GB2278367A - Electroremoval of metal from electroplating effluent solutions - Google Patents

Abstract

A feedstock eg. containing copper ions is fed from holding tank 11 by pump 15 to the annular gap between inner cathode tube 60 and outer anode tube 70 so that the flow through the gap is turbulent and the feedstock is returned to the holding tank. The cathode may be provided with non-conductive strips to facilitate removal of deposited metal as a foil from the cathode surface. The pump may feed the feedstock to the annular gap from a pump outlet axially disposed relative to the gap via an annular slot converging from the pump outlet to the gap (see Fig. 4 not shown). <IMAGE>

Description

ELECTROPLATING METHOD AND APPARATUS The present invention relates to recovery of metals in metallic form from solutions of their salts. Such processes are often referred to as "electrowinning" processes. They have been used to recover metals from ores as by treatment of leach solutions from ore dumps.

They have also been used to reduce metal ion content in waste water from chemical processes and from industrial processes such as electroplating and, recently, printed circuit board manufacture, and from toxic metal solutions.

The invention will be described with particular reference to removal of metal ions such as copper from effluent from electroplating processes.

One such prior art process which has found considerable market acceptance in the UK is that disclosed in GB 1423369. This passes the feedstock effluent through an open topped tank containing flat or curved rigid plane anodes of materials such as platinum coated titanium mesh and cathodes of similar material or stainless steel plate in the presence of small nonconductive beads typically 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter.

These are described as forming a fluidized bed. A metal foil is deposited on the cathode surfaces. When the cathode is stainless steel plate there is a tendency for the metal foil to peel away at the edges, contact a neighbouring anode and short circuit the system. This effect can be reduced in frequency by careful roughening of the cathode surfaces by the operator before each deposit cycle.

The beads also tend to escape from the bath and flow rates have to be kept below certain limits to stop this happening.

The system being open allows escape of any oxygen hydrogen or chlorine generated by the electrolysis into the atmosphere.

GB 1423369 refers to limits on current density due to the limiting effect of the rate of diffusion of ions through the boundary layer. It also states that "it has been proposed to use a fast flow of electrolyte through the cell to break up the boundary layer". It also mentions the use of rotating electrodes and as a third approach forming the cathode as a fluidized bed of conducting material.

It also states that higher current efficiencies were obtained using its system which were "far greater than has been obtained at similar concentrations using cells with fast flowing electrolyte ...". It does not state what it means by fast flowing. GB 1423369 was published on 4th February 1976 and this prejudice has persisted to 1993 since the process of GB 1423369 has substantially the whole of the UK market.

According to the present invention a method of removing metal from a solution containing dissolved metal ions (hereafter the feedstock) comprises passing the feedstock through an annular gap, the inner surface of which is cathodic to the metal ion and the outer surface of which is anodic in such a way that the flow is turbulent, and preferably highly turbulent. Conveniently the anode and cathode are concentric tubes with the gap between them.

This overcame the peeling problem, a smooth cylinder of pure fine grain metal being deposited.

Indeed rather than having to roughen the cathode surface it was found that it could advantageously be polished to facilitate release.

Release was also facilitated by locating one or more non-conductive strips along the cathode from which the deposited metal layer could be peeled. The best arrangement has been found to be when the strip is of a thickness essentially the same as the spacing between the cathode and the anode. Such a release strip preferably extends the full length of the cathode, e.g. parallel to its axis. It need not be wide, a few mm, e.g. 3-5 mm being sufficient. More than one such spacer can be used, e.g. 2, 3 or 4 or more preferably evenly spaced around the circumference. The strip can if desired merely be used for a deposit release function and removable nibs or screws insertable into the cathode surface, e.g. three evenly spaced around the circumference, e.g. at one but preferably at both ends have been used.Such an array with one release strip has been effective but the down time is lengthened because such nibs have to be removed before the deposit can easily be peeled off. The best array is thought likely to be three strips, e.g. of polyvinyl chloride, evenly spaced around the circumference and extending the full length of the cathode and desirably extending across the annular gap between cathode and anode so as to maintain the desired gap. Maintaining an even thickness of gap around the whole circumference and for the full length is highly desirable because it enables thicker deposits to be built up in a single run.

This arrangement enables high flow rates to be achieved without the need for excessively powerful pumps and Reynolds numbers in the turbulent flow region to be readily achieved.

