GB2306090A - Drying timber by microwaves - Google Patents

Drying timber by microwaves Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2306090A
GB2306090A GB9518885A GB9518885A GB2306090A GB 2306090 A GB2306090 A GB 2306090A GB 9518885 A GB9518885 A GB 9518885A GB 9518885 A GB9518885 A GB 9518885A GB 2306090 A GB2306090 A GB 2306090A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
timber
cavity
temperature
weight
drying
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
GB9518885A
Other versions
GB2306090B (en
GB9518885D0 (en
Inventor
Philip Gerrish
Francis Wakefield
Ralph Shute
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ENGLISH COUNTRY FURNITURE LIMI
Microwave Drying Ltd
Original Assignee
ENGLISH COUNTRY FURNITURE LIMI
Microwave Drying Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ENGLISH COUNTRY FURNITURE LIMI, Microwave Drying Ltd filed Critical ENGLISH COUNTRY FURNITURE LIMI
Priority to GB9518885A priority Critical patent/GB2306090B/en
Publication of GB9518885D0 publication Critical patent/GB9518885D0/en
Priority to CN96198059A priority patent/CN1131983C/en
Priority to DE69612103T priority patent/DE69612103T2/en
Priority to PCT/GB1996/002250 priority patent/WO1997010482A1/en
Priority to AT96930259T priority patent/ATE199779T1/en
Priority to IL12353996A priority patent/IL123539A/en
Priority to EA199800202A priority patent/EA000268B1/en
Priority to JP9511755A priority patent/JPH11512513A/en
Priority to CA002232042A priority patent/CA2232042C/en
Priority to US09/043,184 priority patent/US6105278A/en
Priority to KR10-1998-0701941A priority patent/KR100424512B1/en
Priority to BR9610576-3A priority patent/BR9610576A/en
Priority to PL96325645A priority patent/PL182346B1/en
Priority to EP96930259A priority patent/EP0851996B1/en
Priority to PT96930259T priority patent/PT851996E/en
Priority to ES96930259T priority patent/ES2158343T3/en
Priority to DK96930259T priority patent/DK0851996T3/en
Priority to AU69374/96A priority patent/AU720688B2/en
Publication of GB2306090A publication Critical patent/GB2306090A/en
Priority to MX9801984A priority patent/MX9801984A/en
Priority to NO19981138A priority patent/NO314857B1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2306090B publication Critical patent/GB2306090B/en
Priority to GR20010400898T priority patent/GR3036056T3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
    • F26B3/32—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action
    • F26B3/34—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action by using electrical effects
    • F26B3/347—Electromagnetic heating, e.g. induction heating or heating using microwave energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
    • F26B3/32—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action
    • F26B3/34—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action by using electrical effects
    • F26B3/343—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by development of heat within the materials or objects to be dried, e.g. by fermentation or other microbiological action by using electrical effects in combination with convection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B13/00—Machines and apparatus for drying fabrics, fibres, yarns, or other materials in long lengths, with progressive movement
    • F26B13/10—Arrangements for feeding, heating or supporting materials; Controlling movement, tension or position of materials
    • F26B13/14—Rollers, drums, cylinders; Arrangement of drives, supports, bearings, cleaning
    • F26B13/18—Rollers, drums, cylinders; Arrangement of drives, supports, bearings, cleaning heated or cooled, e.g. from inside, the material being dried on the outside surface by conduction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B25/00—Details of general application not covered by group F26B21/00 or F26B23/00
    • F26B25/22—Controlling the drying process in dependence on liquid content of solid materials or objects
    • F26B25/225—Controlling the drying process in dependence on liquid content of solid materials or objects by repeated or continuous weighing of the material or a sample thereof

Abstract

Timber drying apparatus comprises a housing defining a microwave cavity (4) for containing a quantity of timber, a microwave generator (1) coupled to the housing for introducing microwave energy into the cavity, temperature sensing means (13) arranged to sense the temperature of timber within the cavity and/or weight sensing means (8) for sensing the weight of timber within the cavity and control means for varying the power output of the microwave generator in response to the sense temperature and/or weight. The humidity and/or air temperature may also be sensed in the cavity.

