GB9920067D0/en
Priority to GB0020962.7A priority patent/GB2353650B8/en
Publication of GB2353647A publication Critical patent/GB2353647A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2353647B publication Critical patent/GB2353647B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G08G1/09—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions
    • G08G1/0962—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions having an indicator mounted inside the vehicle, e.g. giving voice messages
    • G08G1/0967—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits
    • G08G1/096708—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where the received information might be used to generate an automatic action on the vehicle control
    • G08G1/096716—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where the received information might be used to generate an automatic action on the vehicle control where the received information does not generate an automatic action on the vehicle control
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
    • G01S1/04—Details
    • G01S1/047—Displays or indicators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/0009—Transmission of position information to remote stations
    • G01S5/0045—Transmission from base station to mobile station
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G08G1/01—Detecting movement of traffic to be counted or controlled
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G08G1/09—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions
    • G08G1/0962—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions having an indicator mounted inside the vehicle, e.g. giving voice messages
    • G08G1/0967—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits
    • G08G1/096733—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where a selection of the information might take place
    • G08G1/096741—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where a selection of the information might take place where the source of the transmitted information selects which information to transmit to each vehicle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G08G1/09—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions
    • G08G1/0962—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions having an indicator mounted inside the vehicle, e.g. giving voice messages
    • G08G1/0967—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits
    • G08G1/096733—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where a selection of the information might take place
    • G08G1/09675—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where a selection of the information might take place where a selection from the received information takes place in the vehicle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G08G1/09—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions
    • G08G1/0962—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions having an indicator mounted inside the vehicle, e.g. giving voice messages
    • G08G1/0967—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits
    • G08G1/096766—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where the system is characterised by the origin of the information transmission
    • G08G1/096775—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where the system is characterised by the origin of the information transmission where the origin of the information is a central station
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
    • G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
    • G08G1/09—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions
    • G08G1/0962—Arrangements for giving variable traffic instructions having an indicator mounted inside the vehicle, e.g. giving voice messages
    • G08G1/0967—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits
    • G08G1/096766—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where the system is characterised by the origin of the information transmission
    • G08G1/096791—Systems involving transmission of highway information, e.g. weather, speed limits where the system is characterised by the origin of the information transmission where the origin of the information is another vehicle
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S19/00—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems; Determining position, velocity or attitude using signals transmitted by such systems
    • G01S19/38—Determining a navigation solution using signals transmitted by a satellite radio beacon positioning system
    • G01S19/39—Determining a navigation solution using signals transmitted by a satellite radio beacon positioning system the satellite radio beacon positioning system transmitting time-stamped messages, e.g. GPS [Global Positioning System], GLONASS [Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System] or GALILEO
    • G01S19/42—Determining position
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S2205/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S2205/001—Transmission of position information to remote stations
    • G01S2205/008—Transmission of position information to remote stations using a mobile telephone network

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Atmospheric Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Traffic Control Systems (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

A device is described for warning motorists of an approaching location wherein it has been predetermined that excessive speeds should be avoided such as a speed trap. The device comprises a GPS unit providing real time coordinate data identifying the location of a vehicle in which the unit is fitted; a memory holding a database of coordinate data identifying the predetermined locations wherein excessive speeds should be avoided; means for computing from a comparison of the real time coordinate data and the stored data the position of the vehicle relative to the predetermined locations; and means for generating and/or displaying a warning signal whenever the computing means determines that the vehicle is within a predetermined distance of one or more of the predetermined locations. The predetermined distance may be speed-dependent. The database may be downloaded from a central database by telephone.