The Reynolds number (Re) as used herein is dh x U x rho Re = mu which is dimensionless group used for the characterisation of hydraulic flow, where dh is the hydraulic diameter calculated as: dh = 4 x cross-sectional area/wetted perimeter, U is the linear velocity derived from the flow rate divided by the cross-sectional area, rho (P) is the density of the liquid and mu (y) is the viscosity of the liquid.

We have used Re values of the order of 35,000 or more, namely a 5 mm gap extending out from a surface of 89 mm diameter, a flow rate of 12,000 litres per hour and aqueous electrolyte solutions of densities substantially that of water, i.e. 1 g/cc and viscosities substantially that of water, i.e. 0.7 centipoise at 4000.

The cathodes are typically made of a size which can be handled by one man but are otherwise as large as possible. The cathode is typically 1140 mms long. The anode is typically about 4 feet (1000 mms) long. The circumference of the cathode is 279 mm and thus the active cathode area is 279000 sq mm, i.e. about 28 decimetres2. With a 5 mm gap the volume of liquid bounded by the electrodes at any one time is thus 718 x 1000 or 718000 cu. mm (i.e. 0.7 litre). The active cathode surface is that which is opposite the anode surface and between which the gap is formed.

The ratio of active cathode surface area in sq.

decimetres to reactor volume in litres is thus 40:1 for a 5 mm gap or 65:1 for a 3 mm gap. More broadly the ratio is preferably in the range 100:1 to 5:1, e.g. 80:1 to 20:1. At gaps much larger than this flow will no longer be turbulent and the volume of liquid has increased significantly.

The flow rate and cross-section of the annular gap are preferably such that the Re value of the flow is at least 2100, preferably at least 10,000, or at least 20,000 e.g. at least 35,000, more preferably at least 55,000 and especially preferably one hundred thousand (100,000) or more.

The inner surface may be the same as the metal ion in the feedstock or more preferably may be an inert metal. For example when the metal being recovered is copper the inner surface or cathode can be afforded by a stainless steel tube. This is preferably smooth and may be polished to a satin or even a bright or mirror finish.

The outer surface of the duct is the anode. This is also preferably smooth, e.g. machined smooth. It may be provided by a graphite tube desirably backed by a liquid impervious outer polymer, e.g. polypropylene, housing.

Other materials which can be used for the anode include titanium coated with iridium or platinum or ruthenium oxide. Lead can also be used.

The tubes are preferably cylindrical because this results in an even current density distribution and thus smooth fine grained deposits with reduced tendency to dendritic growth and thus resultant short circuits.

However if such problems can be overcome there is no reason why the tubes may not be of different crosssection, e.g. oval or even rectilinear, e.g. square or hexagonal, though at the corners one might fear that deposit thicknesses would increase.

The objectives to be obtained are to have a constant gap width, high rates of turbulent flow and even fine grained deposits; these can readily be obtained with a cylindrical array which is thus much preferred.

The flow is preferably induced by a pump coupled directly to one end of the tubular array. The pump is preferably a centrifugal pump able to operate continuously for ong periods of time so as to recirculate the feedstock continuously between a holding tank such as an in-line drag-out tank in an electroplating plant and the tubular reactor array.

Periodically the cathode is removed to recover deposited metal.

The end of the inner cathode tube is preferably closed by a non-conductive plug, e.g. of polypropylene presenting a conical or preferably rounded conical end to the inflowing feedstock and distributing it evenly to the annular gap.

The outlet from the pump is preferably aligned with the end of the inner cathode tube most preferably axially, though any other array which delivered the electrolyte evenly to the annular gap could used.

When the pump outlet is a single opening coaxial with the cathode tube it feeds a conical annular slot formed between the plug in the end of the cathode tube and a diverging conical wall extending from the edges of the pump outlet to the region of the outer wall of the annular gap (the inner wall of the anode). This conical wall IS preferably straight in section but could be curved.

The slot so produced preferably converges from the outlet to the pump down to the gap. The slot is however preferably always wider than the annular gap.

The angle of the conical wall to the longitudinal axis of the pump outlet is preferably in the range 30 to 600. This enables the base of the tubular array to be as short as possible.