Description

DRYING OF TIMBER The present invention relates to the drying or so-called seasoning of timber.
Freshly cut wood typically has a moisture content (by weight on a dry weight basis) of about 80%. If such wood were to be used immediately for the making of a timber product such as a piece of furniture, the wood would gradually dry out and in so doing would change shape and thereby distort the timber product. To avoid this problem, wood is dried to somewhere in the region of 20% to 8% moisture content for soft and hard woods respectively, before it is used for making a timber product.
Traditionally, wood has been seasoned by stacking the cut wood and leaving it to dry in the air for several years.
Alternatively wood can be dried in a few weeks using a kiln.
Both of the above methods of seasoning are unsatisfactory.
Since the production of seasoned timber using air drying or kiln drying takes a considerable time, large stocks of wood must be held in order to ensure a constant supply of seasoned timber. The storage of large stocks of wood over a long period of time is expensive. Furthermore, both processes usually require periodic restacking of the timber and in addition, much of the wood is unusable after seasoning as a result of splits and severe distortion.
Beech wood for example typically has a wastage rate of between 30% and 40% using either of the above processes.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved apparatus and process for drying timber.
According to the present invention, a timber drying apparatus comprises a housing defining a microwave cavity for containing a quantity of timber, a microwave generator coupled to the housing for introducing microwave energy into the cavity, temperature sensing means arranged to sense the temperature of timber within the cavity, and/or weight sensing means for sensing the weight of timber within the cavity, and control means for varying the power output of the microwave generator according to the sensed temperature and/or weight.
The apparatus may also include ventilation means for moving air through the cavity to adjust the humidity and/or air temperature in the cavity. Preferably the ventilation means includes a humidity sensor at an air inlet and/or outlet of the cavity. The humidity sensed by the humidity sensor or sensors may be used as a control input for the ventilation means in order to determine a desired air flow through the cavity.
The apparatus preferably further includes a timber carriage for supporting timber within the cavity. Preferably the carriage is operable to impart an oscillatory motion to timber carried thereon and/or to rotate the timber within the cavity to improve the uniformity of microwave irradiation of the timber. The apparatus may instead or in addition include stirring means for varying the spacial distribution of the microwave energy within the cavity to improve the uniformity of irradiation of the timber.
Furthermore, the timber may be slowly moved through the cavity to achieve the same effect.
The carriage preferably comprises a plurality of spiders having radially arranged arms emanating from a central hub.
The timber to be dried may be mounted at the distal ends of the arms and the hub is preferably rotatably mounted to an axle. By mounting the timber to be dried between two such spiders, the timber may conveniently be rotated within the microwave cavity. One or more further spiders may be mounted along the length of the timber to reduce the possibility of long lengths of timber sagging during drying.
The cavity preferably has a closable opening for the insertion of and removal of timber for drying. The cavity may be arranged to have a plurality of openings and the apparatus may thereby be operable on a continuous basis by regularly introducing new batches of timber into the cavity using, for example, a conveyor belt.
The temperature sensing means preferably includes at least one infra-red pyrometer for measuring the surface temperature of the wood. These are typically arranged to measure the temperature in the middle and one third of the way in from the ends of the wood. Since there is a predetermined correlation (which may be determined using internal temperature probes in conjunction with surface measurements) between internal and surface temperature for each type of wood, a surface measurement is effective for measuring the internal temperature. The internal temperature itself is important since it is this which largely determines the internal pressure of the timber which builds up as the moisture is heated in the wood pores. The temperature sensing means may instead or in addition include one or more fibre optic temperature sensors.These two types of sensors have been found to be especially advantageous in the present apparatus since they are nonmetallic and produce little or no masking of the microwave radiation. Furthermore in the case of the pyrometer, the sensing apparatus may be mounted outside the cavity.
The sensed temperature may be used as a control input to the control means to enable a predetermined temperature/time curve to be maintained during drying. For example, some wood is best dried at a relatively constant temperature.
The sensed temperature alone or in combination with the sensed weight can then be used to determine an appropriate microwave generator power output. The temperature/time curve is preferably kept below a predetermined maximum temperature to avoid distortion of the timber.
By accurate control of the output power of the microwave generator, many of the problems of uncontrolled microwave irradiation of timber are avoided. Without such control, the moisture in the wood may be removed too rapidly and cause the pore structure of the timber to rupture. This leads to general distortion of the timber in the form of splits, "honeycombing" in which large holes are formed in the internal structure of the wood and "collapse" in which the honeycombing becomes so severe that it causes the wood structure to collapse.
