GB2353357A - Amniotic fluid detection - Google Patents

Amniotic fluid detection Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2353357A
GB2353357A GB0019670A GB0019670A GB2353357A GB 2353357 A GB2353357 A GB 2353357A GB 0019670 A GB0019670 A GB 0019670A GB 0019670 A GB0019670 A GB 0019670A GB 2353357 A GB2353357 A GB 2353357A
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Prior art keywords
reagent
assay
amniotic
sample
colour
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GB0019670A
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GB0019670D0 (en
Inventor
Hugh Graham
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INVERCLYDE BIOLOG
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INVERCLYDE BIOLOG
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Publication of GB0019670D0 publication Critical patent/GB0019670D0/en
Publication of GB2353357A publication Critical patent/GB2353357A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14507—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue specially adapted for measuring characteristics of body fluids other than blood
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/43—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the reproductive systems
    • A61B5/4306—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the reproductive systems for evaluating the female reproductive systems, e.g. gynaecological evaluations
    • A61B5/4343—Pregnancy and labour monitoring, e.g. for labour onset detection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
    • G01N33/521—Single-layer analytical elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/84—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving inorganic compounds or pH
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B10/00—Other methods or instruments for diagnosis, e.g. instruments for taking a cell sample, for biopsy, for vaccination diagnosis; Sex determination; Ovulation-period determination; Throat striking implements
    • A61B10/0045—Devices for taking samples of body liquids
    • A61B10/0048—Devices for taking samples of body liquids for taking amniotic fluid samples

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Reproductive Health (AREA)
  • Gynecology & Obstetrics (AREA)
  • Pregnancy & Childbirth (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)

Abstract

An assay to detect amniotic fluid in a test sample e.g. to assist diagnosis of amniotic membrane rupture and onset of labour in a pregnant woman, uses bromthymol blue as a colorimetric reagent. The reagent may be in liquid form and applied to a dressing or sanitary towel previously worn or can be applied to a swab carrying a test sample taken from a patient. Kits containing the reagent are also claimed.

