GB2332108A - Motor phase control apparatus - Google Patents
Motor phase control apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2332108A GB2332108A GB9826739A GB9826739A GB2332108A GB 2332108 A GB2332108 A GB 2332108A GB 9826739 A GB9826739 A GB 9826739A GB 9826739 A GB9826739 A GB 9826739A GB 2332108 A GB2332108 A GB 2332108A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- power source
- motor
- commercial
- supplied
- switching
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P25/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of AC motor or by structural details
- H02P25/02—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of AC motor or by structural details characterised by the kind of motor
- H02P25/10—Commutator motors, e.g. repulsion motors
- H02P25/14—Universal motors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
- H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
- H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
- H02M5/22—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M5/275—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M5/293—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)
Abstract
A phase control apparatus of a motor for phase controlling a sine wave voltage to provide a non sine wave voltage for adjusting the speed of the motor comprises a controller 100 for generating a switching control signal for phase control of an AC power source 10 for a predetermine period of time before the AC source reaches a peak from the zero crossing point (Figs 5 and 6) in order to attenuate harmonic current generated from the motor and a switching unit 120 for switching the AC source supplied to the motor under control of the switching control signal from the controller. The control signal may be supplied to an IGBT driver 120 through a phototransistor 110. The motor may drive a vacuum cleaner.
Description
1 2332108 1 - MOTOR PHASE CONTROL APPARATUS The present invention relates
to a motor, and more particularly to a motor phase control apparatus for effectively attenuating a harmonic current generating in the course of phase control of a motor used for a vacuum cleaner and the like.
Generally, a motor driving circuit in a conventional vacuum cleaner is illustrated in Figure 1, where a motor 30 is driven by an alternating current AC electric power having a commercial frequency supplied from a power source 10, and an impeller cooperatively rotating with the motor 30 serves to forcibly circulate an inner air therein to generate a pressure difference between inside and outside of the vacuum cleaner, and pollutants such as dust and like are sucked by the air generated therefrom to thereby perform the cleaning. Voltage (V) and current (I) waves of the commercial AC electric power supplied to the motor 30 from an electric power source supplier 10 are illustrated in Figure 2.
Meanwhile, a sinewave voltage supplied from the electric power source supplier 10 by a triac 40 controllably switched by a gate signal is controlled in phase thereof and converted to non-sinewave voltage to be supplied to the motor 30. At this time, the harmonic current is generated in the vicinity of the peak voltage (by way of example, 90 100) of the commercial AC power source during phase control. The increased harmonic current however can cause operational problems to a power condenser, breaker or the like and can result in transformer destruction or the like.
1 As a way of preventing problems resulting from such harmonic currents, The International Electrotechnical Commission IEC has. in association with various testing institutions around the world, enacted a law for regulating the use of harmonic currents. According to the regulation made by the IEC, those harmonic currents which cause problems among the various harmonic currents which are generated by vacuum cleaners when the phase is controlled at a peak vicinity (by way of example, 90 100) of the commercial AC power source are the odd-numbered harmonic waves such as the third harmonic current. Accordingly, various studies are under way to attenuate third harmonic current in vacuum cleaners.
It is an aim of preferred embodiments of the present invention to solve or reduce the afore-mentioned problems and to provide a motor phase control apparatus by which harmonic current generated from a motor is effectively attenuated.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a phase control apparatus of a motor for phase-control ling a sinewave voltage of a commercial alternating current AC power source and for converting the same to a non-sinewave voltage to adjust a rotating speed thereof, the apparatus comprising: a controller for generating a switching control signal for phase control of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor during a remaining domain excepting a peak vicinity of the commercial AC power source supplied from the motor; and switching means for switching the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor by the switching control signal of the controller while the commercial AC power source is being supplied to the motor, thereby phase- controlling the commercial AC power source.
Preferably, the switching means comprises: first switching means for switching a driving power source according to a switching control signal output from the controller; and second switching means for controlling a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor according to a driving power source switched via and supplied by the first switching means.
The first switching means may comprise a phototransistor.
The second switching means may comprise a first IGBT, a second IGBT, a first diode and a second diode and control a phase of the commercial AC power source according to a driving power source supplied via the first switching means when the commercial AC power source is supplied to the motor.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a phase control apparatus of a motor for phase-controlling a sine wave voltage of a commercial AC power source and for converting the same to a non sine wave voltage to adjust a rotating speed thereof, the apparatus comprising; a controller for generating a switching control signal for a phase control of the power source supplied to the motor for a predetermined period of time before the commercial AC power source reaches a peak from a zero crossing signal to the commercial AC power source in order to attenuate the harmonic current generated from the motor; and switching means for switching the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor by the switching control signal of the controller while the commercial AC power source is being supplied to the motor, thereby phase-controlling the commercial AC power source.
