GB2272244A - Window frame profile - Google Patents
Window frame profile Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2272244A GB2272244A GB9223308A GB9223308A GB2272244A GB 2272244 A GB2272244 A GB 2272244A GB 9223308 A GB9223308 A GB 9223308A GB 9223308 A GB9223308 A GB 9223308A GB 2272244 A GB2272244 A GB 2272244A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- glazing
- window
- glazing bead
- security clip
- base
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B5/00—Doors, windows, or like closures for special purposes; Border constructions therefor
- E06B5/10—Doors, windows, or like closures for special purposes; Border constructions therefor for protection against air-raid or other war-like action; for other protective purposes
- E06B5/11—Doors, windows, or like closures for special purposes; Border constructions therefor for protection against air-raid or other war-like action; for other protective purposes against burglary
- E06B5/116—Arrangements preventing the removal of glazing panels
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/54—Fixing of glass panes or like plates
- E06B3/58—Fixing of glass panes or like plates by means of borders, cleats, or the like
- E06B3/5807—Fixing of glass panes or like plates by means of borders, cleats, or the like not adjustable
- E06B3/5821—Fixing of glass panes or like plates by means of borders, cleats, or the like not adjustable hooked on or in the frame member, fixed by clips or otherwise elastically fixed
Abstract
The invention provides a window frame profile comprising a base 2 for locating a glazing unit 10, receiving means 3, 4 to receive an exterior glazing bead 21, an interior glazing bead 5 extending upwardly from the base and longitudinally substantially parallel to the receiving means, and a retaining means 6 located in the vicinity of the interior glazing bead to retain a security clip 11. The invention also provides a window installation comprising a frame formed from a profile as above, a glazing unit, a security clip and an exterior glazing bead. The position of the retaining means for the security clip in the vicinity of the interior glazing bead means that the retaining means is highly inaccessible in the assembled window installation and thereby provides high security against burglars. <IMAGE>
Description
WINDOW FRAME PROFILE
The present invention relates to a window frame profile specifically adapted for use with a security clip to impede removal of window glazing from a window frame.
Modern window installations frequently comprise a frame formed from an extruded metal or plastics profile.
The profile will typically consist of a base having an interior glazing bead formed integrally therewith. Window glazing is inserted into the frame until it rests against the interior glazing bead. An exterior glazing bead is then fitted to the frame to retain the window glazing in the frame. Typically the exterior glazing bead is attached to the frame by screws or by snap fitting it into a suitable recess provided in the extruded profile. The interior and exterior glazing beads are normally provided with glazing gaskets to form a seal with the window glazing.
It has become clear that buildings fitted with window installations of this kind are vulnerable to burglars. This is because it is only necessary for the burglar to remove the exterior glazing beads in order to remove the window glazing and gain access. Where the exterior glazing beads and the frame are both formed from a plastic such as uPVC (as is most often the case) it is a simple matter for a burglar to cut away the exterior glazing beads with a chisel or sharp knife, remove the window glazing, and thereby gain access both quickly and silently. This has given rise to a need for some kind of security arrangement to prevent the window glazing from being removed following removal of the exterior glazing beads.
GB-A-2236789 (Briggs and Coventry) discloses a window frame assembly incorporating a metal security clip intended to prevent removal of the window glazing from the frame following removal of the exterior glazing beads. The assembly is shown schematically in Figure 1. Removal of the window glazing is prevented by a metal security clip which comprises a first end portion for abutting against a face of the window glazing, an intermediate portion for extending adjacent to an edge of the window glazing, and a second end portion which extends back towards the first end portion and at an angle to the intermediate portion, the security clip being such that the second end portion is able to be forced towards the intermediate portion for the purpose of inserting the security clip in position in the frame, whereafter the second end portion is able to spring away from the intermediate portion and to locate behind an abutment member in the frame in order to retain the window glazing in the frame. A very similar arrangement is disclosed in GB-A-2228964 (Downpark Limited).
A security clip of the kind described in GB-A-2236789 is easy to install and in particular can be retrofitted to certain existing window installations. The security clip suffers from the drawback that removal of the clip is prevented only by the abutment of the second end portion against the abutment member in the frame. The configuration of the security clip requires that the abutment member in the frame must be located towards the front of the base of the frame, where it is accessible to attack. A burglar can remove the security clip from the outside by cutting away the abutment member with a chisel or sharp knife.
GB-A-2228966 (Spectus uPVC Systems Ltd.) describes an improved security arrangement comprising a two-part metal security clip. The first part of the security clip is similar to the spring clip described above. The second part of the security clip is a retainer clip which is fixed to the base of the frame, e.g. by screws, and which engages the second end portion of the spring clip to secure the spring clip. This arrangement overcomes the above-described drawback of the simple spring clip, but at the cost of the increased complexity involved to install the two-part clip.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel window frame profile which enables high glazing security to be achieved with a one-piece security clip.
The present invention provides a window frame profile comprising a base, a receiving means to receive an exterior glazing bead, said receiving means extending longitudinally along a first side of the base, an interior glazing bead extending upwardly from the base and longitudinally substantially parallel to the receiving means, and a retaining means in the vicinity of the interior glazing bead to retain a security clip.
It is envisaged that the window frame profile of the present invention will normally be installed in a building with the exterior glazing bead on the outside of the building and the interior glazing bead on the inside of the building. However, the profile can equally easily be installed the other way round if such an orientation is desired for any reason.
The description of the retaining means being located in the vicinity of the interior glazing bead encompasses retaining means attached directly to the interior glazing bead, retaining means embedded in the interior glazing bead and retaining means attached to or embedded in the base on the side of the base close to the interior glazing bead and remote from the receiving means.
Preferably, the retaining means is formed integrally in one piece with the interior glazing bead. That is to say, the retaining means and interior glazing bead are extruded or injection moulded in one piece or are machined from a single piece of plastics, wood or metal.
The retaining means may, for example, comprise screw fittings or adhesive means, but preferably the retaining means comprises a downwardly or upwardly projecting lip behind which an edge of the security clip can be lodged.
The words "downwardly" and "upwardly" signify, respectively, towards or away from the base of the profile. The lip may be a raised lip attached to an inner wall of the interior glazing bead or the lip may be flush with the inner wall of the interior glazing bead with a recess provided in the inner wall of the glazing bead to house the edge of the security clip. In an alternative embodiment, the lip may project upwardly from the base of the profile close to the inner wall of the interior glazing bead, a recess in the inner wall of the glazing bead being provided behind the lip to accommodate the edge of the security clip.
Preferably the retaining means is provided on the lower part of the interior glazing bead close to the base of the profile. That is to say, the distance of the retaining means above the base is less than or equal to half of the total distance by which the interior glazing bead extends upwardly above the base. Such an arrangement is advantageous in order to avoid interference between the security clip and any glazing gasket that is inserted between the interior glazing bead and the window glazing.
Preferably the base, receiving means to receive an exterior glazing bead, the interior glazing bead and the retaining means are all formed integrally in one piece. For example, the profile may be extruded in one piece from a metal or a plastics material such as uPVC.
The present invention also provides a window installation comprising a frame formed from a window frame profile as above, a glazing unit located in the frame, an exterior glazing bead received in the receiving means of the window frame profile and abutting a first face of the glazing unit, and a security clip comprising a first edge portion abutting the said first face of the glazing unit, an intermediate portion located between an edge of the glazing unit and the base of the window frame profile, and a second edge portion which is retained by the retaining means.
Preferably the exterior glazing bead incorporates a slot in which a glazing gasket for abutting the glazing unit is received. Preferably an interior glazing gasket is provided between the interior glazing bead and the glazing unit.
The intermediate portion of the security clip preferably has a sinuous or Z-shaped profile in order to assist the securing of the clip. The security clip may also comprise a step feature which abuts an abutment means on the base of the window frame profile in order to provide additional security against removal of the clip. The abutment means on the base of the window frame profile may, for example, be a part of the receiving means for receiving the exterior glazing bead. The security of the installation is further enhanced if the security clip is provided with one or more slots extending inwardly from the second edge of the security clip. The presence of these slots makes it harder to disengage the security clip from the retaining means by rocking or twisting of the security clip.
The present invention further provides a security clip specifically designed or adapted for use in a window installation of the above type.
Window installations that make use of the window frame profile according to the present invention provide very good security because the retaining means in the vicinity of the interior glazing bead is highly inaccessible once the window glazing is in place. A burglar who has removed the exterior glazing bead cannot then remove the security clips because the clips are anchored behind the window glazing at the retaining means located in the vicinity of the interior glazing bead. Furthermore, with a suitable design of the retaining means and the security clip, installation of the security clips and the window glazing can be made very simple requiring only a one-part clip and no screws.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIGURE 1 shows a cross-sectional view through part of a prior art window installation provided with a spring clip type security clip;
FIGURE 2 shows a cross-sectional view through a window frame profile according to the present invention;
FIGURE 3 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a stage in the installation of a window using the window frame profile of Figure 2;
FIGURE 4 shows a cross-sectional view through part of a window installation according to the present invention comprising the window frame profile of Figure 2;
FIGURE 5 shows a cross-sectional view of part of the window installation of Figure 5 after the first glazing bead has been cut away; and
FIGURE 6 shows an isometric view of a security clip for use in the window installation of Figure 5.