Description

2353357 1 1 ASSAY TO DETECT AMNIOTIC FLUID 2 3 The present invention
relates to an assay to determine 4 the presence of amniotic fluid, and in particular to 5 clearly distinguish between amniotic fluid and urine, 6 blood or vaginal secretions. 7 8 In obstetrics, rupture of the amniotic membranes is 9 generally a clear indication of the onset of labour. 10 Accurate knowledge of this event is of clinical value 11 to the obstetrician or midwife in assessing a patient's 12 condition. More importantly, however, there are 13 occasions when there is uncertainty on whether or not 14 rupture of the membranes has occurred and confirmation is of the state of the membranes will enable the 16 obstetrician to more ap propriately manage this stage of 17 the pregnancy. However, accurate detection of the 18 presence of amniotic fluid is not easily performed. in 19 addition to the usual vaginal secretions, pregnant 20 patients may pass blood and mucus. Additionally, as 21 the enlarged uterus presses onto the bladder, urine may 22 be squeezed out without the conscious knowledge of the 23 patient. 24 2 1 A commercially available kit, sold under the Trade Mark 2 AMNICATOR relies upon the pH difference between 3 amniotic fluid and that of urine, blood and vaginal 4 secretions as detected by a dye based on nitrazine yellow. The AMNICATOR kit is produced in the form of 6 cotton swabs impregnated with the nitrazine yellow dye
7 and the instructions direct introduction of the swab
8 into the vagina in an invasive procedure. The pH of 9 the amniotic fluid is stated to be in the range of 7. 0 to 7. 5 whereas normal vaginal pH is 4. 5 to 6. 0.
11 Additionally, invasive procedures are time-consuming to 12 conduct and unpleasant for the patient to undergo.
13 14 It is an object of the present invention to provide an is accurate assay to detect amniotic fluid. In a 16 preferred embodiment the procedure does not rely upon 17 in vasive examination of a patient.
18 19 Additionally, our research into the field has noted that amniotic fluid does not have a pH between 7. 0 to 21 7.5 as suggested by the literature accompanying the 22 AMNICATOR assay, but instead has a minimum pH of from 23 8.1 to 8.5.
24 The present invention thus provides an assay to detect 26 the presence of amniotic fluid in a test sample, said 27 assay comprising:
28 29 a) exposing the test sample to a reagent which contains the dye bromthymol blue as indicator; and 31 32 b) noting any colour change and determining therefrom 33 (for example by reference to a colour chart) 34 whether or not amniotic fluid is present in the sample.
36 3 1 In a preferred embodiment the reagent comprises 2 bromthymol blue extracted with an alcohol, for example, 3 methanol and optionally contains a quantity of water or 4 saline as diluent. 5 6 Desirably the reagent comprises bromthymol blue, 7 methanol, sodium chloride and water which may be 8 desirably admixed in the proportions indicated below: 9 11 12 13 14 is 16 17 For convenience, the reagent will usually be supplied 18 in liquid form and drops of the reagent may simply be 19 spotted onto a sanitary towel or dressing previously worn by the patient and which has absorbed a sufficient 21 quantity of the sample to be tested.
22 23 Alternatively, if necessary, a quantity of the reagent 24 may be dropped onto DACRONTm swab which has been used to obtain a sample of the fluid by invasive techniques.
26 This approach will usually only be adopted where 27 internal examination of the patient is required for 28 other purposes.
29 In a further aspect, the present invention provides a 31 kit to detect the presence of amniotic f luid in a test 32 sample, said kit comprising a reagent containing the 33 dye bromthymol blue as indicator and a colour chart to 34 aid interpretation of the results.
Bromthymol Blue (Sultone form 31,311- 2.Og Dibromothymolsulfonephthalein) Methanol 100.0M1 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 1.Og Water 900.0M1 4 In the colour chart, yellow indicates urine; yellow/sea 2 green indicates urine and/or vaginal secretions; green 3 or dark green indicates blood or amniotic fluid and 4 blue indicates amniotic fluid.
6 Advantageously the kit contains full instructions for 7 use and may optionally include swabs of synthetic 8 fibres, for example DACRON'.
9 Additionally, positive and negative controls may be 11 provided.
12 13 In a further aspect, the present invention provides a 14 method of determining the rupture of amniotic membranes, said method comprising:
16 17 1) obtaining a sample of test fluid; 18 19 2) exposing said test fluid to a reagent which includes bromthymol blue as indicator; and 21 22 3) noting any colour change.
23 24 The assay will now be described in more detail.
26 Introduction
27 28 The protocol set out here exemplifies the assay to 29 detect presence of amniotic fluid as an aid to clinical judgement when a patient presents with Query 31 Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes (denoted as 119SRM11) 32 The assay is rapid and simple involving a colour change 33 and the interpretation of that colour change. 34 35 The assay differentiates between urine, vaginal 36 secretions, blood and amniotic fluid.
Test procedure: Speculum in place 2 3 1. If a speculum has been inserted into the vagina, a 4 sample of any fluid should be taken with a sterile swab (supplied with the kit) Preferably a 6 DACRONT' swab is used.