The switching means may comprise: f irst switching means for switching a driving power source according to a switching control signal output from the controller; and second switching means f or controlling a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor according to a driving power source switched via and supplied by the first switching means.
The first switching means may comprise a phototransistor.
The second switching means may comprise a f irst IGBT, second IGBT, a first diode and a second diode controls phase of the commercial AC power source according to a driving power source supplied via the f irst switching means when the commercial AC power source is supplied to the motor.
For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how embodiments of the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram for illustrating a motor driving circuit in a conventional vacuum cleaner; Figures 2 and 3 are illustrating a harmonic current conventional motor is driven; schematic diagrams for generated when a Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a phase control apparatus in a motor according to a first embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 is a waveform diagram for illustrating an operational process for controlling a phase of a motor according to the first embodiment of the present invention; and Figure 6 is a waveform diagram for illustrating an operational process for controlling a phase of a motor according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Now, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a phase control apparatus of a motor according to the first embodiment of the present invention, where the apparatus includes a controller 100 for generating a switching control signal for controlling a phase of a commercial AC power source supplied to a motor 30 during a remaining domain outside of a peak vicinity of the commercial AC power source by means of a zero crossing signal, and switching means for controlling the phase of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor 30 by being switched by a switching control signal generated from the controller 100.
The switching means is provided with a phototransistor 110 arranged to be switched by a switching control signal output from the controller 100 to in turn switch a driving power source and an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGBT driver 120 for switching the commercial AC power source supplied from the motor 30 according to the driving power source supplied via the phototransistor 110 to thereby control a phase of the commercial AC power source.
Here, the IGBT driver 120 includes a first IGBT 122, a second IGBT 124, a first diode D1 and a second diode D2. A triac cannot perform a turn-off while a current is supplied to the motor 30 from the power source supplier 10, such that a special switching element is needed in order to control the phase of the commercial AC power source while current is supplied to the motor 30 from the power source supplier 10. An IGBT element is utilized for the above purpose.
Now, the operational process of a phase control apparatus of a motor according to an embodiment of the present invention as thus constructed will be described in detail with reference to Figures 4 and 5.
Output voltage from the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor 30 is illustrated in Figure 5A. The controller 100, during a phase control of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor 30, generates a switching control signal for controlling a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor 30 during a remaining period outside of a peak vicinity of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 according to a zero crossing signal (ZCS in Figure 5B) generated from zero crossing of the commercial AC power source illustrated in Figure 5A.
In other words, the controller 100 generates a switching control signal for controlling a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor 30 from the power supplier 10 during a remaining period excepting 90 100, 270 100, 450 100, 630 10',---in order to prevent a generation of harmonic current at a peak vicinity of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 to the motor 30, as illustrated in Figure 5C.
Successively, the phototransistor 110 is switched by the switching control signal generated from the controller 100, by which a driving power source supplied to the IGBT driver 120 is switched, and the phase of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 via the IGBT driver 120 is phase-controlled as illustrated in Figure 5D to thereafter be supplied to the motor 30.
To be more specific, when the commercial AC power source of the power supplier 10 is supplied to the motor 30 in direction Cl, a closed circuit is formed via the first IGBT 122 and the second diode D2 to drive the motor 30. At this time, the first IGBT 122 is switched by a driving power supplied from the photodiode 110 according to a switching control signal, as illustrated in Figure 5C, such that the phase of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 to the motor 30 is controlled as illustrated in Figure 5D.
Furthermore, in case the commercial AC power source applied from the power supplier 10 is supplied to the motor 30 at the direction of C2, a closed circuit is formed via the second IGBT 124 and the first diode D1 to thereby drive the motor 30, and the second IGBT 124 is switched by a switching control signal generated from the controller 100 as illustrated in Figure SC according to a driving power source supplied via the photodiode 110, such that the phase of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 to the motor 30 is controlled as illustrated in Figure 5D.
Meanwhile, an operational process according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Figure 6.
First of all, the commercial AC power source applied to the motor 30 is illustrated in Figure 6A. Meanwhile, the controller 100, during a phasecontrol of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor 30, generates a switching control signal for controlling a phase of the commercial AC poser source supplied to the motor 30 for a predetermined period of time according to a zero crossing signal (ZCS; in Figure 6B) generated by zero crossing of the commercial AC power source illustrated in Figure 6A.
In other words, the controller 100 generates a switching control signal for controlling a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 to the motor 30 during a predetermined period of time (T) such as 0 - 800, 180 -2600, 360 - 440', 540 62C.... in order to prevent generation of harmonic current at a peak vicinity of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 to the motor 30, as illustrated in Figure 6C.