The invention also extends to a method in which the cathode is provided with one or more non-conductive regions extending along some or all of its length such that metal deposited on the cathode has a weakness region formed in it at the said non-conductive regions such as to facilitate removal of the deposited metal as foil or sheet from the cathode surface. Preferably at least one such non-conductive regions extends the full length of the cathode surface, desirably parallel to the longitudinal axis.

The invention also extends to a reactor for removing metal from a feedstock as defined herein which comprises an inner cathode tube, an outer anode tube spaced there from by a narrow annular gap, electric current supply means to the anode and cathode, pump means for pumping feedstock into the said annular gap at high flow rates, a holding tank or a drag-out tank, pipe work connecting the tank to the said pump means and pipe work connecting the end of annular gap remote from the pump back to the tank.

The assembly is preferably a closed recirculating system. The pump is preferably located below or at the base of the reactor which is preferably disposed vertically or inclined upwardly in such a way as to economise on floor area occupied by the apparatus.

The base of the holding tank or a drag-out tank is preferably connected to the pump. The outlet from the top of the tubular array preferably feeds to the top of the holding tank.

More than one reactor tube may be used to increase capacity. Preferably such reactor tubes are arranged in series, e.g. 2, 3 or 4 since this only requires marginal increases in pumping power to overcome minor frictional constraints.

The reactors can be arranged in a serpentine path.

Power supply controllers and pump and flow meter controls are desirably provided.

Deposit release means are desirably provided to enable the deposit which can be 0.3 to 0.7 mm or more, e.g. 1.5 to 2 mm thick to be readily separated from the cathode tube.

Non-conductive polymer strips have been found effective. These can be glued to the cathode surface, e.g. with epoxy resins. Alternatively they could be removably nested in slots in the cathode surface.

The deposit release means desirably also perform a spacer function ensuring that the cathode and anode are held apart and evenly spaced.

The invention also extends to a method of using an electroplating plant in which feedstock effluent from the plating plant is treated in apparatus in accordance with the present invention, metal used as an electrode in the electroplating plant is recovered at high purity and is re-used in the electroplating plant as electrode material without purification.

The invention may be put into practice in various ways and one specific embodiment will be described to illustrate the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in which; Figure 1 is a diagrammatic general assembly view of apparatus in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2 is a detailed diagrammatic longitudinal section of a reactor suitable for use in the apparatus of Figure 1, Figure 3 is a side elevation on an enlarged scale of a preferred form of base for a reactor as shown in Figure 2, showing in chain lines the components of the reactor, Figure 4 is a cross sectional scrap elevation of the area of the base of the reactor as shown in Figure 3 on the same scale, Figure 5 is a plan view of the anode seen from the base end on the same scale as Figures 3 and 4, and Figure 6 is a side elevation of the anode (reduced in length) showing the electrical connector studs on the same scale as Figure 5.

Referring to Figure 1, the apparatus is mounted on a floor or staging 10. The apparatus has a holding tank 11 mounted on a stand 12 and connected via pipework 14 to a centrifugal recirculating pump 15. The outlet 16 from the pump passes via a valve 18 to the base of the reactor tube 20. The outlet 16 is connected via a valve 17 to a pressure indicator 19.

The reactor 20 is disposed substantially vertically and supported in appropriate staging (not shown). The top end of the reactor has an output pipe 30 connected via a flange 31 to pipework 32 which passes to the top of a pH control tank 40.

This is required when a nickel containing feedstock is being used so that the pH can be held at about 4. For other metals such as copper and zinc, pH control is not necessary and the tank 40 can be dispensed with. The pipe 32 can then be connected directly to the pipe 43.

The pH control tank has an internal baffle 42 and an outlet from its base passes via pipework 43 into the closed top of the holding tank 11. The pH control tank 40 is also closed but has a fume extractor outlet 45. It is provided with a pH meter 48 which controls a make-up pump 50 which supplies alkali, e.g. sodium hydroxide, from a sodium hydroxide holding tank 52 via a line 54 to the liquid reservoir 56 in the pH control tank 40.

The reactor 20 consists of a central removable cathode tube 60 which can be lifted by one man out of the top of the reactor 20 by a handle 61. The tube 60 is made of stainless steel of about 1.6 mm wall thickness and is about 1000 mm long and of 89 mm external diameter.