7 2. Withdraw the swab and add a drop of the reagent to 8 the swab.
9 3. Observe the colour change. This will develop instantly.
11 12 Test procedure: Using the patient's sanitary towel 13 14 1. Using the dropper bottle, a drop of the reagent is should be spotted to 3 or 4 different points 16 across the towel.
17 2. Observe for colour change. This will develop 18 instantly.
19 3. If necessary press the surface of the site of the drop to fully appreciate the developed colour.
21 22 Interpretation of developed colours 23 24 26 27 28 29 It is assumed that the user will observe any blood contamination on the swab or the towel and will abandon 31 the assay if excess blood is present since this will 32 mask the colour change of the reagent.
33 1. Yellow Not Amniotic Probably urine Fluid 2. Yellow/ Sea Green Not Amniotic Probably Urine Fluid or vaginal secretions 3. Mid/Dark Green Amniotic Fluid or blood 4. Blue Amniotic Fluid 1 6 1 The reagent is a non-hazardous fluid. It can be safely 2 mopped up if accidentally spilled or f lushed to waste.
3 4 The kit should be stored at ambient temperature in the box.
6 7 The following points should be noted to aid proper use 8 of the assay:
9 1. Excessive urine on the towel or in the vagina may 11 render the test invalid.
12 2. This test should only be considered as an aid to 13 clinical judgement and any result obtained should 14 not be considered diagnostic.
is 3. A towel soiled with amniotic fluid which has dried 16 will still give a positive result.
17 4. Reagent which appears turbid should not be used.
18 5. Reagent which appears other than red/orange should 19 not be used. If it appears yellow, green or blue it should be discarded.
21 6. Only the swabs supplied with the kit should be 22 used. Certain swabs are unsuitable and may 23 provide an erroneous result.
24 7. Do not touch the swab or the patient's towel with the tip of the dropper.
26 8. Do not attempt to clean the tip of the dropper 27 bottle with tap water. Wipe with a clean cloth 28 and rinse using the reagent from the bottle.
29 9. A dry new towel will give a negative result (yellow).
31 10. Contamination of a swab with lAquaGell or any 32 other speculum lubricant may lead to a false 33 positive result being recorded and care should be 34 exercised by the user to avoid such contamination.
36 7 1 Desirably the kit of the present invention contains the 2 following: 3 4 1. Reagent; 5 2. Positive control; 6 3. Negative control; 7 4. Sterile swab sticks (for example 50 DACRON swabs); 8 5. Instructions for use; and 9 6. Colour guidance chart. 10 11 The box and bottles may carry a batch number and an 12 expiry date. 13 14 Manufacture of the reagent and of the positive and 15 negative controls is described in Example 1. 16 17 8 1 Example 1 2 3 The Reagent is prepared as follows: 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 1. Accurately weigh the Bromthymol Blue and add to 12 the methanol.
13 2. Allow to mix for at least 30 minutes and at least 14 until the dye has completely dissolved.
is 3. Add this concentrate to the water.
16 4. Add the sodium chloride. 17 18 mix thoroughly and filter to remove any remaining 19 particles from the dye. 20 21 Adjust the pH using N110 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) to 22 4.20 23 24 Quality Control pH 4.15-4.25 26 Spec reading 0.41-0.43 at 58Onm 27 Conductivity 1.90-2.1OmS at 22C 28 29 Water used must be very pure.
Bottle in plastics bottles.
31 32 33 34 Bromthymol Blue (Sultone form 31,311- 2.Og Dibromothymolsulfonephthalein) Methanol 100.0M1 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 1.Og Water 900.0M1 9 1 The Positive Control is prepared as follows:
2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Adjust pH to 7.80 (lowest end of scale for a positive 13 result) using NaOH.
14 Quality Control 16 pH 7.75-7.85 17 Conductivity 14.00-17.0OmS at 22'C 18 19 Bottle in 5m1 glass dropper bottles.
21 The Negative Control is prepared as follows:
22 23 24 26 27 28 29 31 32 di-Sodium Hydrogen Orthophosphate 0. 625g (Na2HP04) Sodium di-Hydrogen Orthophosphate 0.338g (NaH2P042H20) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 8.650g Sodium Azide (NaN3) 0.1g Water to 1 litre di-Sodium Hydrogen 0.625g Orthophosphate (Na21-IP04) Sodium di-Hydrogen 0.338g Orthophosphate (Na,121:)042H20) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 8.650g Sodium Azide (NaN3) 0.1g Water to 1 litre 1 Adjust pH to 5. G5.(Highest end of scale for a negative 2 result) using HC1.
3 4 Quality Control pH 5.60-5.70 6 Conductivity 14.00-17.OOmS at 22C 7 8 Bottle in 5ml glass dropper bottles.
9 Swabs suitable for this assay are those made of 11 synthetic fibre, for example of pure DACRON, which have 12 been rendered sterile by irradiation or other means.
13 14 Example 2
16 The protocol outlined above was followed in 141 17 patients using the reagent of Example 1. The results 18 are as follows:
19 11 1 2 3 Table 1
Total Test Result Is the Is O_. 10_. k.
Results test patient correct Correct Correct to Date result ?SRM Swabs Towels correct or likely Swab Towel to be correct Sea Dark Yellow Green Green Blue Yes No Yes No 564 152 45 1 203 1164 363 201 541 23 440 12 95.92 94.5 98.5 1 1 4 12 1 The results of the assay were verified by further 2 examination of the patient to yield the accuracy figure 3 of 95.92%. 4 5 13