Successively, the phototransistor 110 is switched by the switching control signal generated from the controller 110 and subsequently, a driving power source supplied to the IGBT driver 120 is switched, and the phase of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 via the IGBT driver 120 is phase-controlled as illustrated in Figure 6D to thereafter be supplied to the motor 30.
To be more specific, in case the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 is supplied to the motor 30 at the direction of Cl, a closed circuit is formed via the first IGBT 122 and the second diode D2 to thereby drive the motor 30. At this time, the first IGBT 122 is switched by the driving power source supplied through the photodiode 110 according to a switching control signal generated from the controller 110 as illustrated in Figure 6C, such that a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 to the motor 10 is controlled as illustrated in Figure 6D.
Furthermore, in case the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 is supplied to the motor 30 at the direction of C2, a closed circuit is formed via the second IGBT 124 and the first diode D1 to thereby drive the motor 30. At this time, the second IGBT 124 is switched by the driving power source supplied through the photodiode 110 according to the switching control signal generated from the controller 100 as illustrated in Figure 6C, and a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied from the power supplier 10 to the motor 30 is controlled as illustrated in Figure 6D.
In other words, there is an advantage according to the second embodiment of the present invention in that a switching operation is executed to perform a phase control during a predetermined period of time before the commercial AC power source reaches a peak from the zero crossing signal of the commercial AC power source, thereby attenuating the harmonic current.
As apparent from the foregoing, there is an advantage in the phase control apparatus of a motor according to embodiments of the present invention in that a driving power source is switched and supplied to an IGBT driver through a phototransistor by a switching control signal generated from the controller, and subsequently, a phase control is executed at a remaining domain excepting a peak portion of the commercial AC power source during the motor activation, such that a harmonic current generated during a switching control is attenuated to prevent in advance an operational problem at a power system and to obtain a 5 maximum output of a motor.
There is another advantage in that attenuation of the harmonic current conforms to IEC regulations and it increases a product sale as well.
The reader's attention is directed to all papers and documents which are filed concurrently with or previous to this specification in connection with this application and which are open to public inspection with this specification, and the contents of all such papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference.
All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive.
Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
The invention is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment(s). The invention extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features - 11 disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.
- 12
Claims (9)
1. A phase control apparatus of a motor for phasecontrolling a sine wave voltage of a commercial AC power source and for converting the same to a non sine wave voltage to adjust a rotating speed thereof, the apparatus comprising:
a controller for generating a switching control signal for a phase control of the power source supplied to the motor for a predetermined period of time before the commercial AC power source reaches a peak from a zero crossing signal to the commercial AC power source in order to attenuate the harmonic current generated from the motor; and switching means for switching the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor by the switching control signal of the controller while the commercial AC power source is being supplied to the motor, thereby phasecontrolling the commercial AC power source.
2. The apparatus as defined in claim 1, wherein the switching means comprises:
first switching means for switching a driving power source according to a switching control signal output from the controller; and second switching means for controlling a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor according to a driving power source switched via and supplied by the first switching means.
3. The apparatus as defined in claim 2, wherein the first switching means is a phototransistor.
4. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 or 3, wherein the second switching means comprises a f irst IGBT, a second IGBT, a first diode and a second diode and controls a phase of the commercial AC power source according to a driving power source supplied via the first switching means when the commercial AC power source is supplied to the motor.
5. A phase control apparatus of a motor for phasecontrolling a sine wave voltage of a commercial AC power source and for converting the same to a non sine wave voltage to adjust a rotating speed thereof, the apparatus comprising:
a controller for generating a switching control signal for a phase control of the power source supplied to the motor for a predetermined period of time before the commercial AC power source reaches a peak from a zero crossing signal to the commercial AC power source in order to attenuate the harmonic current generated from the motor; and switching means for switching the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor by the switching control signal of the controller while the commercial AC power source is being supplied to the motor, thereby phase- controlling the commercial AC power source.
6. The apparatus as defined in claim 5, wherein the switching means comprises:
first switching means for switching a driving power source according to a switching control signal output from the controller; and second switching means f or controlling a phase of the commercial AC power source supplied to the motor according to a driving power source switched via and supplied by the first switching means.
7. The apparatus as defined in claim 6, wherein the first switching means is a phototransistor.
8. The apparatus as defined in claim 6 or 7, wherein the second switching means comprising a first IGBT, a second IGBT, a first diode and a second diode controls a phase of the commercial AC power source according to a driving power source supplied via the first switching means when the commercial AC power source is supplied to the motor.