Preferably the microwave energy is in the frequency range greater than 100 Mhz and/or less than 300 Ghz. Typically the frequencies (which are government approved frequencies) are 434 MHz, 896 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz and 4.75 GHz.
Longer wavelengths provide better penetration of the wood structure and are preferred for large pieces of timber.
Typically, a frequency of 896 MHz permits timber up to a cumulative total of 200 mm thick to be dried. At a frequency of 2.45 GHz, wood of a cumulative thickness of at least 100 mm can be dried. Larger pieces also need to be dried more slowly since the moisture tends to escape only at the end of the wood and thus the pressure build-up in the centre of the wood is greater for larger pieces.
Preferably the control means is operable to derive a measure of the rate of change of the weight of the timber from the sensed weight thereby to derive a measurement of the rate of drying of the timber (the drying rate may be derived by assuming that weight loss is due to moisture evaporating from the timber). It has been found that different types of wood have a characteristic maximum drying rate above which significant distortion of the timber occurs. Therefore, the control means is preferably arranged to control the power output of the microwave source to ensure that the drying rate of the wood is kept below a predetermined maximum. The rate of weight change may also be used to determine when the wood is substantially dry.For example, the change in weight typically reduces to or very close to zero when the wood is sufficiently dry and the apparatus may be arranged to indicate that the wood is sufficiently dry when the change in weight over a predetermined time is zero or less than a predetermined maximum or the total weight loss during drying is the same or more than a predetermined minimum weight loss.
Preferably the microwave generator is operable to produce several different power outputs. Alternatively, the microwave generator may produce a fixed power output and be switched on and off intermittently.
According to a method aspect of the invention, a method of drying timber using microwave energy comprises placing the timber into a microwave cavity, repeatedly sensing the weight and/or temperature of the timber and controlling the power output of a microwave generator coupled to the cavity, according to the sensed weight and/or temperature.
The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the drawings in which Figure 1 is a side elevation of a timber drying apparatus in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a cross-section along line A-A of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a plot of temperature and weight against time for an exemplary quantity of timber being dried in the apparatus of Figure 1.
With reference to Figure 1, timber drying apparatus comprises a microwave generator (1) for generating energy in the 896 to 915 MHz bandwidth. This is coupled to a multimode cavity (4) by wave guides (2). The energy is coupled into the cavity (4) by mode stirrers (3) which operate in a conventional manner.
The cavity has an air inlet (15) and an air outlet (11).
The humidity of the air passing through the inlet (15) and outlet (11) is sensed by humidity sensors (10, 12) on the inlet and outlet respectively. To force the air through the cavity (4), a fan (9) is mounted in the air inlet (15).
Infra-red sensors (13) are mounted in the walls of the cavities. In the embodiment shown, four sensors are mounted in the side wall. However, the location of the sensors (13) may be varied and should be chosen to give consistent and accurate measurement of the surface temperature of the timber within the cavity (4).
Referring also to Figure 2, the side wall of the cavity (4) has an openable door (5) to permit a timber carriage (6) to be inserted and removed from the cavity. The carriage comprises four support arms (16) emanating radially from a central hub (17). The timber is supported on the arms (16) and is rotated about the central hub (17) by a motor (7).
The hubs (17) are supported on load cells (8) from which the weight of the wood and carriage can be sensed, thereby permitting the change in weight of the wood to be monitored during drying. In the embodiment shown, the carriage has in addition to the arms (16) at each end of the cavity (4), a set of arms (16) in the centre of the cavity to support the timber along its length during drying. The timber may instead or in addition to being rotated, be "shuffled" in an oscillatory motion. This helps to achieve a uniform irradiation of the timber. The microwave energy is distributed within the cavity (4) using devices such as mode stirrers, phase change devices and power adjusting devices.
The weight sensing means (8) may be used in addition to the humidity sensors (10, 12) as a control input to control means for varying the air flow through the cavity.
Figure 3 shows the weight and temperature of a block of ash approximately 205mm x 320mm x 30mm. The upper plot shows the weight reduction in the block as the moisture is removed. In this particular experiment, the temperature peak at 13 minutes corresponded to a popping sound being produced by the wood. The sound would have been caused by rupturing of the structure of the block. This peak is undesirable and the power should preferably be controlled to achieve a temperature curve similar to that of "Temp 5" on Figure 3. This peak also corresponds to an increased drying rate (as shown by the steeper weight curve between 10 and 15 minutes). By producing such a plot for a particular type of wood, it is possible to determine a safe maximum drying rate which can then be entered into the control means to ensure that the power output of the microwave generator is controlled appropriately for subsequent pieces or blocks of timber.
It will be noted that all the temperature curves rise steeply as the wood becomes dry. This steep rise may be used to determine when the wood is dry.

