GB2290354A - Vertical axle system for geodetic devices - Google Patents
Vertical axle system for geodetic devices Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2290354A GB2290354A GB9510589A GB9510589A GB2290354A GB 2290354 A GB2290354 A GB 2290354A GB 9510589 A GB9510589 A GB 9510589A GB 9510589 A GB9510589 A GB 9510589A GB 2290354 A GB2290354 A GB 2290354A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- ball bearing
- axle
- vertical axle
- vertical
- running surfaces
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
- F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
- F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
- F16C19/18—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls
- F16C19/181—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact
- F16C19/183—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles
- F16C19/184—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16M—FRAMES, CASINGS OR BEDS OF ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS, NOT SPECIFIC TO ENGINES, MACHINES OR APPARATUS PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; STANDS; SUPPORTS
- F16M11/00—Stands or trestles as supports for apparatus or articles placed thereon Stands for scientific apparatus such as gravitational force meters
- F16M11/02—Heads
- F16M11/04—Means for attachment of apparatus; Means allowing adjustment of the apparatus relatively to the stand
- F16M11/06—Means for attachment of apparatus; Means allowing adjustment of the apparatus relatively to the stand allowing pivoting
- F16M11/08—Means for attachment of apparatus; Means allowing adjustment of the apparatus relatively to the stand allowing pivoting around a vertical axis, e.g. panoramic heads
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C15/00—Surveying instruments or accessories not provided for in groups G01C1/00 - G01C13/00
Description
2290354 k
DESCRIPTION VERTICAL AXLE SYSTEM FOR GEODETIC DEVICES
The invention relates to a vertical axle system for geodetic devices, such as theodolites, tachymeters and levelling instruments.
For a long time now attempts have been made to produce a precise and structurally simple vertical axle construction for geodetic devices. The main problem was always how to achieve a high-precision guiding system. The solution has been to use conical vertical axles. It was possible to adjust the clearance between the axle and the liner by slightly raising the axle. This was extremely complicated and costly and not stable over a long period. Furthermore, the desired level of accuracy was not achieved.
Cylindrical vertical axle systems are also known but even here the minimum clearance to be achieved of less than 1 pm forms the limit of the accuracy of movement of the vertical axle. It is expensive to produce the individual parts as they must fit closely.
The other possibility to reduce the play in the vertical axle is to provide a centering ball bearing at one end of the axle and thus to produce a semikinematic axle system. Consequently, any tilting of -2the axle in the liner extends over the entire axle length. However, the centering ball bearing must also run precisely in order that the axle is centred precisely with respect to the liner. This axle system increases the accuracy by approximately a factor of 2 with respect to the simple cylindrical axle with sliding bearings. There is, however, the disadvantage of high costs, since the fit between the axle and the axle liner at the lower end of the axle must be extremely precise (Deumlich "Instrumentenkunde der Vermessungstechnik", Achte, revised edition, VEB, Publishers for the Building Industry, Berlin 1988, pages 78 to 80).
An arrangement is known from DE-OS 2 718 382r wherein a spherical liner is provided between the vertical axle and the axle liner. A cylindrical ball bearing retainer which comprises prestressed ball bearings is disposed between the cylindrical inner bore of an axle liner and the instrument axle. The axle is supported at the top by a planar ball bearing. This vertical axle is also extremely costly and labour intensive since it is necessary to produce at least two extremely close fits between the vertical axle and the liner.
An object of the present invention is to produce a vertical axle system having a high degree of -3accuracy for geodetic devices, wherein by greatly simplifying the construction and by reducing the number of high-precision parts, the labour and costs for producing the vertical axle system are substantially reduced and the long-term reliability is improved.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a vertical axle system for geodetic devices comprising a vertical cylindrical axle having an end flange. an axle liner in which the vertical axle is mounted, a first centering ball bearing disposed at the upper end of the vertical axle and which comprises three ball bearing running surfaces and a second centering ball bearing disposed at the lower end of the vertical axle and which likewise comprises three ball bearing running surfaces, one of the ball bearing running surfaces of each of said centering ball bearing being a running surface which is freely adjustable in the direction of the rotational axis of the vertical axle, which running surface extends perpendicular to said rotational axis of the vertical axle and is disposed on an axially adjustable adjustment ring, and the respective three ball bearing running surfaces of each of the centering ball bearings being at an angle'to each other, dependent upon the axle diameter and the ball bearing diameter.
