GB2268198A

GB2268198A - Surgical metal cable

Info

Publication number: GB2268198A
Application number: GB9213449A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Alan H Crockard; Ron Yapp
Original assignee: Hillway Surgical Ltd
Current assignee: Hillway Surgical Ltd
Priority date: 1992-06-24
Filing date: 1992-06-24
Publication date: 1994-01-05
Also published as: EP0684792A1; JPH07508193A; GB9213449D0; WO1994000064A1

Abstract

A surgical metal cable comprises wire filaments, each filament comprising stainless steel and having a diameter in the range 0.0005 inches to 0.005 inches (13 m to 127 m). Six filaments may be twisted about a seventh filament to form a strand, and such strands may be assembled as shown, where strand twist may be opposite to filament twist.

Description

METAL CABLE The present invention relates to a metal cable and, in particular, to a cable for use in surgical procedures.

A number of surgical techniques have been developed over recent years which involve the fastening of loops of wire around bony structures. Some of these procedures are, for example, concerned with the stabilising of certain types of fracture but others may involve the lashing of various types of prosthesis or like device to the skeleton. Examples of such procedures and of devices to be used in them are to be found in US Patents 4,604,995 (Stephens et al.), 2,501,978 (Wichman) and 4,790,303 (Steffee).

Traditionally, a stiff stainless steel wire filament is moulded into a shape and pulled or pushed around the bone. The stiff wire is fastened by tightening together the free ends of the wire as described for example in U.S. patents 2,455,609 (Scheib), 1,304,620 (Steinkoenig) and 914,182 (Pfeffer). Basically, a mechanical operation simultaneously tightens and fastens the loop.

The use of this stiff wire is not ideal since it may cause serious and irreparable damage to the underlying soft tissues, and for this reason a more flexible cable would be preferable.

During the surgical procedure a great deal of strain is placed on the wire which may be sufficient to cause the wire to deform plastically. If this happens the structures, which should have been held firmly by the wire loop, may still be able to move relative to one another. In addition, the high strain may weaken the wire to such an extent that it subsequently breaks after the operation has been completed and the wound closed. This could easily produce sharp wire ends which may protrude into, and cause serious damage to, the surrounding tissues. In either event, if the high strains damage the wire irrevocably, the entire procedure will have to be repeated.

The problems associated with a metal wire filament may, at first sight, be obviated by the selection of alternative non-metallic materials for the filament. For example, polymers or fibre reinforced composites might seem particularly suitable because of the way in which they have been successfully applied to a large number of other situations. However, polymers are prone to stretching, and fibres have a tendency to splinter. Neither of these characteristics are acceptable in this particular application.

Instead, wire comprising surgical grade stainless steel e.g. ASTRO F138 specifying 316 stainless steel, a material which is compatible with human tissue, has been preferred.

The wire has to be strong enough to withstand the high strains which may be encountered during the surgical procedure, a factor which tends to necessitate an increase in the diameter of the wire. However, by increasing the diameter to provide basic tensile strength, there is an unavoidable loss in flexibility. -Hence there is a need for an improved wire which has the strength and flexibility required by the surgical procedures.

In accordance with the present invention there is provided a metal cable comprising a plurality of individual wire filaments; the wire filaments comprising stainless steel and having a diameter in the range 0.0005 inches to 0.005 inches (approximately 13um to 127um).

The important mechanical properties of the metal cable are strength and flexibility. The strength depends upon the overall size of cable, the number of individual wires in the cable, and the type of material from which the wires are made. A cable that undergoes repeated and severe bending must have a high degree of flexibility to prevent premature breakage and failure due to fatigue. Greater flexibility in the cable is obtained by using small wires in larger numbers.

In a preferred embodiment, groups of wire filaments are twisted together in a first helical direction around a central wire filament to make a strand. A plurality of strands are twisted together in a second helical direction around a core strand to make a strong, flexible cable. Desirably, the first helical direction has the opposite sense to that of the second helical direction. If the wires in the strands lay in the opposite direction to that of the strands in the cable, then any filament failure is more likely to occur on the outer surface of the cable where it may he detected before catastrophic failure ensues.

A cable made from stainless steel in accordance with the invention will now be described in detail, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing in which: Figure 1 shows a cross-section through a cable according to the invention in the unswaged condition; Figure 2 shows an enlarged individual strand in cross section according to Figure 1; Figure 3 shows a configuration for a 19 x 7 cable; and Figure 4 shows a configuration for a 7 x 7 cable.

