GB2257214A - Anti-lock and anti-skid control braking system - Google Patents

Anti-lock and anti-skid control braking system Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2257214A
GB2257214A GB9212500A GB9212500A GB2257214A GB 2257214 A GB2257214 A GB 2257214A GB 9212500 A GB9212500 A GB 9212500A GB 9212500 A GB9212500 A GB 9212500A GB 2257214 A GB2257214 A GB 2257214A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
brake
pressure
valve
line
shut
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB9212500A
Other versions
GB9212500D0 (en
Inventor
Karl-Heinz Willmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of GB9212500D0 publication Critical patent/GB9212500D0/en
Publication of GB2257214A publication Critical patent/GB2257214A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/50Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition having means for controlling the rate at which pressure is reapplied to or released from the brake
    • B60T8/5018Pressure reapplication using restrictions
    • B60T8/5025Pressure reapplication using restrictions in hydraulic brake systems
    • B60T8/5037Pressure reapplication using restrictions in hydraulic brake systems closed systems
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/42Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition having expanding chambers for controlling pressure, i.e. closed systems
    • B60T8/4275Pump-back systems
    • B60T8/4291Pump-back systems having means to reduce or eliminate pedal kick-back
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/48Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition connecting the brake actuator to an alternative or additional source of fluid pressure, e.g. traction control systems
    • B60T8/4809Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems
    • B60T8/4827Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems in hydraulic brake systems
    • B60T8/4863Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems in hydraulic brake systems closed systems
    • B60T8/4872Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems in hydraulic brake systems closed systems pump-back systems