Description

2353647 DET'ECTION WARNING SYSTEMS Excessive speeds of road vehicles are a
well-known cause of road accidents, particularly in certain areas, such as areas close to schools, or areas often referred to as "accident blackspots". In an effort to curb speeding in these areas, the police may install a roadside vehicle speed detector. However, although such a detector will detect vehicles travelling at excessive speeds, it cannot curb speeding unless a driver voluntarily reduces speed when approaching the detector.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a device for detecting and warning motorists of an approaching location wherein it has been predetermined that excessive speeds should be avoided, the device comprising a GPS unit providing real time coordinate data identWying the position of a vehicle in a global positioning system (GPS), a database of coordinate data identifying the predetermined locations wherein excessive speeds should be avoided, means for computing from a comparison of the real time and stored data the position of the vehicle relative to the predetermined locations, and means for generating and/or displaying a warning signal whenever the computing means determines that the vehicle is within a predetermined distance of one or more of the predetermined locations. The predetermined distance is preferably computed as a function of the vehicle speed, and the vehicle speed is preferably computed by the GPS unit. The predetermined locations may include locations where roadside vehicle speed detectors are installed.
Preferably, the warning device further comprises a modem for connecting the computing means to a remote central server via a telephone exchange, the server uploading the database with freshly learned data when the telephone connection is established.
By way of example only, a warning device embodying the invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawing in which the sole figure is a schematic overview of the device.
2 Referring to this drawing, a non-volatile memory 10 holds a database consisting of latitude/longitude coordinates identifying the geographical locations of areas where it has been predetermined that excessive vehicle speeds should be avoided. These may include areas where excessive speeds are most likely to cause accidents and/or areas in which vehicle speed detectors have been installed, the database is built- up by determining the various locations and entering the appropriate coordinates into the memory. Additional information may also be entered in the memory, such as the date on which the coordinates were entered or last updated, and the restricted speed zone within which the area is located.
The warning device also includes a global positioning system (GPS) module 12 that picks up satellite signals on an antenna 13 and computes accurate real time latitude and longitude coordinates identiBjing the geographical location of a vehicle in which the device is fitted. A microprocessor 14 then compares the real time coordinates with the coordinates stored in the database of the memory 10 and determines when the vehicle is within a predetermined distance of a stored location. The GPS module 12 may also compute the speed of the vehicle so that a digital warning signal is generated at a distance dependant on the vehicle speed. The warning signal is converted by the microprocessor to analogue form and amplified by an analog amplifier 16 before being output to a speaker 17. It may also be illuminated on a display 15 which may, for example, consist of a single LED, a series of LED's or a liquid crystal display.
The warning device includes a modem 18 so that when removed from the vehicle in which it is installed it can be plugged into a standard private subscriber telephone network 19 with automatic dialling to connect the database of the memory I I with a remote central server. The central server will then update the local memory with the latest available data. At the same time the device may include a push button or sirnilar manually operable actuator that is actuated whenever a driver observes a location where excessive speeds should be avoided but which is not on the database. A real time clock counter 20 provides a signal indicating the time at which such an observation is made and the position of the vehicle at that time. This information is 3 stored in the memory 11 and then transferred to the central server when the telephone connection is made.
1 4

Claims (6)

1. A device for detecting and warning motorists of an approaching location wherein it has been predetermined that excessive speeds should be avoided, the device comprising a GPS unit providing a real time coordinate data identifying the location of a vehicle in which the unit is fitted; a memory holding a database of coordinate data identifying the predetermined locations wherein excessive speeds should be avoided; means for computing from a comparison of the real time stored data the position of the vehicle relative to the predetermined locations; and means for generating and/or displaying a warning signal whenever the computing means determines that the vehicle is within a predetermined distance of one or more of the predetermined locations.
2. A warning device according to claim I wherein the predetermined distance is dependent on the vehicle speed.
3. A warning device according to claim 2 wherein the vehicle speed is computed by the GPS unit.
4. A warning device according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising a modem for connecting the microprocessor to a remote central server via a telephone exchange whereby the local memory database is updated by the central server with newly learned data. 25
5. A warning device according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the predetermined locations include locations wherein a roadside vehicle speed detector has been installed.
6. A method of detecting and warning a motorist of an approaching area where 30 excessive vehicle speeds should be avoided, the method comprising:
generating pairs of real time coordinates identibg the location of a moving vehicle in a global positioning system; maintaining a database of pairs of coordinates identifying the location of predetermined area in the global positioning system where excessive vehicle speeds should be avoided, matching the real time coordinates against the database coordinates to determine the position of the moving vehicle relative to the predetermined area; and generating and/or displaying a warning signal whenever the moving vehicle comes within a predetermined distance of one or more of the predetermined areas.
GB9920067A 1999-08-24 1999-08-24 Detection warning systems Expired - Fee Related GB2353647B (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9920067A GB2353647B (en) 1999-08-24 1999-08-24 Detection warning systems
GB0020962.7A GB2353650B8 (en) 1999-08-24 2000-08-24 Detection warning systems