At its top end it is welded to a flange 63 which is provided with four outwardly facing notches 70 in its circumference. The lower end of the tube 60 is closed by a non-conductive rounded conical plug 65, e.g. of polypropylene, which is a force fit in the end of the tube (see Figures 2 and 4). The cathode tube 60 is located within an outer anode tube 70. As shown in Figures 2 and 4 one or more deposit release means or spacers 150 can be located between the cathode tube 60 and the anode tube 70. Besides ensuring release of the deposited metal foil or sheet such a spacer helps maintain an even gap dimension right round the circumference and for the full length of the anode.

One such spacer is shown here but 2, preferably 3 or more could be used.

The spacer 150 is 5 mm thick and about 10 mms wide and is secured by epoxy adhesive to the cathode surface.

The metal deposits only slightly or not all on the nonconductive spacer which thus enables a lever, e.g. a knife blade to be inserted under the foil which can then be manually peeled away as a single self-supporting sheet, e.g. 300 microns or more thick. Thinner sheets may also be self-supporting and readily handled.

The anode tube 70 is itself located within an outer non-conductive polymer housing 80. The polymer housing 80 is formed in two parts 90 and 95, connected to each other by flanges 81 and 82. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2 this flange can also be used to provide an inlet location for electric current supply to the anode as shown at 85. In this embodiment the anode is of graphite and since it has a tendency to porosity it is housed within the polymer housing 80. This housing can conveniently be of polypropylene. In this embodiment of Figure 2 the housing 80 as mentioned above is in two parts 90 and 95. In this embodiment the lower part 95 has a central inlet duct 96 which flares outwardly at 97 in the region of the lower end of the cathode tube 60.

The flaring region 97 terminates at 98 to form a radial step on which the lower end of the anode rests and by which it is supported. This step 98 is essentially opposite the metallic end of the cathode tube and the conical end 65 extends down into the flared region 97.

The upper portion 90 of the housing 80 has an upper flange 91 which carries clamping levers 92 which fit within the slots 70 in the flange 63 of the reactor tube 60. This is more clearly shown in Figure 2 and the arrangement is such as to enable the housing 90 to be forced up against the underside of the flange, compressing an appropriate chemically resistant ring 93 so as to provide a good seal. The flange 91 has at one side an outlet duct 92 which terminates in the flange 31 which as described above is connected to the pipe 32.

The cathode 60 is connected to a rectifier 100 via a line 101 affixed to the flange 63. The anode is connected to the rectifier 100 via a line 102 which is connected to the anode via the flanges 81 and 82 at the location 85 as described above.

A modified embodiment is shown in Figures 3 to 6 which has a different and preferred arrangement for the base of the reactor and the outer polymer housing 80 and has a modified means of current supply to the anode.

However apart from these changes this second embodiment is the same as the first embodiment already described with reference to Figures 1 and 2.

Turning now to Figures 3 and 4 the housing 80 has its lower portion in two parts, a cylindrical section 95A (see Figure 4) and a base section 95B (see Figure 3) both made of non conducting material eg polypropylene. The section 95A has an outwardly extending annular flange 95C which fits with a corresponding flange 95D on the base section 95B and to which it can be screwed eg by bolts as at 95E, a gasket 95F preferably being located between the flanges 95E. The base section 95B has a central inlet duct 96 which flares outwardly at 97 and straightens at 97B to form a rebate 97C before terminating at 98 to form a radial step on which the lower end 70B of the anode 70 rests. The rebate 97C ensures that even with the combination of manufacturing tolerances the slot will always be wider than the annular gap.In this embodiment the anode 70 has an outwardly extending flange 71 at its lower end 70B. This is described in more detail below with reference to Figures 5 and 6.

A gasket 72 is located between the flange 71 and the radial step 78.

The reactor base 95B also has four axial holes 99 extending evenly around the central inlet duct 96. As shown in Figure 4 these holes are for securing the anode.

Thus as can be seen in Figures 3, 4 and 5 the anode has a flange 71 at its lower end to which are secured four equally spaced connector studs 72 having threaded ends 73. The studs are welded to the flange 71 which in turn is welded to the anode, here made of mesh as denoted at 74.

As can be seen in Figure 3 the studs project through the holes 99 in the reactor base 95B and can be secured in place with bolts and washers (not shown) bearing against the underside 95G of the reactor base 95B. The studs are connected to the positive pole of the rectifier 100.