Claims (1)

1 Claims
2 3 1 An assay to detect the presence of amniotic f luid 4 in a test sample, said assay comprising:
6 a) exposing the test sample to a reagent which 7 contains the dye bromthymol blue as 8 indicator; and 9 b) noting any colour change and determining 11 therefrom whether or not amniotic fluid is 12 present in the sample.
13 14 2 The assay as claimed in Claim 1 wherein a colour is change of the reagent to blue indicates the 16 presence of amniotic f luid in the sample and a 17 colour change of the reagent to dark green 18 indicates the presence of blood or amniotic fluid 19 in the sample.
21 3 The assay as claimed in either one of Claims 1 and 22 2 wherein the reagent is used in liquid form.
23 24 4 The assay as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the reagent comprises bromthymol blue 26 extracted with an alcohol.
27 28 5 The assay as claimed in Claim 4 wherein water or 29 saline is used as a diluent in said reagent.
31 6 The assay as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 5 32 wherein said reagent is applied to a portion of a 33 dressing or sanitary towel previously worn by the 34 patient and which has absorbed a sufficient quantity of the sample to be tested, and wherein 36 the colour change of the reagent on said towel or 14 dressing is used to determine whether or not 2 amniotic fluid is present.
3 4 7 The assay as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 6 wherein a quantity of said reagent is applied to a 6 swab previously used to obtain a test sample from 7 the vagina of the patient, and wherein the colour 8 change of the reagent on said swab is used to 9 determine whether or not amniotic fluid is present.
11 12 8 A kit to detect the presence of amniotic f luid in 13 a test sample, said kit comprising a reagent 14 containing the dye bromthymol blue as indicator is and a colour chart to aid interpretation of the 16 results.
17 18 9 The kit as claimed in Claim 8 wherein the colour 19 chart includes the following:
21 blue - indicates amniotic fluid 22 present; and 23 green/dark green indicates blood or amniotic 24 fluid present 26 10 The kit as claimed in either one of Claims 8 and 9 27 wherein said reagent is in liquid form.
28 29 11 The kit as claimed in any one of the Claims 8 to 10 further comprising positive and negative 31 controls.
32 33 12 The kit as claimed in any one of Claims 8 to 10 34 further comprising swabs of synthetic fibres.
36 13 A method of determining the rupture of amniotic is membranes, said method comprising:
2 3 1) obtaining a sample of test fluid; 4 2) exposing said test fluid to a reagent which 6 includes bromthymol blue as indicator; and 7 8 3) noting any colour change.
9 14 The assay as claimed in Claim 13 wherein a colour 1 11 change of the reagent to blue indicates the 12 presence of amniotic fluid in the sample and a 13 colour change of the reagent to dark green 14 indicates the presence of blood or amniotic fluid is in the sample.
16 17 is The assay as claimed in either one of Claims 13 18 and 14 wherein the reagent is used in liquid form.
19 16 The assay as claimed in any one of Claims 13 to 15 21 wherein the reagent comprises bromthymol blue 22 extracted with an alcohol.
23 24 17 The assay as claimed in any one of Claims 13 to 16 wherein water or saline is used as a diluent in 26 said reagent.
27 28
GB0019670A 1999-08-14 2000-08-11 Amniotic fluid detection Withdrawn GB2353357A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9919134.8A GB9919134D0 (en) 1999-08-14 1999-08-14 Assay

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GB2353357A true GB2353357A (en) 2001-02-21

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GB0019670A Withdrawn GB2353357A (en) 1999-08-14 2000-08-11 Amniotic fluid detection

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003007997A2 (en) * 2001-07-19 2003-01-30 Common Sense Ltd. Secretion-monitoring article
US6627394B2 (en) * 2001-07-19 2003-09-30 Common Sense Ltd. Diagnostic pad
EP1960762A2 (en) * 2005-12-12 2008-08-27 Common Sense Ltd. Compositions and articles for detection of analytes exceeding a pre-set threshold
US7947467B2 (en) 2001-07-19 2011-05-24 Common Sense Ltd. Methods for monitoring pathological conditions in a female subject
WO2013008239A1 (en) * 2011-07-14 2013-01-17 Mor Gideon Noninvasive detection of meconium in amniotic fluid
US9486368B2 (en) 2013-12-05 2016-11-08 Medline Industries, Inc. Disposable hygienic article with means for diagnostic testing
US11135338B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2021-10-05 Common Sense Ltd. Diagnostic composition for identifying amniotic fluid
US11471335B2 (en) 2018-09-05 2022-10-18 University Of South Carolina Gel-within-gel wound dressing
US11698344B2 (en) 2018-09-05 2023-07-11 University Of South Carolina PH indicator swabs for biomonitoring and diagnostics

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4357945A (en) * 1981-06-01 1982-11-09 Janko Albert B Device for testing and rupturing amniotic membrane
JPH05123324A (en) * 1991-11-05 1993-05-21 Hakujiyuuji Kk Pad for judging amniorrhexis of amniotic fluid
US5425377A (en) * 1994-08-25 1995-06-20 Caillouette; James C. pH measurement of body fluid
US5738634A (en) * 1994-08-25 1998-04-14 Caillouette; James C. pH measurement of body fluid
WO1999002985A1 (en) * 1997-07-11 1999-01-21 Rosengreen Lea T Wearable amniotic fluid detection device
WO2000004822A1 (en) * 1998-07-22 2000-02-03 Smith Ramada S System for identifying premature rupture of membrane during pregnancy

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4357945A (en) * 1981-06-01 1982-11-09 Janko Albert B Device for testing and rupturing amniotic membrane
JPH05123324A (en) * 1991-11-05 1993-05-21 Hakujiyuuji Kk Pad for judging amniorrhexis of amniotic fluid
US5425377A (en) * 1994-08-25 1995-06-20 Caillouette; James C. pH measurement of body fluid
US5738634A (en) * 1994-08-25 1998-04-14 Caillouette; James C. pH measurement of body fluid
WO1999002985A1 (en) * 1997-07-11 1999-01-21 Rosengreen Lea T Wearable amniotic fluid detection device
WO2000004822A1 (en) * 1998-07-22 2000-02-03 Smith Ramada S System for identifying premature rupture of membrane during pregnancy

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WPI Accession No: 1993-199764 & JP 05 123 324 A *

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7947467B2 (en) 2001-07-19 2011-05-24 Common Sense Ltd. Methods for monitoring pathological conditions in a female subject
WO2003007997A2 (en) * 2001-07-19 2003-01-30 Common Sense Ltd. Secretion-monitoring article
WO2003007997A3 (en) * 2001-07-19 2004-03-18 Common Sense Ltd Secretion-monitoring article
AU2002354890B2 (en) * 2001-07-19 2007-05-31 Common Sense Ltd. Diagnostic pad
US6627394B2 (en) * 2001-07-19 2003-09-30 Common Sense Ltd. Diagnostic pad
EP1960762A2 (en) * 2005-12-12 2008-08-27 Common Sense Ltd. Compositions and articles for detection of analytes exceeding a pre-set threshold
EP1960762A4 (en) * 2005-12-12 2009-05-13 Common Sense Ltd Compositions and articles for detection of analytes exceeding a pre-set threshold
US9144520B2 (en) 2011-07-14 2015-09-29 Gideon Mor Noninvasive detection of meconium in amniotic fluid
WO2013008239A1 (en) * 2011-07-14 2013-01-17 Mor Gideon Noninvasive detection of meconium in amniotic fluid
US9486368B2 (en) 2013-12-05 2016-11-08 Medline Industries, Inc. Disposable hygienic article with means for diagnostic testing
US10583047B2 (en) 2013-12-05 2020-03-10 Medline Industries, Inc. Disposable hygienic article with means for diagnostic testing
US11376166B2 (en) 2013-12-05 2022-07-05 Medline Industries, Lp Disposable hygienic article with means for diagnostic testing
US11135338B2 (en) 2014-07-01 2021-10-05 Common Sense Ltd. Diagnostic composition for identifying amniotic fluid
US11471335B2 (en) 2018-09-05 2022-10-18 University Of South Carolina Gel-within-gel wound dressing
US11698344B2 (en) 2018-09-05 2023-07-11 University Of South Carolina PH indicator swabs for biomonitoring and diagnostics

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Publication number Publication date
IE20000630A1 (en) 2001-04-04
GB0019670D0 (en) 2000-09-27
GB9919134D0 (en) 1999-10-13

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