In the case of a preferred vertical axle system in accordance with the present invention, the axle liner is provided with two truncated coneshaped ball bearing running surfaces for the ball bearings of each centring ball bearing, which lie at the opposite ends of the axle liner, the surface of which is precision turned and comprises a low value peakto-valley height. The cylindrical vertical axle itself is highprecision finished. The vertical axle system comprises therefore at these two ends a clearance-free adjustable centering ball bearing, which can be preset and prestressed by virtue of an applied prestressing force. This prestressing force is produced by virtue of adjustment of an adjustment ring and transmitted to the balls in the centering ball bearing. The said adjustment ring encompasses the ball bearing running surfaces and is screwed on to the axle below the axle liner. By rotating the vertical axle in the axle liner corresponding running tracks are worked into the high-precision turned running surfaces by means of the prestressed balls. Consequently, an equilibrium position is guaranteed which forms the precondition for the high spacial and temporal consistency of the positional accuracy. Thus, a vertical axle in accordance with the invention can t q -5acquire its extremely precise running properties not by virtue of a grinding process and a high-precision turning process but by virtue of the stressing process when assembling the system. This stressing process takes place at the time of the equilibrium of forces, which is built up with the prestressing force and is in equilibrium with respect to the permissible compression stress of the surface elevations of the high- precision turned surface. After the stressing process, the prestressing force can be reduced to the necessary operational force, which guarantees the positional accuracy, whilst constantly guaranteeing the equilibrium position.
With the vertical axle system in accordance with the invention, a clearance-free high-precision positioning of the axle, which can be adjusted at all times, is achieved without having to use a highprecision manufacturing method for the manufacture of the individual parts. It is thus mainly sufficient for the surfaces of the individual components used to be precision-turned instead of precision ground, in order to guarantee the outstanding characteristics of this vertical axle system. The design is characterised by being extremely simple, which produces only relatively low manufacturing costs.
The invention is further explained hereinafter, -6by way of example only, with reference to one embodiment which is illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
The vertical axle system for geodetic devices illustrated in a sectional view in the drawing comprises a vertical axle 1 having a flange 2 and an axle liner 3, in which the vertical axle 1 is mounted. Provided at the upper end of the vertical axle 1 is a centering ball bearing 7 which comprises three ball bearing running surfaces 4,5 and 6 and ball bearings, wherein the ball bearing surface 4 has a surface in the shape of a truncated cone and is part of the axle liner 3. The ball bearing surface 5 is a cylindrical surface on the vertical axle 1 and the ball bearing running surface 6 is a flat surface on the lower side of the flange 2 of the vertical axle 1.
A further centering ball bearing 11 which comprises three ball bearing running surfaces 8,9 and 10 and ball bearings is located at the lower end of the vertical axle 1, wherein one of the running surfaces, the ball bearing running surface 8, is in the shape of a truncated cone and is located on the lower end of the axle liner 3. The ball bearing surface 9 is a cylindrical surface of the vertical axle 1 and the ball bearing running surface 10 is a planar surface, which is located on an adjustment ring i It -7which can be screwed to the lower end of the vertical axle 1. The ball bearing running surface 10 lies perpendicular to the rotational axis AA of the vertical axle 1. The angle of taper of the truncated cone-shaped ball bearing running surfaces 4 and 8 is determined advantageously in dependence upon the ball bearing diameter and the vertical axle diameter. The vertex of the two angles of taper lies advantageously on the rotational axis A-A.
By displacing the adjustment ring 12 in the direction of the rotational axis A-A, it is possible to adjust in a defined manner the prestressing force which is transmitted uniformly to all ball bearing running surfaces by virtue of the ball bearings via the truncated cone-shaped ball bearing running surfaces 4 and 8. By rotating the vertical axle 1 relative to the axle liner 3, running tracks are pressed into the ball bearing running surfaces 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 by virtue of plastic deformation caused by the prestressed ball bearings. The ball bearing running surfaces 5, 6, 9 and 10 are ground running surfaces and the ball bearing running surfaces 4 and 8 are precision turned running surfaces, so that the running tracks of the ball bearings can be impressed to different depths into the ball bearing running surfaces, wherein the running tracks in the precision -8turned ball bearing running surfaces 4 and 8 are decisive for the degree of running accuracy of the vertical axle system. After the two centering ball bearings 7 and 11 have successfully run in, the prestressing force returns to a functional force which is required for the perfect functioning of the vertical axle system.
A fit ring 13 is provided for the purpose of centering the adjustment ring 12 on the vertical axle, which fit ring consists advantageously of an elastic material, e.g. a synthetic material. This fit ring 13 is, as is evident from the drawing, disposed between the adjustment ring 13 and the vertical axle 1.
