GB2243034A - Electrical connectors - Google Patents
Electrical connectors Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2243034A GB2243034A GB9104503A GB9104503A GB2243034A GB 2243034 A GB2243034 A GB 2243034A GB 9104503 A GB9104503 A GB 9104503A GB 9104503 A GB9104503 A GB 9104503A GB 2243034 A GB2243034 A GB 2243034A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- contact
- connector
- pin
- contact surface
- coaxial
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/02—Contact members
- H01R13/22—Contacts for co-operating by abutting
- H01R13/24—Contacts for co-operating by abutting resilient; resiliently-mounted
- H01R13/2464—Contacts for co-operating by abutting resilient; resiliently-mounted characterized by the contact point
- H01R13/2471—Contacts for co-operating by abutting resilient; resiliently-mounted characterized by the contact point pin shaped
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R24/00—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure
- H01R24/38—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure having concentrically or coaxially arranged contacts
- H01R24/40—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure having concentrically or coaxially arranged contacts specially adapted for high frequency
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R2103/00—Two poles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R2201/00—Connectors or connections adapted for particular applications
- H01R2201/16—Connectors or connections adapted for particular applications for telephony
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R24/00—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure
- H01R24/66—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure with pins, blades or analogous contacts and secured to apparatus or structure, e.g. to a wall
Landscapes
- Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
Abstract
An electrical connector comprises male and female portions (1, 2) wherein the male portion (1) comprises one or more movable contact pins or members (13, 15, 17) biased outwardly of the male portion and each affording a contact surface and the female portion (2) comprises one or more static contact members (19, 20, 7), each affording a contact surface which, in use, engages a respective associated contact surface on a contact pin of the male portion. One contact surface of the or each associated pair of surfaces is convex and the other contact surface is concave. One contact surface of each pair can be recessed into its connector portion, to reduce the danger of shorting. The connector may be of uniaxial type, coaxial type or it may be of multiple type including one or more connectors of coaxial and uniaxial type and is used for a portable telephone. <IMAGE>
Description
ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS
The present invention relates to a connector suitable for making a disconnectable electrical connection between an electric appliance and another electric appliance, an electric appliance and a cable, or a cable and another cable. In particular, the invention relates to a connector of the type in which electrical contact is maintained by pressure, e.g. from a spring.
Pressure connectors are known which are suitable for making the above described connections. Figure 12 is a front elevation, partly cut away, of a known multiple pressure connector comprising a coaxial connector 3,6 and two uniaxial connectors.
The multiple connector comprises a male portion 1 and a female portion 2. The male portion 1 comprises an insulator 5 in which are mounted the movable portion 3 of the coaxial connector for a coaxial cable (movable coaxial contact), suitable for transmitting high frequency signals, and the movable portion 4 of each uniaxial connector. The female connector portion 2 comprises an insulator 8 in which are mounted the static portion 6 of the coaxial connector corresponding to the movable portion 3 on the male portion and the static portion 7 of each uniaxial connector corresponding to the movable portion 4 on the male portion.
The movable coaxial portion 3 comprises a core rod 10 which, in use, is connected to a core wire (not shown) of a coaxial cable 9, and a holder, or annular retaining member, 11 which, in use, is connected to a coaxial shielding line, or braid (not shown). The core rod 10 has a central contact pin 13 slidably received within it which is urged towards one end of the rod by means of a spring 12, so that an end of the pin protrudes from the rod. The retaining member 11 has a hollow cylindrical contact member, or annular pin, 15 slidably received therein, coaxial with the pin 13.
The annular pin 15 is also urged outwards by means of another spring 14.
The movable uniaxial contact portion 4 comprises a terminal 18 in which is slidably received a contact pin 17 which is urged outwardly by means of a spring 16.
The static coaxial contact portion 6 comprises a core contact member 19 which, when the connector is in use, contacts the central pin 13, and a hollow cylindrical, or annular, contact member 20 which, in use, contacts the annular pin 15. The static portion 7 of each uniaxial connector includes a stationary pin whose contact surface is engaged, in use, by the associated pin 17.
In use, the male connector portion 1 and the female portion 2 are joined and held together by any suitable means, such as a bolt. As the male and female connector portions are connected together, the central pin 13 and annular pin 15 of the moving coaxial contact portion and the pin 17 of each moving uniaxial contact engage with and are pushed back into the male portion 1 by the core contact member 19, annular contact member 20 and static uniaxial contacts 7, respectively, of the female portion. Sufficient contact pressure is maintained between the complementary components in the male and female portions by means of the springs 12, 14 and 16.
