GB2345866A - Separating oxygen from exhaust stream - Google Patents

Separating oxygen from exhaust stream Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2345866A
GB2345866A GB9928626A GB9928626A GB2345866A GB 2345866 A GB2345866 A GB 2345866A GB 9928626 A GB9928626 A GB 9928626A GB 9928626 A GB9928626 A GB 9928626A GB 2345866 A GB2345866 A GB 2345866A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
nitrogen
arrangement
engine
oxygen
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB9928626A
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GB9928626D0 (en
Inventor
Adam James Smith
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MG Rover Group Ltd
Original Assignee
MG Rover Group Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by MG Rover Group Ltd filed Critical MG Rover Group Ltd
Publication of GB9928626D0 publication Critical patent/GB9928626D0/en
Publication of GB2345866A publication Critical patent/GB2345866A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/229—Integrated processes (Diffusion and at least one other process, e.g. adsorption, absorption)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/206—Adding periodically or continuously substances to exhaust gases for promoting purification, e.g. catalytic material in liquid form, NOx reducing agents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/10—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone
    • F02M25/12—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone the apparatus having means for generating such gases
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)

Abstract

In an internal combustion engine installation, an exhaust arrangement (3) includes an exhaust gas separation membrane (22) which separates the exhaust gas from the engine (17) into an oxygen-enriched stream (23) and an oxygen depleted stream (24). The oxygen depleted stream (23) is presented to a converter (25) whereby oxides of nitrogen are diminished whilst the oxygen-enriched stream (24) may be used to supplement oxygen enriched air supplied to the engine from an inlet air separation membrane (8). A plasma generator (19) uses the nitrogen enriched air from the inlet air separation membrane to create free radicals of nitrogen to react with oxygen-rich exhaust from the engine.

Description

AN ENGINE INLET AND EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT The present invention relates to an inlet and exhaust arrangement for an internal combustion engine and more particularly to an exhaust arrangement used with conversion means for oxides of nitrogen in order to provide more environmentally acceptable exhaust emissions.
There is an ongoing challenge to motor vehicle manufacturers to produce vehicles with increasing environmentally acceptable exhaust emissions. Over recent years, significant advances have been made to engine management systems and inlet and exhaust arrangements in order to limit and clean exhaust gases prior to emission from the vehicle. Unfortunately, a particularly noxious element of exhaust gas is the oxides of nitrogen component.
In order to remove oxides of nitrogen or'de-nox'exhaust gas, it is preferable to remove or diminish the oxygen content within the exhaust gas in order to produce a more reducing composition. A reduced oxygen component within the exhaust gas allows, through chemical reaction, removal of oxides of nitrogen.
Conversely, oxygen in the exhaust gas inhibits the conversion of oxides of nitrogen by preferential chemical reaction, etc.
It has been proposed to use separation membranes to provide oxygen enrichment for the air input to the engine. An example of the proposed use of separation membranes is in the paper entitled"Variable Air Composition with Polymer Membrane-A New Low Emissions Tool" (Society of Automotive Engineers 980178, page 43-46). The purpose of oxygen enrichment is to promote stochiometric air/fuel proportioning within the combustion chamber of the engine or otherwise in order to promote the most advantageous exhaust gas emissions and engine performance. Typically, lambda sensors are used to analyse the exhaust gas in order to tune the air/fuel ratio to achieve desired results for particular environmental conditions, engine load and fuel economy.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an engine inlet and exhaust arrangement which can further improve environmental acceptability by diminution of oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust gases from the engine.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided an inlet and exhaust arrangement for an internal combustion engine, the arrangement comprising a conduit to present exhaust gas from the engine to an exhaust gas separation membrane whereby the exhaust gas can be divided into a relatively oxygen-enriched stream and a relatively oxygen depleted stream, the oxygen depleted stream being coupled to a converter wherein oxides of nitrogen can be diminished.
The conduit may include a bypass whereby the exhaust gas can be directly coupled to the converter means.
Preferably, free radicals of nitrogen are injected into the exhaust gas to promote reduction of oxides of nitrogen from the exhaust gas, in which case the free radicals of nitrogen may be injected into the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust gas separation membrane. Such nitrogen-free radicals may be provided by a plasma generator which utilises a nitrogen-enriched air stream from an air inlet separator membrane used in the air inlet of the engine.
Preferably, the converter is a three-way catalytic converter.
The relatively oxygen-enriched stream from the exhaust gas separation membrane may be coupled to means for altering the composition of inlet air presented to the engine.
The invention also provides, in accordance with another aspect thereof, an internal combustion engine installation including an inlet and exhaust arrangement in accordance with said one aspect wherein the installation includes control means whereby the composition of inlet air presented to the engine can be altered by mixing the relatively oxygen-enriched stream with existing air streams presented to the engine.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: Fig. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of an internal combustion engine inlet and exhaust arrangement according to the invention.
In the flow diagram shown in Fig. 1, the arrangement represented by the components above the broken line 1 is generally as previously proposed whereas the arrangement represented by the components below the broken line 1 is generally as proposed in accordance with the present invention.
Air is drawn through an air filter 4 towards a plenum 5 via a valve 6 which directs a proportion of the air flow through a blower 7 towards an air inlet separation membrane 8 whilst the remainder of the air flow enters the plenum 5.
The air inlet separation membrane 8 provides a relatively oxygen-enriched air flow 9 and a relatively oxygen-depleted (and therefore relatively nitrogen-rich) air flow 10. A vacuum pump 11 is arranged to draw the oxygen enriched air flow or stream 9 through the inlet separation membrane 8 to leave the oxygen depleted (nitrogenrich) stream 10.
The oxygen enriched stream 9 allows, through appropriate engine management control, variation of the air/fuel ratio conditions within the engine.
By adjusting the proportions of air fed directly through the plenum 5 with the oxygen enriched flow 9, the composition of the air presented to an inlet manifold 12 for combustion with fuel in the engine can be varied. Furthermore, through a combination of valves 13,14, the oxygen-enriched air flow 9 can itself be adjusted through further proportional recombination with the nitrogen-enriched stream 10.
The valve 6, blower 7, inlet separation membrane 8 and pump 11 allow adjustment of the oxygen constituent within the air presented to the inlet manifold 12. The plenum 5 allows mixing of the direct air flow through the valve 6 from the air filter 4 with the oxygen-enriched air flow 9. It will be understood that the air flow into the plenum 5 for combination with the direct air flow through the valve 6 could be relatively nitrogen enriched and therefore oxygen depleted if necessary in order to achieve an appropriate air composition for the inlet manifold 12. The appropriately proportioned inlet air 15 is presented to an engine 17 which may be a spark ignition or compression ignition type.
With regard to environmental emissions, the combustion in the engine 17 should be as near complete as possible. A stochiometric combination of air and fuel should theoretically ensure conversion during combustion. However, it will be understood that within the narrow time span and inherently turbulent, nonlinear condition of any combustion chamber, complete combustion is difficult if not impossible to achieve consistently, if at all. Thus, the exhaust gas 18 from the engine 17 will normally incorporate various combustion products which are environmentally undesirable. In the case of compression ignition engines and lean-burn spark-ignition engines (which can have many advantages regarding complete combustion), there is also a tendency for oxides of nitrogen to be present in the exhaust.
It is known that exhaust gases from combustion engines can be processed according to the Zeldovich reactions listed below. By combining nitrogen atoms with NO, Oz and OH reagents, some of the oxides of nitrogen can be removed. The Zeldovich reactions are: O+N2-NO+N N+NO-N2+0 N +02-NO+O O+NO-02+N N+OH-NO+H H+NO-OH+N Due to preferential oxidation of the free-radicals of nitrogen (N), it is necessary to reduce the oxygen (02) constituent to promote the Zeldovich reactions by altering the balance of available reagents. Clearly, it may be uneconomic and impractical in terms of the necessary apparatus and time scale to completely remove the oxygen constituent from the notionally oxygen-rich exhaust 18.
However, where required, such complete removal of oxygen may be substantially achieved or at least attempted. It has been proposed to provide a nitrogen free-radical plasma generator 19 to present nitrogen free-radicals to the exhaust 18 in order to promote the Zeldovich reactions and, through appropriate engine management, the oxygen content within the exhaust 18 by adjustment of the inlet air oxygen content, dependent upon operational conditions, workload and environmental objectives. In any event, maximisation of the Zeldovich reactions has not been achieved through further oxygen depletion in the exhaust gas 18.
In accordance with the present invention an exhaust arrangement 3 is provided in which the benefits of the Zeldovich reaction described above along with the catalytic effects of known exhaust gas converters are utilise in order to reduce detrimental noxious exhaust emissions. Exhaust gas 18 is passed through a valve 20 such that at least a proportion 21 of the exhaust gas is presented to an exhaust gas separation membrane 22 in order to split the exhaust gas into a relatively oxygen-enriched stream 23 and a relatively oxygen depleted stream 24. The valve 20 proportions the exhaust gas flow between the membrane 22 and a direct bypass route to a converter 25. It will be appreciated that generally it is inconvenient or unacceptably limiting upon engine performance 17 to require that all exhaust gas is passed through the membrane 22 in order to maximise oxygen depletion.
However, full exhaust gas passage through the membrane 22 may be conducted where required The valve 20 and the exhaust gas separation membrane 22 are downstream of the nitrogen free-radicals from the plasma generator 19, although it may be convenient to inject this just upstream of the converter 25.
The converter 25 may operate principally upon the Zeldovich reaction in which nitrogen-free radicals are combined with oxides of nitrogen in order to produce gaseous nitrogen (N2) and an oxygen radical which readily combines with other oxygen radicals to produce gaseous oxygen (02). However, more conventionally a motor vehicle including an engine 17 will already incorporate a catalytic converter for conversion of oxides of nitrogen and other noxious exhaust gas component such as carbonmonoxide, etc. Thus, the converter 25 will typically itself include an appropriate catalyst to precipitate elimination of oxides of nitrogen from the exhaust gas emission 26. The reduction in the oxygen content by the exhaust arrangement 3 of the present invention further promotes elimination of such oxides of nitrogen through reduction of the stifling effects of preferred oxidation in the converter 25.
The oxygen-enriched stream 23 can be coupled to the vacuum pump 11 in order to promote a pressure differential across the exhaust separation membrane 22 and also augment the oxygen-enriched air stream 9.
The operation of catalytic conversion along with other emission control mechanisms is described in the text book entitled"The Motor Vehicle"by Newton, Steeds and Garret, published by Butterworth Heinemann (Edition 12), Part 1, Chapter 12, pages 424-457 and in particular with regard to three-way catalytic converters at page 433-434. Operation of separation membranes is known by those skilled in the art and the present invention utilises that existing technology in order to provide the desired oxygen reduced stream 24.
It will be appreciated that various auxiliary conditioning procedures may also be incorporated within the flow path between engine 17 and the converter 25.
Thus, the exhaust gas may be cooled and filtered to remove particulate matter potentially detrimental to the membrane 22 and/or the converter 25.
Furthermore, the combustion conduction may be controlled to regulate exhaust gas temperature in particular for compatibility within the membrane 22 and/or the converter 25.
Typically, the oxygen concentration in the reduced oxygen stream 24 will be in the range of 2% to 5% by weight. Thus, the converter 25 will have a relatively reducing atmosphere in order to provide oxides of nitrogen conversion whilst the bypass exhaust gas may provide an oxidising atmosphere in the converter 25 subsequent to the conversion of oxides of nitrogen for the elimination of other noxious gases such as carbon monoxide.

Claims (10)

  1. CLAIMS 1. An inlet and exhaust arrangement for an internal combustion engine, the arrangement comprising a conduit to present exhaust gas from the engine to an exhaust gas separation membrane whereby the exhaust gas can be divided into a relatively oxygen-enriched stream and a relatively oxygen depleted stream, the oxygen depleted stream being coupled to a converter wherein oxides of nitrogen can be diminished.
  2. 2. An arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the conduit includes a bypass whereby the exhaust gas can be directly coupled to the converter.
  3. 3. An arrangement as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein free radicals of nitrogen are injected into the exhaust gas to promote reduction of oxides of nitrogen from the exhaust gas.
  4. 4. An arrangement as claimed in claim 3 wherein the free radicals of nitrogen are injected into the exhaust gas upstream of the exhaust gas separation membrane.
  5. 5. An arrangement as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4 wherein the nitrogen-free radicals are provided by a plasma generator which utilises a nitrogen enriched air stream from an air inlet separator membrane used in the air inlet of the engine.
  6. 6. An arrangement as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the converter is a three-way catalytic converter.
  7. 7. An arrangement as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the relatively oxygen-enriched stream from the exhaust separation membrane is coupled to means for altering the composition of inlet air presented to the engine.
  8. 8. An internal combustion engine installation including an inlet and exhaust arrangement in accordance with any preceding claim, wherein the installation includes control means whereby the composition of inlet air presented to the engine can be altered by mixing the relatively oxygen-enriched stream with existing air streams presented to the engine.
  9. 9. An intake and exhaust arrangement substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
  10. 10. A combustion engine assembly substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
GB9928626A 1998-12-03 1999-12-03 Separating oxygen from exhaust stream Withdrawn GB2345866A (en)