Description

2 1- 3 7 L, 14
-1DESCRIPTION HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSTEMS
This invention relates to hydraulic braking systems having an anti-skid control device and an anti-slip control device, particularly for motor vehicles.
A hydraulic braking system is known from German Patent Application P 40 34 113.5 in which the shut-off valve in the brake line between the master brake cylinder and the connection of the high pressure pump is switched to its shut-off position, if the brake pressure is to be built-up during the anti-slip control operation by means of the pump in the wheel brake of the vehicle wheel subjected to an inadmissibly large amount of drive slip. In contrast to this, during anti-skid control, the shut-off valve adopts its flow-through position, so that on the one hand the pressure medium, which is extracted during the pressure reduction phase from the wheel brake of the vehicle in danger of locking, can be returned to the master brake cylinder and on the other hand, during the pressure-build-up phase, pressure medium can be displaced from the master brake cylinder to the wheel brake. Since the arrangement of valves, which are fitted to the wheel brake, for the purpose of modulating the brake pressure, particularly in the -2 phase for the build-up of pressure, rapidly perform consecutive switching operations with a high acceleration and retardation of the brake medium in the brake line, there is an intensive development of noise and also vibration of the brake pedal which adversely affect the ease of operation of the braking system.
In accordance with the present invention a hydraulic braking system is provided having an antiskid and anti-slip control, and comprising a brake line extending between a pedal operable master brake cylinder and at least one wheel brake, a valve arrangement in the brake line for modulating the brake pressure by switching in phases the build-up of pressure, the maintenance of pressure and the reduction of pressure, a high pressure pump for delivering pressure medium into the brake line between the master brake cylinder and the valve arrangement, a shut-off valve located in the brake line between the master brake cylinder and a connection of the high pressure pump to the brake line, a control device, it being possible during the anti-slip control operation to switch the shut-off valve to its shut-off position by means of the control device, a by-pass line bypassing the shut-off valve and a throttle located in the by-pass line, wherein the shut-off valve assumes -3its shut-off position even during the anti-skid control operation in the phases for the build-up of pressure in the wheel brake.
This has the advantage that the rate of flow of the pressure medium when overcoming the throttle is reduced, with the result that the rate of the pressure increase is reduced when switching the valve arrangement. This produces a considerable reduction in the intensity of the switching noise in the pressure-build-up phases during the anti-skid control operation. Moreover, the reaction on the brake pedal from the master brake cylinder due to the pressure medium delivery is a more pleasant experience for the driver. Overall, the ease of operation of the braking system is thus increased.
By way of example only, one embodiment of the present invention will now be described, with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a circuit diagram illustrating one embodiment of a hydraulic multi-circuit braking system for motor vehicles constructed in accordance with the present invention.
The hydraulic multi-circuit braking system 1 has an anti-skid control and an anti-slip control device 2 and a pedal-operated master brake cylinder 3 which has a pressure medium reservoir 4. A brake line 5 of a -4first brake circuit I of the braking system issues from the brake cylinder 3. The brake line 5 branches into two brake lines 6 and 7. The brake line 6 leads to a wheel brake 8 of a driven wheel (not illustrated), e.g. the front left wheel. The brake line 7 is connected to the wheel brake 9 of a diagonally opposite non-driven vehicle wheel (not illustrated), e.g. the rear right wheel.
A brake line 12 of a second brake circuit II of the braking system issues from the master brake cylinder 3 and branches into two brake lines 13 and 14. The brake line 13 terminates in a wheel brake 15 of the second driven vehicle wheel (not illustrated) i.e. the front right wheel. The brake line 14 is connected to the wheel brake 16 of the second nondriven vehicle wheel, (also not illustrated), i.e. the rear left wheel. As the two brake circuits I and II are equipped identically, only the brake circuit I is described hereunder.
The wheel brake 8 of the driven front left wheel is provided with a valve arrangement 19 for modulating the brake pressure. The valve arrangement 19 comprises an inlet valve 20 located in the brake line 6 as well as an outlet valve 21. The two valves 20 and 21 are designed as a two-port, twoposition valve. The inlet valve 20 has a spring-operated flow-through z t Y_ -5position 20a and an electromagnetically switchable shut-off position 20b. The outlet valve 21 is arranged in a return line 22 for the pressure medium from the wheel brake 8. The outlet valve 21 has a spring-operated shut-off position 21a and an electromagnetically switchable flow-through position 21b. An accumulator chamber 23 is connected after the outlet valve 21 to the return line 22 which issues from the brake line 6 in between the inlet valve 20 and the wheel brake 8. The return line 22 is connected, after a vacuum safety valve 24 following the direction of flow, to an intake line 25 for a self-priming high pressure pump 26. At the pressure side, a feed line 27 having a damping chamber 28 and a throttle 29 issues from the high pressure pump 26. The feed line 27 is connected to the brake line 6 in between the master brake cylinder 3 and the valve arrangement 19.
A shut-off valve 32, in the form of a two-port, two-position valve having a spring-operated flowthrough position 32a and an electromagnetically switchable shut-off position 32b, is located in the brake line 6 in between the connection of the feed line 27, leading from the high pressure pump 26, to the brake line 6 and the master brake cylinder 3. The shut-off valve 32 is by-passed by a by-pass line 33.
-6Seen from the direction of the main brake cylinder 3, a throttle 34 is located in the by-pass line 33 followed by a return valve 35 having a flow-through direction from the master brake cylinder 3 to the wheel brake 8.
The intake line 25 which terminates at the suction side of the high pressure pump 26 is connected to the brake line 7 and is connected by the brake line 5 to the master brake cylinder 3 and its pressure medium reservoir 4. A charging valve 38 is arranged in the intake line 25. This charging valve 38 is designed as a two-port, two-position valve having a spring-operated shut-off position 38a and an electromagnetically switchable flow-through position 38b. An overflow line 39 is also provided, which leads from the brake line 6 in between the shut-off valve 32 and the connection of the feed line 27 and issues between the connection of the intake line 25 to the brake line 7 and the charging valve 38 to the intake line. A pressure limiting valve 40 is arranged in the overflow line 39 to divert pressure medium from the brake line 6 into the intake line 25.