The wall 97 is disposed at an angle of between 30 and 600 to the longitudinal axis here about 500. The end plug 65 whilst having a rounded end (which facilitates insertion of the plug into the cathode tube enabling a soft hammer to be used) could have a pointed conical end.

The straight walls 66 of the conical plug are at an angle of about 700 to the longitudinal axis. The converging annular slot formed between the walls 97 and 66 thus encloses an angle of about 200 or more broadly 10 to 400.

The slot does not necessarily have to converge, the angle could be zero but the arrangement shown gives good results, resulting in even distribution of feedstock to the annular gap with minimum pressure loss.

The upper end 90 of the housing in this second embodiment is the same as is described for the first embodiment.

The whole system is under the control of a control panel 110 which has control links 112 and 113 to the rectifier 100 and 114 and 115 to the pump 15. The panel has an ammeter 120, a voltmeter 121, an amperehour meter 122 and a temperature gauge 123. The ampherehour meter 122 is used to control the duration of the plating cycle.

Depending on the metal involved and the efficiency achieved the weight of metal and thus deposit thickness produced in a given number of ampherehours can be calculated. The system is provided with an adjustable switch on the meter 122 which can be set to switch off the electrode current when a given number of ampherehours have been delivered. The temperature gauge may be arranged to sense temperature at any appropriate location in the system, such as in the reactor, the holding tank or the pH control tank 40. The control panel 110 has a pump control switch 130 and warning light 131, a rectifier control switch 134 and a warning light 135 and a switch 137 and a control light 138 for the pH control closing pump 52.

Example 1 In a typical experiment carried out in the embodiment of Figure 2 in which the feedstock was a copper electroplating solution containing 6.9g/litre of copper ions the outer diameter of the stainless steel reactor cathode tube 60 was 89 mm, the inner diameter of the graphite outer anode tube was 99 mm thus leaving an annular gap of 5 mm. The outer surface of the tube 60 had been polished to a satin finish. The inner surface of the graphite anode 70 was machined smooth. A flow rate of 12,000 litres/hour was used producing a flow velocity of 2000 mm/second (flow volume divided by crosssectional area). (Flow velocities of 4.7m/second have also been found to be effective). A current of 84 ampheres was used, the cathode surface being 28 dm2, this was a current density of 3 amps per square decimetre.

The solution had a density of essentially 1 g/cc and a viscosity of essentially 0.7 cps.

The Re value under these conditions was 35,000.

The surface area of the cathode was 28 dm2 (280000 sq/mm) and the volume of liquid located in the 5 mm gap at the commencement of plating was 0.7 litre. Thus the ratio of active cathode area in dm2 to reactor volume in litres was 40:1.

The initial gap width radially (IGWR) is 5 mm initially whilst the gap length (GL) is 1000 mm. The ratio of GL/IGWR is thus 200:1. More broadly it is preferably in the range from 20:1 to 1000:1, more preferably 50:1 to 500:1, e.g. 100:1 to 400:1, especially 150:1 to 350:1.

A fine grained smooth continuous sheet of copper 900 micrometres (0.9 mm) thick of 99.9% purity was produced in twenty hours. The feedstock was 390 litres of acid electrolyte containing copper sulphate and hydrogen peroxide. The initial concentration of copper was 6.9 g/l, in four hours it had fallen to 5.8 g/l, in eight hours it had fallen to 4.6 g/l, in twelve hours to 3.6 g/l, in sixteen hours to 2.7 g/l and in twenty hours to 1.4 g/l.

The weight of copper deposited was 2145 g. The current density was 4A/dm2. The theoretical deposit current density was 4A/dm2. The theoretical deposit weight was 2609 g and thus the cathode efficiency was 82%.

Similar results have been obtained with nickel solutions.

Example 2 A feedstock similar to that of Example 1 but without hydrogen peroxide and containing 1.2 g/l of copper ions was used again in the embodiment of Figure 2.

The volume of electrolyte was 290 litres. A current density of 3.1A/dm2 was used and a pump rate of 12,000 litres/hour. After 4 hours the copper concentration had fallen to 7 mg/l. The weight of copper deposited was 346 g. The theoretical deposit weight was 393 g and thus the cathode efficiency was 88%.