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GB2345866A true GB2345866A (en) 2000-07-26

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001083088A1 (en) * 2000-05-02 2001-11-08 Volvo Teknisk Utveckling Ab Device and method for reduction of a gas component in an exhaust gas flow of a combustion engine
EP1201908A3 (en) * 2000-10-20 2002-09-11 Filterwerk Mann + Hummel Gmbh Device and process for increasing the percentage of oxygen in the intake air of an IC engine
EP1464831A1 (en) * 2003-03-31 2004-10-06 Ford Global Technologies, LLC, A subsidary of Ford Motor Company Method for starting an internal combustion engine
KR100592981B1 (en) * 2002-01-21 2006-06-23 주식회사 셈테크놀러지 Method for abatement of hazardous gases and hybrid system therefor
FR2917790A1 (en) * 2007-06-22 2008-12-26 Renault Sas Exhaust gas treating system for oil engine of motor vehicle, has recirculation pipe connected to exhaust line and module for recuperating part of gas from engine and forming purge flow inside module to assure separation of oxygen molecules
US9074559B2 (en) 2013-11-05 2015-07-07 King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals Engine emissions control system using ion transport membrane
US9488100B2 (en) 2012-03-22 2016-11-08 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Apparatus and method for oxy-combustion of fuels in internal combustion engines

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10704509B2 (en) * 2016-04-07 2020-07-07 University Of South Carolina Methodology and system for reforming liquid fuel

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4117829A1 (en) * 1991-05-29 1992-12-03 Frank Luderer Oxygen@ enrichment process for combustion air - is used for engines and fire-boxes, using reversible oxygen sorbent esp. per:fluorocarbon
DE4331508C1 (en) * 1993-09-16 1994-10-20 Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh Device for reducing pollutant emissions in the operation of diesel engines
JPH06319948A (en) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-22 Toray Ind Inc Apparatus for treating exhaust gas
JPH06319949A (en) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-22 Toray Ind Inc Apparatus for treating exhaust gas
US5649517A (en) * 1993-02-18 1997-07-22 The University Of Chicago Variable oxygen/nitrogen enriched intake air system for internal combustion engine applications

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4117829A1 (en) * 1991-05-29 1992-12-03 Frank Luderer Oxygen@ enrichment process for combustion air - is used for engines and fire-boxes, using reversible oxygen sorbent esp. per:fluorocarbon
US5649517A (en) * 1993-02-18 1997-07-22 The University Of Chicago Variable oxygen/nitrogen enriched intake air system for internal combustion engine applications
JPH06319948A (en) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-22 Toray Ind Inc Apparatus for treating exhaust gas
JPH06319949A (en) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-22 Toray Ind Inc Apparatus for treating exhaust gas
DE4331508C1 (en) * 1993-09-16 1994-10-20 Mtu Friedrichshafen Gmbh Device for reducing pollutant emissions in the operation of diesel engines

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001083088A1 (en) * 2000-05-02 2001-11-08 Volvo Teknisk Utveckling Ab Device and method for reduction of a gas component in an exhaust gas flow of a combustion engine
US8065870B2 (en) 2000-05-02 2011-11-29 Volvo Technology Corporation Device and method for reduction of a gas component in an exhaust gas flow of a combustion engine
EP1201908A3 (en) * 2000-10-20 2002-09-11 Filterwerk Mann + Hummel Gmbh Device and process for increasing the percentage of oxygen in the intake air of an IC engine
KR100592981B1 (en) * 2002-01-21 2006-06-23 주식회사 셈테크놀러지 Method for abatement of hazardous gases and hybrid system therefor
EP1464831A1 (en) * 2003-03-31 2004-10-06 Ford Global Technologies, LLC, A subsidary of Ford Motor Company Method for starting an internal combustion engine
FR2917790A1 (en) * 2007-06-22 2008-12-26 Renault Sas Exhaust gas treating system for oil engine of motor vehicle, has recirculation pipe connected to exhaust line and module for recuperating part of gas from engine and forming purge flow inside module to assure separation of oxygen molecules
US9488100B2 (en) 2012-03-22 2016-11-08 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Apparatus and method for oxy-combustion of fuels in internal combustion engines
US9074559B2 (en) 2013-11-05 2015-07-07 King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals Engine emissions control system using ion transport membrane

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Publication number Publication date
GB9928626D0 (en) 2000-02-02
GB9826463D0 (en) 1999-01-27

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