9. Phase control apparatus substantially as herein described, with reference to Figures 4 to 6.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1019970066426A KR19990047873A (en) | 1997-12-05 | 1997-12-05 | Phase control device of motor |
| KR1019970066425A KR19990047872A (en) | 1997-12-05 | 1997-12-05 | Phase control device of motor |
Publications (4)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9826739D0 GB9826739D0 (en) | 1999-01-27 |
| GB2332108A true GB2332108A (en) | 1999-06-09 |
| GB2332108A8 GB2332108A8 (en) | 1999-06-17 |
| GB2332108B GB2332108B (en) | 2000-02-02 |
Family
ID=26633235
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9826739A Expired - Fee Related GB2332108B (en) | 1997-12-05 | 1998-12-07 | Motor phase control apparatus |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE19853430A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2154996B1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2772211A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2332108B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013071933A3 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2014-03-20 | Linak A/S | Matching energy consumption of an electric transformer with energy needed by a linear actuator system |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATE396641T1 (en) * | 2005-01-04 | 2008-06-15 | Arcelik As | VACUUM CLEANER |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB801121A (en) * | 1954-03-04 | 1958-09-10 | Siemens Schuckterwerke Ag | Improvements in or relating to apparatus for the switching of electric power circuits |
| GB1395917A (en) * | 1971-05-21 | 1975-05-29 | Licentia Gmbh | Method of and arrangement for controlling a rectifier with controllable rectifier valves and quenching arrangements associated therewith |
| GB1415656A (en) * | 1972-02-02 | 1975-11-26 | Gec Elliott Automation Ltd | Method and apparatus for supplying power to a load |
| US4439718A (en) * | 1981-08-28 | 1984-03-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Motor power control circuit for A.C. induction motors |
| US4459529A (en) * | 1981-04-20 | 1984-07-10 | Nordic Controls Co. | Power factor control circuit for AC motors |
| US5008608A (en) * | 1989-12-26 | 1991-04-16 | Allen-Bradley Company, Inc. | Controller for starting and stopping electric motors |
| GB2251740A (en) * | 1990-10-10 | 1992-07-15 | Greenfields Europ Limited | Induction motor control arrangement |
| GB2301716A (en) * | 1995-06-01 | 1996-12-11 | Yang Tai Her | Phase angle control circuit for a switching device |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5004969A (en) * | 1989-10-16 | 1991-04-02 | Bayview Technology Group, Inc. | Phase control switching circuit without zero crossing detection |
| US5216352A (en) * | 1990-11-29 | 1993-06-01 | Square D Company | Solid state current controlled interruption system |
| FR2706226B1 (en) * | 1993-05-05 | 1996-10-11 | Plumer Sa | Device for controlling the variation of power and / or speed of a load, such as a motor or the like. |
| JPH0934564A (en) * | 1995-07-18 | 1997-02-07 | Chiyoda:Kk | Input waveform follow-up type ac power unit |
| JP3373994B2 (en) * | 1996-02-14 | 2003-02-04 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Control device for single-phase motor and actuator using control device for single-phase motor |
-
1998
- 1998-11-19 DE DE1998153430 patent/DE19853430A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-11-26 ES ES9802482A patent/ES2154996B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-12-04 FR FR9815338A patent/FR2772211A1/en active Pending
- 1998-12-07 GB GB9826739A patent/GB2332108B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB801121A (en) * | 1954-03-04 | 1958-09-10 | Siemens Schuckterwerke Ag | Improvements in or relating to apparatus for the switching of electric power circuits |
| GB1395917A (en) * | 1971-05-21 | 1975-05-29 | Licentia Gmbh | Method of and arrangement for controlling a rectifier with controllable rectifier valves and quenching arrangements associated therewith |
| GB1415656A (en) * | 1972-02-02 | 1975-11-26 | Gec Elliott Automation Ltd | Method and apparatus for supplying power to a load |
| US4459529A (en) * | 1981-04-20 | 1984-07-10 | Nordic Controls Co. | Power factor control circuit for AC motors |
| US4439718A (en) * | 1981-08-28 | 1984-03-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Motor power control circuit for A.C. induction motors |
| US5008608A (en) * | 1989-12-26 | 1991-04-16 | Allen-Bradley Company, Inc. | Controller for starting and stopping electric motors |
| GB2251740A (en) * | 1990-10-10 | 1992-07-15 | Greenfields Europ Limited | Induction motor control arrangement |
| GB2301716A (en) * | 1995-06-01 | 1996-12-11 | Yang Tai Her | Phase angle control circuit for a switching device |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013071933A3 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2014-03-20 | Linak A/S | Matching energy consumption of an electric transformer with energy needed by a linear actuator system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2332108A8 (en) | 1999-06-17 |
| GB2332108B (en) | 2000-02-02 |
| ES2154996B1 (en) | 2001-11-01 |
| FR2772211A1 (en) | 1999-06-11 |
| ES2154996A1 (en) | 2001-04-16 |
| DE19853430A1 (en) | 1999-08-19 |
| GB9826739D0 (en) | 1999-01-27 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |