GB2319573A - Brake assembly - Google Patents

Brake assembly Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2319573A
GB2319573A GB9723278A GB9723278A GB2319573A GB 2319573 A GB2319573 A GB 2319573A GB 9723278 A GB9723278 A GB 9723278A GB 9723278 A GB9723278 A GB 9723278A GB 2319573 A GB2319573 A GB 2319573A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
brake
force
assembly
setting
rotor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB9723278A
Other versions
GB9723278D0 (en
GB2319573B (en
Inventor
Claus-Peter Jahns
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
STILL GmbH
Original Assignee
STILL GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by STILL GmbH filed Critical STILL GmbH
Publication of GB9723278D0 publication Critical patent/GB9723278D0/en
Publication of GB2319573A publication Critical patent/GB2319573A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2319573B publication Critical patent/GB2319573B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/12—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release the fluid being liquid
    • B60T13/22—Brakes applied by springs or weights and released hydraulically
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T1/00—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles
    • B60T1/02—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels
    • B60T1/06—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels acting otherwise than on tread, e.g. employing rim, drum, disc, or transmission or on double wheels
    • B60T1/065—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels acting otherwise than on tread, e.g. employing rim, drum, disc, or transmission or on double wheels employing disc
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D55/00—Brakes with substantially-radial braking surfaces pressed together in axial direction, e.g. disc brakes
    • F16D55/24—Brakes with substantially-radial braking surfaces pressed together in axial direction, e.g. disc brakes with a plurality of axially-movable discs, lamellae, or pads, pressed from one side towards an axially-located member
    • F16D55/26—Brakes with substantially-radial braking surfaces pressed together in axial direction, e.g. disc brakes with a plurality of axially-movable discs, lamellae, or pads, pressed from one side towards an axially-located member without self-tightening action
    • F16D55/36—Brakes with a plurality of rotating discs all lying side by side
    • F16D55/40—Brakes with a plurality of rotating discs all lying side by side actuated by a fluid-pressure device arranged in or one the brake
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/14—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position
    • F16D65/16—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake
    • F16D65/18—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake adapted for drawing members together, e.g. for disc brakes
    • F16D65/186—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake adapted for drawing members together, e.g. for disc brakes with full-face force-applying member, e.g. annular
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D55/00—Brakes with substantially-radial braking surfaces pressed together in axial direction, e.g. disc brakes
    • F16D2055/0004—Parts or details of disc brakes
    • F16D2055/0058—Fully lined, i.e. braking surface extending over the entire disc circumference
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2121/00—Type of actuator operation force
    • F16D2121/02—Fluid pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2121/00—Type of actuator operation force
    • F16D2121/02—Fluid pressure
    • F16D2121/12—Fluid pressure for releasing a normally applied brake, the type of actuator being irrelevant or not provided for in groups F16D2121/04 - F16D2121/10
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2123/00—Multiple operation forces

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)

Abstract

A brake assembly for a vehicle, comprises a brake rotor 3, a first non-rotatable, parking, brake member 6 biassed to the right by a spring 5 to effect braking when parked. A second non-rotatable, service, brake member 10 can be urged to the left, against bias of spring 7, by hydraulic pressure fluid in chamber 8, e.g.under the control of a brake pedal, to initially release the parking brake and subsequently to apply the service brake.

Description

2319573 1 BRAKE ASSEMBLY The present invention concerns a brake assembly,
for example for a vehicle, which can be used as a parking brake and as a service brake.
Brake assemblies are known comprising a brake rotor, a non-rotatable brake member, at least one force storage spring for urging the non- rotatable brake member directly or indirectly against the brake rotor, and means for applying a releasing force for separating the nonrotatable brake member and the brake rotor.
Brakes of this kind are frequently employed as parking brakes in known vehicles, in which a brake disc or a plate pack is used for example as the brake rotor. The non-rotatable brake member is urged directly or indirectly against the brake rotor, for example by means of a nonrotatable plate.
The releasing force with which the non-rotatable brake member is moved clear of the brake rotor can be produced, for example, by means of a hydraulic system or a pneumatic system. At times when no releasing force is applied, the brake is in the engaged state, that is the brake rotor is unable to rotate. The brake is in this state for example when the vehicle is not in use. In this version of the brake serving as parking brake, only the two positions described are provided for the brake member. Quantitative regulation of the braking force is not required.
Versions of brakes of this kind are also known in which the releasing force of the brake member can be adjusted in steps or steplessly. Brakes of this kind are suitable as service brakes for vehicles because the braking force can be determined by the operator of the vehicle. However, brakes of this kind have various disadvantages. For example, the maximum braking moment is 2 limited by the force of the storage spring. In this case, the releasing force of the non-rotatable brake member must be reduced when a brake pedal is operated. A complex control device is necessary to be able to adjust the releasing force in a precise relationship inversely proportional for example to the movement of the brake pedal.
The object of the present invention is to provide a brake which can be used as a parking brake and as a service brake by means of a simple control device and which is very reliable.
According to the present invention there is provided a brake assembly, for example for a vehicle, the assembly comprising a brake rotor, a first non-rotatable brake member, at least one force storage resilient member for urging the first brake member directly or indirectly against the brake rotor, means for applying a releasing force for separating the first brake member and the brake rotor, and means for applying a brake setting force against a second non-rotatable brake member for urging the second brake member directly or indirectly against the brake rotor.
The force storage resilient member may comprise a spring member.
For a service braking operation the second brake member is urged against the brake rotor. The first brake member connected to the force storage resilient member is used for the parking brake function. Reliable operation of the parking brake is ensured by the force storage resilient member. The setting force of the second brake member can be determined independently cf the force of the force storage resilient member. Thus, the braking moment during a service braking operation can be controlled independently of the maximum braking moment of the parking brake.
3 Preferably, the means for applying the setting force and the means for applying the releasing force are adapted to apply the respective forces in the same direction. This makes it possible to dispose the forceproducing components for the releasing force and the setting force in a common unit and is especially convenient where the releasing force and the setting force are fluid pressure forces.
The brake rotor may be disposed intermediate the first brake member and the second brake member. In this case, the two brake members are urged against the opposite sides of the brake rotor, so that both brake members have a large contact area with the brake rotor.
The first brake member may be operatively connected to the second brake member by way of at least one further resilient member, such as a spring, the releasing force being transmitted from the second brake member to the first brake member by way of the further resilient member. This arrangement allows a particularly compact brake design. Here, the releasing force is produced for example by means of a hydraulic system and is applied to the second brake member. The second brake member is supported by means of the further resilient member on the first brake member and the second brake member is then moved away from the brake rotor by the releasing force.
Expediently the further resilient member has a greater spring constant than the force storage spring member. This choice of spring constants ensures that the change in the length of the force storage resilient member due to the releasing force is greater than the change in the length of the further resilient member intermediate the two brake members.
In one expedient development, the releasing force may be provided by a brake setting member acting on the second brake member.
4 It is also expedient when the brake setting force is provided by a brake setting member acting on the second brake member. Advantageously both setting members produce forces which in each case act on the second brake member, allowing a particularly compact arrangement of the setting members.
It is particularly advantageous when a single setting member is provided for production of the releasing force and the setting force. This reduces the number of parts required.
The brake setting member may comprise at least one hydraulically moveable piston. However, it is also possible to provide a mechanical setting member.
A particularly compact brake design is possible when the piston is integral with the second brake member. In such a case, the piston may be manufactured as part of the second brake member or may be connected permanently to the second brake member, which also leads to a reduction in the number of parts.
The brake rotor may comprise a plate pack. Very high braking powers can be obtained with a multi-plate brake relative to the space required.
The first brake member may be operatively connected to an auxiliary hydraulic pump for producing the releasing force. In this way, the releasing force can be applied by means of the auxiliary hydraulic pump at any time the vehicle is in use. In other embodiments the releasing force can also be applied mechanically or electromagnetically.
The second brake member may be operatively connected to a brake actuating member, such as a brake pedal, by way of an hydraulic brake cylinder for producing the setting force. An arrangement commonly used in vehicles, such as fork-lift trucks for example, is for a service braking operation to be available by means of the second brake member with the brake pedal acting on a brake cylinder. The use of these standard parts makes it possible to produce the brake arrangement inexpensively.
The brake assembly according to the present invention allows the driver to determine the braking moment directly during a service braking operation. In this situation, the braking moment is directly dependent on the force exerted on the brake pedal, and no complicated regulating or control devices are necessary for operation.
For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying figure which is a diagrammatic crosssectional illustration of one embodiment of part of a brake assembly according to the invention.
The figure illustrates the upper half of a brake assembly which, in practice, is substantially rotationally symmetrical.
In the illustrated embodiment the brake assembly is in the form of a multi-plate brake for braking a rotatable shaft 1 relative to a stationary housing 2a, 2b. The housing parts 2a and 2b are fixedly secured, for example bolted, to one another. In the illustrated embodiment, a brake rotor 3 is formed by a plate pack comprising two annular plates 3a and 3b which are fixedly mounted on the shaft 1 at their internal periphery. The annular plates 3a and 3b come into contact with nonrotating annular plates 4 during a braking operation, the plates 4 being fixedly secured at their outer periphery.
In the figure the brake is shown functioning as a parking brake. In the parking brake configuration illustrated, a force storage (or loaded) spring 5 in the form of a frustoconical disc spring is mounted at the radially outer periphery thereof on the housing part 2b 6 and at the radially inner periphery thereof exerts a force on a non- rotating first brake member 6. This force is transmitted by way of an external plate 4a, an outer rotor 3a, an intermediate plate 4c, an inner rotor 3b and an inner plate 4b to the housing part 2a. The shaft 1 is braked relative to the housing 2a, 2b by the force transmitted by way of the plates 4a, 4c and 4b, such that the braking moment is determined non- adjustably by the force of the force storage spring 5. In the parking configuration of the brake, a further spring 7 is in an at least substantially unloaded state. A second brake member 10, not required for the parking brake, has a sufficient air gap relative to the brake rotor 3 and to the internal plate 4b located between the brake rotor 3 and the brake member 10.
To release the parking brake described above, a first lower pressure level is applied to a fluid pressure chamber 8 disposed in the housing part 2a. The pressure in the pressure chamber 8 acts on a piston 9 which is integral with the second brake member 10. The force acting on the piston is transmitted by way of the spring 7 to the first brake member 6 which as a result is moved to the left (as shown in the figure) against the force of the disc spring 5 until a bevelled outer periphery of the first brake member 6 abuts against the housing part 2b. This produces an air gap between the first brake member 6 and the brake rotor 3 and the external plate 4a located therebetween. During this operation, the second brake member 10 is also moved to the left (as shown in the figure), but an air gap remains between the second brake member 10 and the brake rotor 3 and the external plate 4b therebetween. The geometric relationships, for example the distance between the first brake member and the housing part 2b, and also the spring constants of the disc spring 5 and the spring 7 are matched to one another 7 so that at this first pressure level an air gap is maintained the two brake bodies 6, 10 and the plates 4 and rotors 3. In the illustrated embodiment, the spring constant of the spring 7 is substantially greater than the spring constant of the disc spring 5.
Thus, the brake is released at the first pressure level which can be produced for example by an auxiliary hydraulic pump.
The pressure in the pressure chamber 8 can be increased further, preferably steplessly, from the first pressure level for example by operation of a brake pedal coupled to a brake cylinder. The force acting on the piston 9 is then transmitted by way of the spring 7 to the first brake member 6 and from the brake member 6 directly to the housing part 2b. Thus, an increase in the pressure in the pressure chamber 8 causes further movement of the brake member 10 in the same direction (to the left as shown in the figure) resulting in compression of the spring 7 until the second brake member 10 bears against the brake rotor 3 and the external plate 4b lying between the rotor 3 and the brake member 10. The brake setting (or applying) force exerted by the second brake member 10 on the brake rotor 3 is increased by a further increase in the pressure in the pressure chamber 8 which corresponds to a service braking operation of the vehicle.
The brake according to the invention combines the advantages of a sprung loaded (force storage) parking brake with the advantages of an automotive hydraulic brake in one brake arrangement.
8

Claims (17)

1. A brake assembly, for example for a vehicle, the assembly comprising a brake rotor, a first non-rotatable brake member, at least one force storage resilient member for urging the first brake member directly or indirectly against the brake rotor, means for applying a releasing force for separating the first brake member and the brake rotor, and means for applying a brake setting force against a second non-rotatable brake member for urging the second brake member directly or indirectly against the brake rotor.
2. A brake assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein the force storage resilient member comprises a spring member.
3. A brake assembly as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the means for applying the setting force and the means for applying the releasing force are adapted to apply the respective forces in the same direction.
4. A brake assembly as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the brake rotor is disposed intermediate the first brake member and the second brake member.
5. A brake assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first brake member is operatively connected to the second brake member by way of at least one further resilient member, the releasing force being transmitted from the second brake member to the first brake member by way of the further resilient member.
6. A brake assembly as claimed in claim 5, wherein the further resilient member comprises a spring member.
7. A brake assembly as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the further resilient. member has a greater spring constant than the force storage resilient member.
8. A brake assembly as claimed in any preceding 9 t claim, wherein the releasing force is provided by a brake setting member acting on the second brake member.
9. A brake assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the brake setting force is provided by a brake setting member acting on the second brake member.
10. A brake assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein a single brake setting member is provided for producing the releasing force and the setting force.
11. A brake assembly as claimed in any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the brake setting member comprises at least one hydraulically moveable piston.
12. A brake assembly as claimed in claim 11, wherein the piston is integral with the second brake member.
13. A brake assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the brake rotor comprises a plate pack.
14. A brake assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first brake member is operatively connected to an auxiliary hydraulic pump for producing the releasing force.
15. A brake assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the second brake member is operatively connected to a brake actuating member by way of an hydraulic brake cylinder for producing the setting force.
16. A brake assembly as claimed in claim 15, wherein the brake actuating member comprises a brake pedal.
17. A brake assembly substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as shown in, the accompanying drawing.
GB9723278A 1996-11-07 1997-11-05 Brake assembly Expired - Fee Related GB2319573B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1996146010 DE19646010C1 (en) 1996-11-07 1996-11-07 Brake, in particular for a vehicle

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9723278D0 GB9723278D0 (en) 1998-01-07
GB2319573A true GB2319573A (en) 1998-05-27
GB2319573B GB2319573B (en) 2000-11-15

Family

ID=7810979

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9723278A Expired - Fee Related GB2319573B (en) 1996-11-07 1997-11-05 Brake assembly

Country Status (4)

Country Link
DE (1) DE19646010C1 (en)
FR (1) FR2755488B1 (en)
GB (1) GB2319573B (en)
IT (1) IT1295903B1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITUB20153870A1 (en) * 2015-09-24 2017-03-24 Cnh Ind Italia Spa Method and apparatus for controlling the braking of a vehicle.

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19857962A1 (en) * 1998-12-16 2000-06-21 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen Drive unit, in particular for an industrial truck
DE10130930A1 (en) * 2001-06-27 2003-01-23 Still Gmbh Wheel hub brake for a work machine
DE102005056981B4 (en) * 2005-11-30 2007-09-27 Sauer-Danfoss Aps Work machine, especially mini excavators
DE102006001895B4 (en) * 2006-01-14 2021-07-01 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Parking brake for a motor vehicle
DE102006001893B4 (en) 2006-01-14 2023-05-11 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Parking brake for a motor vehicle

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1341682A (en) * 1972-01-28 1973-12-25 Gen Motors Corp Vehicle ouput brake assemblies
US4172511A (en) * 1978-06-28 1979-10-30 General Motors Corporation Disc brake housing mounting bolt arrangement
EP0314479A1 (en) * 1987-10-28 1989-05-03 Eric Johnstone Cook Fail safe braking system

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2100309A1 (en) * 1971-01-05 1972-07-20 Gmeinder & Co Gmbh Pressure-controlled brake with emergency braking device
DE2510193A1 (en) * 1975-03-08 1976-09-16 Wabco Westinghouse Gmbh PRESSURE-ACTUATED DISC BRAKE, IN PARTICULAR FOR VEHICLES
DE3211366C2 (en) * 1982-03-27 1985-05-30 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen Ag, 7990 Friedrichshafen Spring-loaded brake with pressurized release device

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1341682A (en) * 1972-01-28 1973-12-25 Gen Motors Corp Vehicle ouput brake assemblies
US4172511A (en) * 1978-06-28 1979-10-30 General Motors Corporation Disc brake housing mounting bolt arrangement
EP0314479A1 (en) * 1987-10-28 1989-05-03 Eric Johnstone Cook Fail safe braking system

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITUB20153870A1 (en) * 2015-09-24 2017-03-24 Cnh Ind Italia Spa Method and apparatus for controlling the braking of a vehicle.
WO2017050885A1 (en) * 2015-09-24 2017-03-30 Cnh Industrial Italia S.P.A. Method and apparatus for controlling vehicle braking
US10543822B2 (en) 2015-09-24 2020-01-28 Cnh Industrial America Llc Method of and apparatus for controlling vehicle braking

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ITMI972449A1 (en) 1999-05-01
GB9723278D0 (en) 1998-01-07
FR2755488B1 (en) 2000-06-23
IT1295903B1 (en) 1999-05-28
FR2755488A1 (en) 1998-05-07
GB2319573B (en) 2000-11-15
DE19646010C1 (en) 1998-04-02

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PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20051105