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9920067A GB2353647B (en) 1999-08-24 1999-08-24 Detection warning systems

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9920067D0 GB9920067D0 (en) 1999-10-27
GB2353647A true GB2353647A (en) 2001-02-28
GB2353647B GB2353647B (en) 2002-04-10

Family

ID=10859739

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9920067A Expired - Fee Related GB2353647B (en) 1999-08-24 1999-08-24 Detection warning systems
GB0020962.7A Expired - Fee Related GB2353650B8 (en) 1999-08-24 2000-08-24 Detection warning systems

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB0020962.7A Expired - Fee Related GB2353650B8 (en) 1999-08-24 2000-08-24 Detection warning systems

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (2) GB2353647B (en)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2358750A (en) * 2000-01-26 2001-08-01 Timothy Michael Rock Speed trap detection and warning; speed limit display
GB2365645A (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-02-20 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2371432A (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-07-24 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap warning system
GB2377106A (en) * 2001-01-31 2002-12-31 Yupiteru Ind Co Ltd Vehicle mounted target detecting apparatus and microwave detector
EP1271446A1 (en) * 2001-06-18 2003-01-02 Origin Technologies Limited Speed trap detection and warning system
EP1277925A3 (en) * 2001-07-20 2003-05-21 Caterpillar Inc. Engine compression release brake system and method for operating the same
FR2861882A1 (en) * 2003-11-03 2005-05-06 Stephane Aver Vehicle driver assisting process for controlling speed of vehicle, involves transmitting alarm signal when vehicle speed is higher than speed over deceleration curve associated with zone preceding next speed limit sign
FR2866437A1 (en) * 2004-02-13 2005-08-19 Delta System Comm Geographical point e.g. level crossing, approach warning device for e.g. car, has triggering unit to trigger sound and/or light alarm when distance between each geographical point position and vehicle position is less than given value
EP1693814A2 (en) 2005-02-17 2006-08-23 Ron Yaacov Davidson Vehicle identification means detection and evasion system
US7183942B2 (en) 2000-01-26 2007-02-27 Origin Technologies Limited Speed trap detection and warning system
DE102008007687A1 (en) * 2008-02-06 2009-08-13 GM Global Technology Operations, Inc., Detroit Assistance device for motor vehicle i.e. car, has control device for controlling observation of characteristic parameters, and optical display and acoustic signal device for informing driver about actual characteristic parameters
CN106355917A (en) * 2016-09-14 2017-01-25 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司 Traffic violation prediction and warning method and system based on internet of vehicles

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1547047B1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2009-05-27 Nathaniel Davidson Vehicle identification means detection and evasion system

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0720137A2 (en) * 1994-12-28 1996-07-03 Omron Corporation Traffic information system
JPH0927096A (en) * 1995-07-10 1997-01-28 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Speed excess alarming device
EP0789344A1 (en) * 1996-02-10 1997-08-13 Werner Schrimpf Position determination system for vehicle
WO1997047095A1 (en) * 1996-06-07 1997-12-11 Sk Telecom Co., Ltd. System and method for providing useful information for a moving object
US5717392A (en) * 1996-05-13 1998-02-10 Eldridge; Marty Position-responsive, hierarchically-selectable information presentation system and control program
US5767795A (en) * 1996-07-03 1998-06-16 Delta Information Systems, Inc. GPS-based information system for vehicles