With a vertical axle system in accordance with the invention, a clearancefree high-precision positioning of the axle, which can be adjusted at all times, is achieved without having to use a highprecision manufacturing method for the manufacture of the ball bearing running surfaces 4 and 8 of the axle liner 3. These surfaces are thus produced by precision turning instead of by precision grinding. The required fineness of the running track surface is achieved by virtue of the running-in process by the ball bearings themselves.
t
Claims (7)
1. A vertical axle system for geodetic devices comprising a vertical, flanged cylindrical axle, an axle liner in which the vertical axle is mounted, a first centering ball bearing disposed at the upper end of the vertical axle and which comprises three ball bearing running surfaces and a second centering ball bearing disposed at the lower end of the vertical axle and which likewise comprises three ball bearing running surfaces, one of the ball bearing running surfaces of each of said centering ball bearings being a running surface which is freely adjustable in the direction of the rotational axis of the vertical axle, which running surface extends perpendicular to said rotational axis of the vertical axle and is disposed on an axially adjustable adjustment ring, and the respective three ball bearing running surfaces of each of the centering ball bearings being at an angle to each other. dependent upon the axle diameter and the ball bearing diameter.
2. A vertical axle system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a ball bearing running surface of each of the two centering ball bearings forms the peripheral surface of a truncated cone, the axis of which coincides with said rotational axis of the axle.
3. A vertical axle system as claimed in claim 2, -10wherein the truncated cone-shaped ball bearing running surfaces are disposed respectively at opposing ends of the axle liner.
4. A vertical axle system as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the two centering ball bearings are prestressed by a prestressing force which can 'be produced in a defined manner by adjusting said adjustment ring.
5. A vertical axle system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the running paths are worked into the ball bearing running surfaces of the centering ball bearings by virtue of the ball bearings themselves, under the influence of the prestressing force.
6. A vertical axle system according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein a fit ring is disposed between the adjustment ring and the vertical axle.
7. A vertical axle system substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
- - C'
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19944419524 DE4419524C2 (en) | 1994-06-03 | 1994-06-03 | Standing axis system for geodetic devices |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9510589D0 GB9510589D0 (en) | 1995-07-19 |
| GB2290354A true GB2290354A (en) | 1995-12-20 |
| GB2290354B GB2290354B (en) | 1997-11-26 |
Family
ID=6519771
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9510589A Expired - Fee Related GB2290354B (en) | 1994-06-03 | 1995-05-25 | Vertical axle system for geodetic devices |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH07332356A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH690248A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4419524C2 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2290354B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE509593C2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19516115A1 (en) * | 1995-05-05 | 1996-11-07 | Stolco Stoltenberg Lerche | Rotary coupling |
| CN106641601B (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2018-12-04 | 中车大连机车车辆有限公司 | Diesel-electric set shaft system is to middle regulator |
| CN113091605B (en) * | 2021-03-18 | 2023-04-28 | 中国电子科技集团公司第十一研究所 | Calibration method for photoelectric system and computer readable storage medium |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB833179A (en) * | 1958-07-23 | 1960-04-21 | Celtic Swiss Prec Company Ltd | Improvements in precision bearings |
| GB996507A (en) * | 1963-05-30 | 1965-06-30 | Semisa S.A. | |
| GB1598229A (en) * | 1977-06-23 | 1981-09-16 | Pohl L | Ball-bearing arrangements |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2329978A (en) * | 1942-02-23 | 1943-09-21 | Amber N Brunson | Engineer's level |
| DE969368C (en) * | 1951-12-16 | 1958-05-22 | Askania Werke Ag | Ball-bearing vertical axis system for precision instruments, especially for theodolites |
-
1994
- 1994-06-03 DE DE19944419524 patent/DE4419524C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-05-25 GB GB9510589A patent/GB2290354B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-05-30 JP JP15408995A patent/JPH07332356A/en active Pending
- 1995-05-31 CH CH159595A patent/CH690248A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-06-01 SE SE9502009A patent/SE509593C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB833179A (en) * | 1958-07-23 | 1960-04-21 | Celtic Swiss Prec Company Ltd | Improvements in precision bearings |
| GB996507A (en) * | 1963-05-30 | 1965-06-30 | Semisa S.A. | |
| GB1598229A (en) * | 1977-06-23 | 1981-09-16 | Pohl L | Ball-bearing arrangements |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2290354B (en) | 1997-11-26 |
| SE9502009D0 (en) | 1995-06-01 |
| SE509593C2 (en) | 1999-02-15 |
| SE9502009L (en) | 1995-12-04 |
| DE4419524A1 (en) | 1995-12-07 |
| GB9510589D0 (en) | 1995-07-19 |
| CH690248A5 (en) | 2000-06-15 |
| DE4419524C2 (en) | 1996-08-22 |
| JPH07332356A (en) | 1995-12-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 732E | Amendments to the register in respect of changes of name or changes affecting rights (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20120525 |