It will be appreciated that a series system consisting of two sets of apparatus as shown in Figure 1 could be used. So that in a first step the metal content would be lowered to say 1 g/l and in a second step that material would be used as a feedstock to produce a more dilute solution, e.g. as for Example 1 down to ppm levels.

Possibly the first stage could have two or more holding tanks 11. Thus a first tank would be circulated through the reactor first. It could then be connected to the second reactor whilst the second tank could then be circulated through the first reactor.

Claims (26)

1. A method of removing metal from a solution containing dissolved metal ions (hereafter the feedstock) which comprises passing the feedstock through an annular gap, the inner surface of which is cathodic to the metal ion and the outer surface of which is anodic in such a way that the flow is turbulent.

2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 in which the flow rate and cross-section of the annular gap are such that the Re value (as defined herein) of the flow is at least 2100.

3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 in which the inner surface is an inert metal which is smooth.

4. A method as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3 in which the outer surface of the duct is the anode and is smooth.

5. A method as claimed in Claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 in which the annular gap is provided between coaxial cylindrical tubes.

6. A method as claimed in Claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 in which the flow is induced by a pump coupled directly to one end of the tubes.

7. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 6 in which the end of the inner cathode tube is closed by a non-conductive plug presenting a rounded or conical end to the inflowing feedstock and distributing it evenly to the annular gap.

8. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the cathode is provided with one or more non-conductive regions extending along some or all of its length such that metal deposited on the cathode has a weakness region formed in it at the said non-conductive regions such as to facilitate removal of the deposited metal as foil or sheet from the cathode surface.

9. A method as claimed in Claim 8 in which at least one such non-conductive region extends the full length of the cathode surface.

10. Apparatus for removing metal from a feedstock (as defined herein) which comprises a reactor afforded by an inner cathode tube, and an outer anode tube spaced therefrom by a narrow annular gap, direct electric current supply means to the anode and cathode, pump means for pumping feedstock into the said annular gap at high flow rates, a holding tank, pipe work connecting the holding tank to the said pump means and pipe work connecting the end of annular gap remote from the pump to the holding tank.

11. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 10 in which the pump means feeds the feedstock to the annular gap from a pump outlet axially disposed relative to the gap via an annular slot.

12. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 11 in which the annular slot is converging from the pump outlet to the gap.

13. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 12 in which the converging annular slot encloses an angle of 10 to 40".

14. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 10, 11, 12 and 13 in which the reactor affords an impervious housing having a base which affords an axial outlet duct from the pump and a cylindrical housing enclosing the anode and cathode.

15. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 14 in which the housing has an outlet cap affording an output duct or duct from the gap and securing means from securing the cathode in place and sealing the upper end of the reactor.

16. Apparatus as claimed in anyone of Claims 10 to 15 in which the lower end of the cathode tube is closed by a conical or rounded conical plug.

17. Apparatus as claimed in claim 14, 15 or 16 in which the base affords a diverging wall extending out from the outlet duct to the gap and this wall with the conical plug defines the annular slot by which the feedstock is led from the outlet duct to the annular gap.

18. Apparatus as claimed in anyone of Claims 10 to 17 in which the anode is provided with one or more axially disposed connector studs and the base of the housing affords one or more co-operating axial holes for the said studs, the studs being of a length such as to extend through the said holes to provide connector locations for supply of current to the anode.

19. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 18 in which the anode has an outwardly extending flange at one end to which two or more connector studs are conductively secured at evenly spaced locations round the flange

20. Apparatus as claimed in anyone of Claims 10 to 19 which is a closed recirculating system.

21. Apparatus as claimed in anyone of Claims 10 to 20 in which two or more reactors are arranged in series.

22. Apparatus as claimed in anyone of Claims 10 to 21 in which deposit release means are provided to enable the deposit to be readily separated from the cathode tube.

23. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 22 in which the deposit release means are non-conductive polymer strips.

24. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 23 in which the deposit release means are dimensioned so as to perform a spacer function ensuring that the cathode and anode are held apart and evenly spaced.

25. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 10 substantially as specifically described herein with references to Figures 1 and 2 or Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

26. A method of using an electroplating plant in which feedstock effluent from the plating plant is treated in apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 10 to 25, metal used as an electrode in the electroplating plant is recovered at high purity and is re-used in the electroplating plant as electrode material without purification.