Referring to Figure 2, the window frame profile 1 comprises a base 2 for locating the window glazing. A receiving means for receiving an exterior glazing bead comprises two, facing, raised lips 3, 4 extending longitudinally along the profile. The two raised lips are intended to receive complementary feet on the exterior glazing bead so that the exterior glazing bead can be snap fitted into the receiving means.
The window frame profile 1 further comprises an interior glazing bead 5 extending upwardly from the base 2 and provided with retaining means to retain a security clip in contact with the interior glazing bead 5. The retaining means comprises a downwardly extending lip 6 extending longitudinally along the profile 1. The lip 6 is flush with an inner wall 7 of the interior glazing bead 5, and a recess 8 is provided behind the lip 6 into which an edge of a security clip can be lodged. The lip 6 is situated on the lower part of the interior glazing bead 5 close to the base 2. The interior glazing bead 5 further comprises a longitudinal recess 9 for retaining a glazing gasket, the longitudinal recess 9 being located in an upper part of the interior glazing bead 5.
In use, a rectangular frame is made from four lengths of profile in known manner. Then a window glazing unit 10 (see Figures 3-6) is inserted into the frame until it rests against the interior glazing bead 5. The window glazing unit 10 illustrated is a sealed double-glazing unit, but it will readily be appreciated that with appropriate choice of profile dimensions the present invention can be applied to single glazed or triple glazed window installations.
Following insertion of the glazing unit 10, a security clip 11 is inserted between an edge 12 of the glazing unit 10 and the base 2. The security clip is preferably formed from spring steel and comprises a first edge portion 13 for abutting against a first surface 14 of the glazing unit 10, an intermediate portion 15 located between the edge 12 of the glazing unit 10 and the base 2, and a second edge portion 16 which lodges behind the lip 6 in the interior glazing bead and thereby anchors the security clip to the interior glazing bead as shown in Figure 4. The second edge portion 16 of the security clip 11 is bent or hooked at an angle to the intermediate portion 15 to enable the second edge portion to lodge securely behind the lip 6. The intermediate portion 15 has a sinuous or Z-shaped profile which is chosen to optimise the security of the clip.In particular, the intermediate portion 15 abuts the base at 23, thereby wedging the second edge portion 16 behind the lip 6. For additional security the security clip incorporates a step feature 24 between the first edge portion 13 and the intermediate portion 15. The step feature 24 abuts the raised lip 3 that forms part of the receiving means for the exterior glazing bead, and thereby provides additional security against removal of the security clip. It will readily be appreciated that the security clip could incorporate further step features for abutting further abutment means provided on the base of the profile.
The security clip is also provided with two slots 25 extending inwardly through the second edge portion 16 of the security clip. The presence of the slots 25 makes it harder to disengage the clip in the completed window installation by twisting or rocking the security clip.
After the security clip 11 has been inserted, the exterior glazing bead 21 is fitted into the profile 1. The exterior glazing bead 21 has longitudinal feet 17, 18 which are snap fitted under the raised lips 3, 4 and is provided with integral exterior glazing gaskets 19 as shown in Figure 3.
Finally, an interior glazing gasket 20 is inserted between the interior glazing bead 5 and a second surface 22 of the glazing unit 10. Insertion of the interior glazing gasket 20 forces the glazing unit 10 towards the exterior glazing bead and also forces the first surface 14 of the glazing unit 10 into abutment with the first edge portion 13 of the security clip. The force applied to the first edge portion 13 of the security clip by the abutting face 14 of the glazing unit causes the second edge portion 16 of the security clip to lodge firmly behind the lip 6 on the interior glazing bead.
The resulting window installation shown in Figure 4 is extremely secure. Figure 5 shows the same installation after a burglar has cut away the exterior glazing bead. It can be seen that the glazing unit 10 is still securely held by the security clip 11. Moreover, the burglar cannot cut away the retaining means for the security clip because the retaining means is inaccessibly located on the interior glazing bead 5. Additional security is provided by abutment of the intermediate portion 15 of the security clip 11 against the raised lip 3. The inwardly extending slots 25 in the security clip make it especially difficult to disengage the security clip by twisting or rocking it with pliers or the like.