The cable comprises a plurality of strands 10. Each strand 10 comprises a plurality of wire filaments 20. Eighteen strands 10 are arranged substantially symmetrically about a central core strand in two concentric rings. Therefore the cable consists of nineteen strands altogether. Each strand consists of seven individual wire filaments 20. Therefore there are one hundred and thirty three (133) wire filaments in the cable cross-section. The cable, designated a 19x7 cable, may be manufactured in the following way: The individual wire filaments are produced by wire drawing.

Drawing is the process by which metallic wire is pulled through a die in the presence of lubricants to create wire of a diameter equal to that of the die. There are several parameters in the drawing process which ultimately affect the strength, ductility, and flexibility of the wire. For example, differences in the drawing speed may effect the degree of strain hardening imparted to the material and thus the yield strength of the wire. The wire is drawn from a diameter of about 0.020 inches (0.5mm) in a series of drawing steps until it is typically 0.0025 inches (65pm) in diameter.

The very thin drawn wire is received on spools which are placed in a stranding machine. The wire is first ~stranded' into 1x7 helical strands (i.e. producing a single strand from seven individual wires). The strands are laid in the right hand direction, where the 'lay' of a strand refers to the direction of the helical.path in which the wires are arranged. The resulting strands are taken up as 1x7 strands on individual spools for eventual closing. Closing is the term which describes the stranding of strands to form the final cable in a process which is similar to the wire stranding process itself. The strands are layed in the left hand direction. The result is a cable, as shown in the drawing, comprising nineteen strands with seven wires in each strand, i.e. 19x7 cable. After the stranding process, the cable is subjected to a stress relieving heat treatment.The stress relief helps the material maintain its helical shape and decreases its natural tendency to unwind. This process is repeated after the closing phase for the same reason.

The cable undergoes a swaging operation which creates flats or longitudinal facets on the wire. Care must be taken not to crush or distort the wires unintentionally. Swaging smoothes out the wire and helps ensure a uniform cross sectional area. It is of paramount importance to ensure that the cable is free of sharp edges and burrs. For this reason, any free end of cable must be carefully prepared.

The lay of the wires in the strands is opposite to that of the strands in the cable. Cross-laying has an advantage in that any failure of the cable usually begins on the outer surface of the cable and may therefore be detected. In contrast, if the wires and strands are laid in the same direction, failure typically initiates on the inner wires and is not noticed until catastrophic failure occurs. However, the latter form of laying does result in a marginal increase in flexibility of the wire. Therefore, particular situations dictate which type of lay is preferred depending upon whether maximum reliability or maximum flexibility is required.

The cross-section of the cable in Figure 3 shows two concentric rings of strands. The outermost shell of strands may not be required. The loss of twelve strands in the cable would greatly reduce its ultimate tensile strength. However, this would be compensated by a significant increase in flexibility. The resulting cable i.e. 7x7 configuration may have sufficient flexibility and strength for use as a suture in certain surgical procedures.

The diameter of the cable is controlled by the diameter of the individual wires in each strand, and also by the number of strands in the cable. The 19x7 configuration can comprise wires of ....

diameter in the range 0.0005 to 0.005 inches (13um to 127pm) with a tolerance of #+O.000l inches (+2.pom). The lower limit of this range is controlled by practical limitations. The corresponding cable diameter, in the unswaged condition, would be in the range 0.022 to 0.075 inches (0.56mm-1.9mm).

The 7x7 configuration could employ wires of similar dimensions, although only wires in the range 0.0005 to 0.0025 inches (13pm-65pm) would be suitable for the intended application. The corresponding cable thickness, in the unswaged condition, would be in the range 0.0045 to 0.022 inches (0.114mm-0.56mm).

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A metal cable comprising a plurality of individual wire filaments; the wire filaments comprising stainless steel and having a diameter in the range 0.0005 inches to 0.005 inches (approximately 13pm to 127pm).

2. A metal cable according to claim 1 wherein a group of wire filaments are twisted together in a first helical direction around a central wire filament to make a strand.

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3. A metal cable according to claim 2 wherein the said strand consists of seven wire filaments.

4. A metal cable according to claim 2 or claim 3 wherein the cable comprises a plurality of strands, including a core strand with peripheral strands twisted in a second helical direction around the core strand.

5. A metal cable according to claim 4 wherein the peripheral strands are arranged substantially symmetrically around the said core strand in at least one peripheral ring.

6. A metal cable according to claim 5 wherein six peripheral strands are arranged substantially symmetrically around the said wire strand in a peripheral ring.

7. A metal cable according to claim 6 wherein a further twelve peripheral strands are arranged substantially symmetrically around he said peripheral ring in a second peripheral ring.

8. A metal cable according to claim 4 when appendant to claim 2 wherein the first helical direction has the opposite sense to that of the second helical direction.

9. A metal cable substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.