The second wheel brake 9 of the brake circuit I is also associated with a valve arrangement 43 for modulating the brake pressure. This has an inlet valve 44 located in the brake line 7 as well as an outlet valve 45. The inlet valve 44 and the outlet -7valve 45 of the valve arrangement 43 are designed in accordance with the two valves 20. 21 of the valve arrangement 19. The outlet valve 45 of the valve arrangement 43 is located in a return line 46, which leads from the brake line 7 between the inlet valve 44 and the wheel brake 9 and issues in the return line 22. The element lying within the dash-dot border line of the two brake circuits I and II are combined in a so- called assembly of hydraulic equipment 49 of the multi-circuit brake system 1.
The brake system 1 also has an electronic control device 52 which monitors the rotational behaviour of the vehicle wheels (not illustrated) by means of rotational speed sensors 53, 54, 55, 56 and, in accordance with the pre-determined controlled algorithm switches the valve as well as an electric drive motor for the high pressure pump 26 of the brake circuit I as well as the corresponding high-pressure pump 58 of the brake circuit II during the anti-skid control operation and the anti-slip control operation.
The functions of the multi-circuit brake system 1 are as follows:- Upon braking initiated by the driver of the vehicle, during which the valves of the brake system 1 assume the position illustrated, pressure is produced in the master brake cylinder 3 by actuating the master -8brake cylinder 3 and put into effect in the wheel brakes 8, 9, 15, 16 by displacing quantities of brake medium in the brake lines 5. 6, 7 of the brake circuit I as well as in the brake lines 12, 13, 14 of the brake circuit II. At the same time the control device 52 monitors the rotational behaviour of the vehicle wheels on the basis of the signals of the rotational speed sensors 53, 54, 55, 56.
If, for example, the driven vehicle wheel associated with the wheel brake 8 locks during such a braking operation, the control device 52 switches the valve arrangement 19 to the switch position for the build-up of pressure, i.e. the inlet valve 20 is switched to the shut-off position 20b and the outlet valve 21 to the flow-through position 21b. Pressure medium can no flow out of the wheel brake 8 through the return line 22 into the accumulator chamber 23, so that the brake pressure in the wheel brake 8 is reduced. The high pressure pump 26, switched on at the same time by the control device 52, delivers the pressure medium extracted from the wheel brakes 8 into the brake line 6 by way of the feed line 27. In accordance with the control algorithm stored in the control device 52, further phases for maintaining and the building-up of pressure in the wheel brake 8 follow the pressure-reducing phases, until the driven -9vehicle wheel shows signs of a stable rotational behaviour. At the same time, while maintaining the pressure, the inlet valve 20 and the outlet valve 21 of the valve arrangement 19 are switched to the shutoff position 20b or 21a. During the pressure build-up phase, the inlet valve 20 and the outlet valve 21 assume the position as illustrated. The charging valve 38 also remains in its shut-off position 38. The high pressure pump 26 therefore does not deliver any pressure medium into the brake line 6. In contrast to this, the control device 52 switches the shut-off valve 32, so that this assumes its shut-off position 32b in the phase for the build-up of pressure in the wheel brake 8. During the phases for the build-up of pressure in the wheel brake 8, pressure medium must therefore be displaced from the actuated master brake cylinder 3 to the wheel brake 8 by means of the by-pass line 33 overcoming the throttle 34. This causes a reduced rate of the increase in pressure in the wheel brake 8, as a result of which during the pressure build-up phases in the anti-skid control operation, less sound develops and there is less vibration of the brake pedal during switching of the inlet valve 20 in the brake line 6. Upon conclusion of such an anti-skid control operation, the control device 52 switches the valves and the drive motor 57 -10into their original position as illustrated.
In the same way, in the event of a risk of a skid occurring, it is possible in the brake circuit II to carry out the anti-skid control operation on the vehicle wheel associated with the wheel brake 15 with a reduced rate of increase in pressure during the phases for build-up of pressure. This is particularly effective during anti-skid control of wheel brakes 8, 15 of the front axle of the vehicle, because of their greater participation in the braking of the vehicle, this is because the front axle brakes carry a larger volume of pressure medium than the rear axle brakes and therefore larger quantities of brake medium must be displaced into these wheel brakes during the pressure-build-up phases. However, it is also useful to supply brake medium to the wheel brakes in the rear axle during the anti-skid control operation in the pressurebuild- up phases by way of a throttle corresponding to the throttle 34 in the respective brake line.
If, for example, during start-up and acceleration of the vehicle, the vehicle wheel associated with the wheel brake 8 is subjected to an inadmissibly large amount of drive slip, then this is also recognised by the control device 52 on the basis of signals from the rotational speed sensors 53, 54, 55, 56. The control _11device 52 switches the shut-off valve 32 in the brake line 6 into the shut-off position 32b and the charging valve 38 into the flow-through position 38b. At the same time, the drive motor 57 of the high pressure pump 26 is switched on and the inlet valve 44 of the valve arrangement 43 in the brake line 7 is switched to the shut-off position 44b. The other valves of the brake system 1 remain in the position as illustrated. The self-priming pump 26 now extracts by suction pressure medium from the pressure medium reservoir 4 through the master brake cylinder 3, the brake lines 51 7 and the intake line 25. The pump 26 delivers the pressure medium through the feed line 27 into the brake line 6 and produces a brake pressure in the wheel brake 8. At the same time the return valve 35 in the by-pass line 33 prevents the pressure medium from flowing back to the master brake cylinder 3. The return valve 35 moreover ensures that even during the anti-slip control operation, the driver is able to direct brake pressure into the wheel brake 8 by actuating the master brake cylinder 3 despite the shut-off valve 32 assuming its shut- off position. The phases for maintaining the pressure and for the buildup of pressure also follow on during the anti-slip control operation. Upon completion of the anti-slip control operation the pressure medium supplied to the -12wheel brake 8 for the build-up of brake pressure is returned to the master brake cylinder 3. The control device 52 switches the valves into their original position and completes the pump operation.