Claims (17)

1. Timber drying apparatus comprising a housing defining a microwave cavity for containing a quantity of timber, a microwave generator coupled to the housing for introducing microwave energy into the cavity, temperature sensing means arranged to sense the temperature of timber within the cavity, and/or weight sensing means for sensing the weight of timber within the cavity and control means for varying the power output of the microwave generator in response to the sensed temperature and/or weight.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 including ventilation means arranged to move air through the cavity to adjust the humidity and/or air temperature in the cavity.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the ventilation means includes a humidity sensor at an air inlet and/or outlet of the cavity and the humidity sensed by the humidity sensor or sensors being used as a control input for ventilation means.
4. Apparatus according to any preceding claim including a timber carriage arranged to support timber within the cavity.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the carriage is operable to impart an oscillatory motion to timber carried thereon and/or to rotate the timber within the cavity.
6. Apparatus according to any preceding claim including stirring means arranged in use, to vary the spacial distribution of microwave energy within the cavity.
7. Apparatus according to any preceding claim including a closable aperture for the insertion of and removal of timber for drying.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 having a plurality of closable apertures formed in the cavity and the apparatus being operable on a continuous basis by periodically introducing new batches of timber into the cavity and extracting batches from the cavity via the openable apertures.
9. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the temperature sensing means includes at least one infrared pyrometer arranged for measuring the surface temperature of wood within the cavity.
10. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the temperature sensing means includes at least one fibre optic temperature sensor.
11. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the control means is operable to derive a measure of the rate of change of the weight of timber within the cavity from the sensed weight thereby to derive a measurement of the rate of drying of the timber.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 wherein the control means is arranged to control the power output of the microwave source to ensure that the drying rate of the wood is kept below a predetermined maximum.
13. Apparatus according to claim 11 or 12 operable to indicate that the wood is sufficiently dry when the drying rate of the wood over a predetermined time is zero or less than a predetermined maximum or when the total weight loss during drying is the same or more than a predetermined minimum weight loss.
14. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein the microwave generator is operable to produce several different continuous power outputs.
15. A method of drying timber using microwave energy comprising placing the timber into a microwave cavity, repeatedly sensing the weight and/or temperature of the timber and controlling the power output of a microwave generator coupled to the cavity, in response to the sensed weight and/or temperature.
16. Apparatus constructed and arranged as herein described with reference to the drawings.
17. A method as herein described with reference to the drawings.
GB9518885A 1995-09-15 1995-09-15 Drying of timber Revoked GB2306090B (en)