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9912831D0 (en) * 1999-06-02 1999-08-04 Gale Nicholas Digital mapping
GB2358749A (en) * 2000-01-26 2001-08-01 Timothy Michael Rock Speed trap warning system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0720137A2 (en) * 1994-12-28 1996-07-03 Omron Corporation Traffic information system
JPH0927096A (en) * 1995-07-10 1997-01-28 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Speed excess alarming device
EP0789344A1 (en) * 1996-02-10 1997-08-13 Werner Schrimpf Position determination system for vehicle
US5717392A (en) * 1996-05-13 1998-02-10 Eldridge; Marty Position-responsive, hierarchically-selectable information presentation system and control program
WO1997047095A1 (en) * 1996-06-07 1997-12-11 Sk Telecom Co., Ltd. System and method for providing useful information for a moving object
US5767795A (en) * 1996-07-03 1998-06-16 Delta Information Systems, Inc. GPS-based information system for vehicles

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2370436A (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-06-26 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2371701A (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-07-31 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap warning
GB2365643A (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-02-20 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap warning system
GB2358750B (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-02-20 Timothy Michael Rock Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2365645B (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-04-10 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2365643B (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-04-10 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2365645A (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-02-20 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2358750A (en) * 2000-01-26 2001-08-01 Timothy Michael Rock Speed trap detection and warning; speed limit display
GB2371701B (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-10-02 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2370436B (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-08-07 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2371432A (en) * 2000-01-26 2002-07-24 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap warning system
US7183942B2 (en) 2000-01-26 2007-02-27 Origin Technologies Limited Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2377106A (en) * 2001-01-31 2002-12-31 Yupiteru Ind Co Ltd Vehicle mounted target detecting apparatus and microwave detector
GB2377106B (en) * 2001-01-31 2003-10-01 Yupiteru Ind Co Ltd Vehicle-mounted target detecting apparatus and microwave detector
GB2388731B (en) * 2001-06-18 2004-03-31 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2381143A (en) * 2001-06-18 2003-04-23 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system distinguishing between speed traps on a motorway and other roads
EP1271446A1 (en) * 2001-06-18 2003-01-02 Origin Technologies Limited Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2388731A (en) * 2001-06-18 2003-11-19 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap warning system using activation locations to enable an alerting means
GB2388732A (en) * 2001-06-18 2003-11-19 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap warning system using deactivation locations to inhibit an alerting means
GB2381143B (en) * 2001-06-18 2003-09-17 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
GB2388732B (en) * 2001-06-18 2004-03-31 Origin Technologies Ltd Speed trap detection and warning system
US6662778B2 (en) 2001-07-20 2003-12-16 Caterpillar Inc Engine compression release brake system and method for operating the same
EP1277925A3 (en) * 2001-07-20 2003-05-21 Caterpillar Inc. Engine compression release brake system and method for operating the same
FR2861882A1 (en) * 2003-11-03 2005-05-06 Stephane Aver Vehicle driver assisting process for controlling speed of vehicle, involves transmitting alarm signal when vehicle speed is higher than speed over deceleration curve associated with zone preceding next speed limit sign
FR2866437A1 (en) * 2004-02-13 2005-08-19 Delta System Comm Geographical point e.g. level crossing, approach warning device for e.g. car, has triggering unit to trigger sound and/or light alarm when distance between each geographical point position and vehicle position is less than given value
EP1693814A2 (en) 2005-02-17 2006-08-23 Ron Yaacov Davidson Vehicle identification means detection and evasion system
DE102008007687A1 (en) * 2008-02-06 2009-08-13 GM Global Technology Operations, Inc., Detroit Assistance device for motor vehicle i.e. car, has control device for controlling observation of characteristic parameters, and optical display and acoustic signal device for informing driver about actual characteristic parameters
CN106355917A (en) * 2016-09-14 2017-01-25 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司 Traffic violation prediction and warning method and system based on internet of vehicles

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2353650A8 (en) 2015-06-24
GB2353647B (en) 2002-04-10
GB0020962D0 (en) 2000-10-11
GB2353650B8 (en) 2015-06-24
GB9920067D0 (en) 1999-10-27
GB2353650B (en) 2004-07-28
GB2353650A (en) 2001-02-28
GB2353650A9 (en) 2001-03-21

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