It will of course be understood that the present invention has been described above purely by way of example, and modifications of detail can be made within the scope of the invention.
Claims (16)
1. A window frame profile comprising a base, receiving means to receive an exterior glazing bead, said receiving means extending longitudinally along a first side of the base, an interior glazing bead extending upwardly from the base and longitudinally substantially parallel to the receiving means, and a retaining means in the vicinity of the interior glazing bead to retain a security clip.
2. A window frame profile according to claim 1 wherein the retaining means is formed integrally in one piece with the interior glazing bead.
3. A window frame profile according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the retaining means comprises a downwardly or upwardly projecting lip behind which an edge of the security clip can be lodged.
4. A window frame profile according to any preceding claim wherein the retaining means is provided on the lower part of the interior glazing bead close to the base.
5. A window frame profile according to any preceding claim wherein the base, receiving means, interior glazing bead and retaining means are integrally formed in one piece.
6. A window frame profile substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 2.
7. A window installation comprising a frame formed from a window frame profile according to any of claims 1-6, a glazing unit located in the frame, an exterior glazing bead received in the receiving means of the window frame profile and abutting a first face of the glazing unit, and a security clip comprising a first edge portion abutting the said first face of the glazing unit, an intermediate portion located between an edge of the glazing unit and the base, and a second edge portion which is retained by the retaining means.
8. A window installation according to claim 7 wherein the exterior glazing bead incorporates a slot in which a glazing gasket is received.
9. A window installation according to claim 7 or 8 wherein an interior glazing gasket is provided between the interior glazing bead and the glazing unit.
10. A window installation according to claim 7, 8 or 9 wherein the intermediate portion of the security clip has a sinuous or Z-shaped profile.
11. A window installation according to any of claims 7 to 10 wherein the security clip comprises a step feature which abuts an abutment means on the base of the window frame profile.
12. A window installation according to any of claims 7 to 11 wherein one or more inwardly extending slots is provided in the second edge portion of the spring clip.
13. window installation substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 4.
14. A security clip comprising a first edge portion, an intermediate portion and a second edge portion specifically designed or adapted for use in a window installation according to claim any of claims 7 to 13.
15. A security clip according to claim 14 wherein one or more inwardly extending slots is provided in the second edge portion of the security clip.
16. A security clip substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 3 to 7.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9223308A GB2272244B (en) | 1992-11-06 | 1992-11-06 | Window frame profile |
IE930824A IE930824A1 (en) | 1992-11-06 | 1993-10-28 | Window frame profile |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9223308A GB2272244B (en) | 1992-11-06 | 1992-11-06 | Window frame profile |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB9223308D0 GB9223308D0 (en) | 1992-12-23 |
GB2272244A true GB2272244A (en) | 1994-05-11 |
GB2272244B GB2272244B (en) | 1996-05-08 |
Family
ID=10724666
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB9223308A Expired - Fee Related GB2272244B (en) | 1992-11-06 | 1992-11-06 | Window frame profile |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2272244B (en) |
IE (1) | IE930824A1 (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5797229A (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1998-08-25 | Ferco International Ferrures Et Serrures De Batiment | Fitting element for a door, window or the like |
US5950379A (en) * | 1995-01-09 | 1999-09-14 | Florida Extruders International, Inc. | Window frame with angled glazing legs |
EP1098060A1 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-05-09 | Bubendorff Fenetre Société Anonyme | Apparatus preventing loosening of window- or door-frames |
DE10040666A1 (en) * | 2000-08-19 | 2002-03-07 | Illerplastic Kunststoffprofile | Window or door frame, has cross direction web between anchor strips to give better grip of pane inside anchor groove |
GB2376260A (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2002-12-11 | Crittall Windows Ltd | Window bead |