Priority Applications (21)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9518885A GB2306090B (en) 1995-09-15 1995-09-15 Drying of timber
PL96325645A PL182346B1 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Wood drying process
PT96930259T PT851996E (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 WOOD DRYING
PCT/GB1996/002250 WO1997010482A1 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Drying of timber
AT96930259T ATE199779T1 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 WOOD DRYING
IL12353996A IL123539A (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Method and apparatus for drying timber
EA199800202A EA000268B1 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Apparatus for drying of timber
JP9511755A JPH11512513A (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Wood drying
CA002232042A CA2232042C (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Drying of timber
US09/043,184 US6105278A (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Method and apparatus for drying timber
KR10-1998-0701941A KR100424512B1 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Wood drying equipment
BR9610576-3A BR9610576A (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Wood drying
CN96198059A CN1131983C (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Wood drying apparatus and method thereof
EP96930259A EP0851996B1 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Drying of timber
DE69612103T DE69612103T2 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 WOOD DRYING
ES96930259T ES2158343T3 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 DRYING WOOD CONSTRUCTION.
DK96930259T DK0851996T3 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Drying of wood
AU69374/96A AU720688B2 (en) 1995-09-15 1996-09-12 Drying of timber
MX9801984A MX9801984A (en) 1995-09-15 1998-03-13 Drying of timber.
NO19981138A NO314857B1 (en) 1995-09-15 1998-03-13 Device and method for drying timber
GR20010400898T GR3036056T3 (en) 1995-09-15 2001-06-14 Drying of timber

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9518885A GB2306090B (en) 1995-09-15 1995-09-15 Drying of timber

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9518885D0 GB9518885D0 (en) 1995-11-15
GB2306090A true GB2306090A (en) 1997-04-23
GB2306090B GB2306090B (en) 1999-10-06

Family

ID=10780759

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9518885A Revoked GB2306090B (en) 1995-09-15 1995-09-15 Drying of timber

Country Status (21)

Country Link
US (1) US6105278A (en)
EP (1) EP0851996B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH11512513A (en)
KR (1) KR100424512B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1131983C (en)
AT (1) ATE199779T1 (en)
AU (1) AU720688B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9610576A (en)
CA (1) CA2232042C (en)
DE (1) DE69612103T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0851996T3 (en)
EA (1) EA000268B1 (en)
ES (1) ES2158343T3 (en)
GB (1) GB2306090B (en)
GR (1) GR3036056T3 (en)
IL (1) IL123539A (en)
MX (1) MX9801984A (en)
NO (1) NO314857B1 (en)
PL (1) PL182346B1 (en)
PT (1) PT851996E (en)
WO (1) WO1997010482A1 (en)

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FR2793008A1 (en) * 1999-04-30 2000-11-03 Valeurs Bois Ind PROCESS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF NATURAL JUICE FROM WOODY PLANT MATERIAL, DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE PROCESS AND USE OF THE PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DRY WOODY PLANT
US6675495B2 (en) 1997-10-30 2004-01-13 Valeurs Bois Industrie Method for drying saw timber and device for implementing said method
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US6675495B2 (en) 1997-10-30 2004-01-13 Valeurs Bois Industrie Method for drying saw timber and device for implementing said method
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US6581299B1 (en) * 1999-04-30 2003-06-24 Valeurs Bois Industrie Method for extracting natural juice of ligneous plant material, device for carrying out said method and use of said method in the production of dried ligneous plants material
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CN102410714A (en) * 2011-11-24 2012-04-11 淄博皓译工贸有限公司 Microwave drying equipment for insulation board
CN102748927A (en) * 2012-07-30 2012-10-24 浙江大学 Tunnel type traditional Chinese medicine microwave drying device and no-load automatically-resistant method for moisture removing system
CN105276930A (en) * 2015-10-28 2016-01-27 南京林业大学 Method for inhibiting dry shrinking of timber
CN105276930B (en) * 2015-10-28 2017-06-16 南京林业大学 A kind of method for suppressing drying of wood shrinkage

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