Claims (2)

-13CLAIMS
1. A hydraulic braking system having an antiskid and anti-slip control, and comprising a brake line extending between a pedal operable master brake cylinder and at least one wheel brake, a valve arrangement in the brake line for modulating the brake pressure by switching in phases the build-up of pressure, the maintenance of pressure and the reduction of pressure, a high pressure pump for delivering pressure medium into the brake line between the master brake cylinder and the valve arrangement, a shut-off valve located in the brake line between the master brake cylinder and a connection of the high pressure pump to the brake line, a control device, it being possible during the anti-slip control operation to switch the shut-off valve to its shut-off position by means of the control device, a by-pass line bypassing the shut-off valve and a throttle located in the by-pass line, wherein the shut-off valve assumes its shut-off position even during the anti-skid control operation in the phases for the build-up of pressure in the wheel brake.
2. A braking system substantially as herein described, with reference to, and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
GB9212500A 1991-06-14 1992-06-12 Anti-lock and anti-skid control braking system Withdrawn GB2257214A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19914119662 DE4119662A1 (en) 1991-06-14 1991-06-14 HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM WITH ANTI-BLOCKING PROTECTION AND DRIVE-SLIP CONTROL DEVICE, ESPECIALLY FOR MOTOR VEHICLES

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9212500D0 GB9212500D0 (en) 1992-07-22
GB2257214A true GB2257214A (en) 1993-01-06

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9212500A Withdrawn GB2257214A (en) 1991-06-14 1992-06-12 Anti-lock and anti-skid control braking system

Country Status (3)