The contact faces of the contact members 19, 20, 7 in the female connector portion 2 are oriented perpendicular to the direction in which the pins 13, 15, 17 of the male connector portion 1 extend, when the two portions are brought together. Bringing the portions together therefore results in the pins 13, 15, 17 being pushed back into the male portion, with no lateral sliding motion of the pins over the contact faces of the female portion. Such lateral sliding motion would have the effect of cleaning the contact faces and it is therefore a disadvantage of the known connector that it does not occur. Furthermore the pins and contact surfaces have no tendency to align themselves with each other, and this means that accurate positioning of the connector portions is necessary. This precise positioning is difficult and time consuming and may cause problems.
Additionally in this conventional multiple connector, the contact faces in the female portion are flush with the surface of the insulator 8, in which the contacts are mounted. The surfaces are thus very exposed, and foreign bodies, in particular conductive matter or articles, may easily contact the exposed faces of the contact members 7, 19, 20, particularly when the connector is disassembled, resulting in a short circuit.
For example, if a device such as a portable wireless telephone having a conventional connector is carried in a pocket in which e.g. coins are also carried, a coin is likely to come into contact with the contact surfaces thus causing a short circuit.
Figure 13 is a scrap sectional view of a known female connector portion, showing foreign bodies 32 touching the contact faces.
It is therefore an object of the present invention, amongst other things, to provide a connector which at least partly alleviates the shortcomings of the conventional connector described above.
According to the present invention, an electrical connector comprises two portions wherein one portion comprises one or more movable contact pins biassed outwardly of it and each affording a contact surface and the other portion comprises one or more static contact members, each affording a contact surface which, in use, engages a respective associated contact surface on a contact pin of the said one portion, characterised in that one contact surface of the or each associated pair of surfaces is convex and the other contact surface is concave.
The terms concave and convex embrace not only the possibility that the contact surfaces are continuous and constituted e.g. by the end of a pin, bar or the like but also that the contact surfaces have no central portion and are thus of annular shape.
In one embodiment of the invention at least one contact member and the corresponding contact pin are annular and their contact surfaces are part-conical though they may also be arcuate. In another embodiment of the invention at least one contact member and the corresponding contact pin are of solid cross-section, one of the cooperating contact surfaces being part-spherical, or at least arcuate, and the other being at least part-conical.
In both these embodiments, the contact surfaces of the contact pins and contact members are so shaped that there is a centering effect when the two portions of the connector are brought together. As the surfaces slide across one another, there is also a cleaning effect thereby producing. an excellent electrical contact.
A further embodiment of the present invention combines the two embodiments referred to above to produce a coaxial connector wherein at least one of the solid contact members and the associated contact pin are coaxially arranged within the associated annular contact pin and annular contact member, respectively.
It is preferred that the contact surface of the or each contact pin, or more preferably of the or each contact member, is set back from the surface of the insulating material of the associated portion of the connector, that is to say is recessed within the surface of the insulating material. This arrangement has the advantage that it is difficult for conductive bodies to come into contact with the contact surfaces and thus cause a short circuit.
The various constructions referred to above embrace both coaxial connectors and uniaxial connectors but it will be appreciated that these two may be combined into a single multiple electrical connector including one or more connectors of both coaxial and uniaxial type.
Two specific embodiments of pressure-contact type connector according to the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a front elevation, partly in section, of a multiple connector of a first embodiment according to the invention;
Figure 2 is a side elevation of the connector of
Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a section taken along the line A-A in
Figure 1;
Figure 4 is a section taken along the line B-B in
Figure 1;
Figure 5 is a section taken along the line C-C in
Figure 4;
Figure 6 is a side elevation, partly in section, of the coaxial contacts of the first embodiment of connector;
Figure 7 is a side elevation, partly in section, of the uniaxial contacts of the first embodiment of connector;
Figure 8 is a scrap section through the second embodiment of connector;;
Figure 9 is a scrap section through the female portion of the second embodiment of the invention, showing foreign bodies touching it;
Figure 10 is a front view of a portable wireless telephone incorporating the female portion of a connector according to the invention; and
Figure 11 is an underneath view of the telephone of Figure 10.
Corresponding reference numerals are used to designate corresponding features in Figures 1 to 9 and
Figures 12 and 13.
Referring firstly to Figure 1, the multiple connector includes a coaxial connector 23 and a plurality of uniaxial connectors 4. A guide pin 22 secured within the female portion 2 is passed into a hole in the male portion 1 as the two portions are brought together and serves to ensure that, when connected, the two portions occupy the correct position with respect to one another. In general terms the construction of the multiple connector is similar to that illustrated in Figure 12, but there are important differences of detail which will be explained below.