EP1553257A2 (en) * | 2004-01-12 | 2005-07-13 | Fichet Serrurerie Bâtiment - F.S.B. | Armoured door or window with glazing directly fixed to the armour plate |
GB2451893A (en) * | 2007-08-17 | 2009-02-18 | Eurocell Profiles Ltd | Frame member comprising an arm having a flange forming a recess for receiving sprue |
ITFR20090010A1 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2010-09-06 | Alfa Caminetti Srl | STAINLESS STEEL SEALS WITH QUICK-RELEASE GEOMETRY IN DOORS OF CLOSED FIREBOXES FOR SOLID FUELS (STOVES, BOILERS, FIREPLACES) |
GB2540410A (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2017-01-18 | G T Windows Ltd | Panel clip |
US11643866B1 (en) * | 2020-12-29 | 2023-05-09 | Andersen Corporation | Retention clip assemblies, retention systems and methods |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1396033A (en) * | 1971-05-05 | 1975-05-29 | Hoechst Ag | Frame for glass panes |
GB1455135A (en) * | 1972-11-03 | 1976-11-10 | Wavin Bv | Device for fastening glass panes in relation to profiled means |
GB2259323A (en) * | 1991-06-25 | 1993-03-10 | Reddiplex Ltd | Systems for securing and sealing glass in frames |
GB2262127A (en) * | 1991-12-03 | 1993-06-09 | Vinylex Window Systems Ltd | Device for preventing removal of glazing bead and/or panel |
-
1992
- 1992-11-06 GB GB9223308A patent/GB2272244B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-10-28 IE IE930824A patent/IE930824A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1396033A (en) * | 1971-05-05 | 1975-05-29 | Hoechst Ag | Frame for glass panes |
GB1455135A (en) * | 1972-11-03 | 1976-11-10 | Wavin Bv | Device for fastening glass panes in relation to profiled means |
GB2259323A (en) * | 1991-06-25 | 1993-03-10 | Reddiplex Ltd | Systems for securing and sealing glass in frames |
GB2262127A (en) * | 1991-12-03 | 1993-06-09 | Vinylex Window Systems Ltd | Device for preventing removal of glazing bead and/or panel |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5950379A (en) * | 1995-01-09 | 1999-09-14 | Florida Extruders International, Inc. | Window frame with angled glazing legs |
US5797229A (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1998-08-25 | Ferco International Ferrures Et Serrures De Batiment | Fitting element for a door, window or the like |
EP1098060A1 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-05-09 | Bubendorff Fenetre Société Anonyme | Apparatus preventing loosening of window- or door-frames |
FR2800793A1 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-05-11 | Bubendorff Fenetre | ANTI-UNLOADING DEVICE FOR DOOR, WINDOW, SHOWCASE OR SIMILAR JOINERY TYPE |
DE10040666A1 (en) * | 2000-08-19 | 2002-03-07 | Illerplastic Kunststoffprofile | Window or door frame, has cross direction web between anchor strips to give better grip of pane inside anchor groove |
GB2376260A (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2002-12-11 | Crittall Windows Ltd | Window bead |
GB2376260B (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2005-01-19 | Crittall Windows Ltd | Window bead |
FR2864987A1 (en) * | 2004-01-12 | 2005-07-15 | Fichet Serrurerie Batiment Fsb | BLIND JOINERY WITH GLAZING CONNECTED DIRECTLY TO SHIELD PLATE. |
EP1553257A2 (en) * | 2004-01-12 | 2005-07-13 | Fichet Serrurerie Bâtiment - F.S.B. | Armoured door or window with glazing directly fixed to the armour plate |
EP1553257A3 (en) * | 2004-01-12 | 2006-11-02 | Fichet Serrurerie Bâtiment - F.S.B. | Armoured door or window with glazing directly fixed to the armour plate |
GB2451893A (en) * | 2007-08-17 | 2009-02-18 | Eurocell Profiles Ltd | Frame member comprising an arm having a flange forming a recess for receiving sprue |
GB2451893B (en) * | 2007-08-17 | 2012-11-14 | Eurocell Profiles Ltd | Frame members |
ITFR20090010A1 (en) * | 2009-03-05 | 2010-09-06 | Alfa Caminetti Srl | STAINLESS STEEL SEALS WITH QUICK-RELEASE GEOMETRY IN DOORS OF CLOSED FIREBOXES FOR SOLID FUELS (STOVES, BOILERS, FIREPLACES) |
GB2540410A (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2017-01-18 | G T Windows Ltd | Panel clip |
GB2540410B (en) * | 2015-07-16 | 2018-12-19 | G T Windows Ltd | Panel clip |
US11643866B1 (en) * | 2020-12-29 | 2023-05-09 | Andersen Corporation | Retention clip assemblies, retention systems and methods |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2272244B (en) | 1996-05-08 |
GB9223308D0 (en) | 1992-12-23 |
IE930824A1 (en) | 1994-05-18 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
732E | Amendments to the register in respect of changes of name or changes affecting rights (sect. 32/1977) | ||
732E | Amendments to the register in respect of changes of name or changes affecting rights (sect. 32/1977) | ||
PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20081106 |