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JP (1) JPH05178178A (en)
DE (1) DE4119662A1 (en)
GB (1) GB2257214A (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2272031A (en) * 1992-10-29 1994-05-04 Lucas Ind Plc Improvements in hydraulic braking systems for vehicles
US6286914B1 (en) * 1994-08-08 2001-09-11 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Automotive brake fluid pressure control apparatus

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4220835A1 (en) * 1992-06-25 1994-01-05 Teves Gmbh Alfred Antiskid hydraulic brake control with reduced valve noise - has recirculating pump driving through flow restriction switched by pressure control valve
DE4317760A1 (en) * 1993-05-28 1994-12-01 Teves Gmbh Alfred Brake system for motor vehicles with a device for regulating both the brake and the drive slip
DE4434979A1 (en) * 1994-09-30 1996-04-04 Teves Gmbh Alfred Hydraulic braking system with driving stability control
DE4434960A1 (en) * 1994-09-30 1996-04-04 Teves Gmbh Alfred Hydraulic brake system and pressure control method
DE19536619B4 (en) * 1995-09-30 2006-01-26 Robert Bosch Gmbh Valve for a hydraulic brake system for motor vehicles
DE19536847A1 (en) * 1995-10-02 1997-04-03 Bosch Gmbh Robert Hydraulic unit for a slip-controlled motor vehicle brake system
DE19604315A1 (en) * 1996-02-07 1997-08-14 Bosch Gmbh Robert Electromagnetically operated valve, in particular for hydraulic brake systems in motor vehicles
DE19604316A1 (en) * 1996-02-07 1997-08-14 Bosch Gmbh Robert Electromagnetically operated valve, in particular for hydraulic brake systems in motor vehicles
DE19604317A1 (en) * 1996-02-07 1997-08-14 Bosch Gmbh Robert Electromagnetically operated valve, in particular for hydraulic brake systems in motor vehicles
DE102006023305A1 (en) * 2005-12-12 2007-06-28 Continental Teves Ag & Co. Ohg motorcycle brake system
DE102013200036A1 (en) * 2013-01-03 2014-07-03 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method for operating a braking device of a motor vehicle and corresponding braking device

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2163503A (en) * 1984-08-09 1986-02-26 Nippon Denso Co Hydraulic pressure control device for use in vehicle anti-skid braking system
GB2213222A (en) * 1987-12-29 1989-08-09 Nippon Abs Ltd Brake fluid pressure control apparatus in vehicle skid control systems
GB2214250A (en) * 1987-12-24 1989-08-31 Teves Gmbh Alfred Anti-skid-controlled hydraulic brake system
DE3912322A1 (en) * 1987-10-17 1990-10-18 Teves Gmbh Alfred Antilocking hydraulic brake circuit - links wheel cylinders to master brake cylinder by flow restriction and parallel solenoid valve

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2163503A (en) * 1984-08-09 1986-02-26 Nippon Denso Co Hydraulic pressure control device for use in vehicle anti-skid braking system
DE3912322A1 (en) * 1987-10-17 1990-10-18 Teves Gmbh Alfred Antilocking hydraulic brake circuit - links wheel cylinders to master brake cylinder by flow restriction and parallel solenoid valve
GB2214250A (en) * 1987-12-24 1989-08-31 Teves Gmbh Alfred Anti-skid-controlled hydraulic brake system
GB2213222A (en) * 1987-12-29 1989-08-09 Nippon Abs Ltd Brake fluid pressure control apparatus in vehicle skid control systems

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2272031A (en) * 1992-10-29 1994-05-04 Lucas Ind Plc Improvements in hydraulic braking systems for vehicles
GB2272031B (en) * 1992-10-29 1996-05-29 Lucas Ind Plc Hydraulic braking systems for vehicles
US6286914B1 (en) * 1994-08-08 2001-09-11 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Automotive brake fluid pressure control apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH05178178A (en) 1993-07-20
DE4119662A1 (en) 1992-12-17
GB9212500D0 (en) 1992-07-22

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