The coaxial connector 23, which forms part of the multiple connector of Figure 1 which also constitutes a connector in accordance with the invention in its own right, will be described with reference to Figure 6.
The movable coaxial contact portion 3 comprises a central contact pin 13, received within a core rod 10 so as to be longitudinally slidable in the rod 10, and an annular pin 15, received in a retaining member 11, so as to be longitudinally slidable in the retaining member 11. The pins 13 and 15 are biassed by respective springs 12 (see Figure 8) and 14 such that one end of each pin protrudes from the rod 10 and retaining member 11 respectively. The core rod 10 and the retaining member 11 are insulated from each other by an insulator 24.
The front end face of the annular pin 15 (i.e. the contact face) is convex and part-conical (for example with a face angle of 1400); and the front end of the central pin 13 (i.e. the contact face) is convex and part-spherical.
The static coaxial contact portion 6 includes a core contact member 19 which is, in use, secured to the core line, or wire, (shielded line) 25 of a coaxial cable 9 and a hollow cylindrical contact member 20 which is connected to the coaxial shielding line, or braid, 26.
An insulator 27 is received in the hollow cylindrical contact member 20, situated coaxially around the core line 25 between the cylindrical member 20 and the core line 25.
The front end face (contact face) of the core contact member 19 is of concave cone shape and the front end of the cylindrical contact member 20 has a concave surface which, in this case, is of part-conical shape and which, in use, cooperates with the contact surface of the annular pin 15 when the contact portions are brought together.
The construction of the uniaxial connectors 28, which form part of the multiple connector of Figure 1, is shown in more detail in Figure 7 and it will again be appreciated that such a uniaxial connector constitutes a connector in accordance with the invention in its own right.
The movable contact 4 of the uniaxial connector 28 comprises a terminal 18 in which a contact pin 17 is slidably received. The pin 17 is biassed outwardly by a spring 16 so that one end of the pin 17 protrudes from the terminal 18. The front end (contact) surface of the pin is part-spherical.
The fixed contact 7, which, in use, engages the movable contact 4, comprises a contact member having a concave, in this case conical, front end (contact) surface, similar to that of the front end of the core member 1 9.
When the male connector portion 1 and the female connector portion 2 are connected together (see Figure 1), the pins 13, 15, 17 are pushed back by the corresponding contact surfaces in the female connector portion. In this process, the contact pins slide along the slanted faces of the respective contact surfaces: this has a cleaning effect, resulting in a good electrical contact. At the same time, as the spherical or conical surfaces on the ends of the pins engage the inverted conical contact surfaces of the static contacts, there is a tendency for the contact surfaces to move relative towards one another to align the pins with the static contact members.
As a result the male connector portion 1 and female connector portion 2 may be satisfactorily connected by an operator very easily, without the need for elaborate alignment procedures.
Referring now to Figure 8, a second embodiment of connector will be described. The contact surfaces of the coaxial static contact portion 6 and the uniaxial static contact 7 are, in this embodiment, set back from the surface of the insulator 8 by a predetermined distance. The contacts themselves however are interchangeable between the first and second embodiments.
Because each contact face is recessed within the surface of the insulator 8, even if a conductive foreign body 32, such as a coin (see Figure 9), touches the surface of the female connector, as shown by the broken lines, the foreign body 32 does not touch the contacts 6 and 7, and an electrical short circuit is prevented.
An example of this embodiment in use is shown in
Figures 10 and 11 in which a portable telephone 30 is shown having a female connector portion 31 mounted in its base. The distance by which the contacts 6, 7 are set back from the surface of the insulator 8 of the female connector portion is determined according to the size and shape of foreign matter or foreign bodies which the connector portion is likely to touch. It is of course also possible that the static contacts could protrude from the insulator 8 of the female connector portion and Ithe moving contacts could be recessed in the male connector portion.
The front ends of -the pins may alternatively have concave end surfaces and the static contacts may have convex contact surfaces: the particular shapes of the front end faces of the pins are not limited to those shown above, and similarly the shapes of the contact surfaces of the static contacts are not so limited.
Claims (9)
1. An electrical connector comprising two portions wherein one portion comprises one or more movable contact pins biased outwardly of it and each affording a contact surface and the other portion comprises one or more static contact members, each affording a contact surface which, in use, engages a respective associated contact surface on a contact pin of the said one portion, characterised in that one contact surface of the or each associated pair of surfaces is convex and the other contact surface is concave.
2. A connector as claimed in claim 1 wherein at least one contact member and the corresponding contact pin are annular and their contact surfaces are part-conical.
3. A connector as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein at least one contact member and the corresponding contact pin are of solid cross-section, one of the cpoperating contact surfaces being part-spherical and the other being at least part-conical.
4. A connector as claimed in claim 3 wherein the or each solid contact pin has a convex part-spherical contact surface and the or each solid contact member has a concave conical contact surface.
5. A connector as claimed in claim 2 and in claim 3 or 4 wherein at least one of the solid contact members and the associated contact pin are coaxially arranged within the associated annular contact pin and annular contact member, respectively.
6. A connector as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the or each contact pin and the or each contact member is mounted in insulating material and the contact surface of the or each contact pin or contact member is set back from the surface of the associated insulating material.
7. A connector as claimed in claim 6 in which the contact surface of the or each contact member is set back from the surface of the insulating material of the said other connector portion.
8. A multiple electrical connector including an electrical connector as claimed in claim 5 -and at least one electrical connector as claimed in claim 3.
9. An electrical connector substantially as specifically herein described with reference to Figures 1 to 7 or Figures 8 and 9 of the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP6159490A JPH03263773A (en) | 1990-03-13 | 1990-03-13 | Press contact type connector |
| JP6159390A JPH03263772A (en) | 1990-03-13 | 1990-03-13 | Press contact type connector |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9104503D0 GB9104503D0 (en) | 1991-04-17 |
| GB2243034A true GB2243034A (en) | 1991-10-16 |
| GB2243034B GB2243034B (en) | 1994-10-19 |
Family
ID=26402645
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9104503A Expired - Fee Related GB2243034B (en) | 1990-03-13 | 1991-03-04 | Electrical connectors |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2243034B (en) |
| HK (1) | HK32796A (en) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0617487A1 (en) * | 1993-03-22 | 1994-09-28 | ITT Cannon Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Connector assembly especially for mobile telephone |
| WO1995035016A1 (en) * | 1994-06-14 | 1995-12-21 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Computer plug-in module and interconnection system for wireless applications |
| GB2294368A (en) * | 1994-10-21 | 1996-04-24 | Whitaker Corp | Electrical connector |
| WO1996028865A1 (en) * | 1995-03-16 | 1996-09-19 | The Whitaker Corporation | Portable telephone connection system |
| US5664949A (en) * | 1994-07-23 | 1997-09-09 | Leguin; Hermann | Coupler for use in the sensor head of a measuring device |
| US5980266A (en) * | 1997-05-02 | 1999-11-09 | Hsu; Shih-Min | Conductive strap device for providing dual electrical paths |
| US6452774B1 (en) | 1999-06-02 | 2002-09-17 | Compound, Cable Assembly & Design Corp. | Electrostatic resistant hand ring |
| EP1727244A1 (en) * | 2005-05-25 | 2006-11-29 | Yamaichi Electronics Deutschland GmbH | Combistrip |
| US8029323B2 (en) * | 2009-08-05 | 2011-10-04 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | High power electrical interface connection |
| DE102014009821A1 (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2016-01-07 | Robert Virant | Multipolar cable connector, its components, and their manufacture |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB901926A (en) * | 1960-02-24 | 1962-07-25 | Dehavilland Aircraft | Improvements relating to electrical butt connector members |
| GB918676A (en) * | 1958-08-01 | 1963-02-13 | A K & L G Smith Ltd | Improvements relating to the detachable mounting on a chassis or framework of electric and electronic components and the effecting of electrical connection therewith |
| US3783434A (en) * | 1972-08-10 | 1974-01-01 | Mark Iii Inc | Shielded cable coupler |
| GB1449330A (en) * | 1973-02-23 | 1976-09-15 | Orenstein & Koppel Ag | Electrically propelled vehicles and plug and socket connection arrangements therefor |
| US4711510A (en) * | 1986-05-15 | 1987-12-08 | Orlando Jr Alfred J | Electrical connector for tractor-trailer rig |
| US4734050A (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1988-03-29 | Societe Nouvelle De Connexion | Universal connection unit |
| US4806113A (en) * | 1986-01-03 | 1989-02-21 | General Electric Company | High voltage connector for x-ray equipment |
-
1991
- 1991-03-04 GB GB9104503A patent/GB2243034B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-02-29 HK HK32796A patent/HK32796A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB918676A (en) * | 1958-08-01 | 1963-02-13 | A K & L G Smith Ltd | Improvements relating to the detachable mounting on a chassis or framework of electric and electronic components and the effecting of electrical connection therewith |
| GB901926A (en) * | 1960-02-24 | 1962-07-25 | Dehavilland Aircraft | Improvements relating to electrical butt connector members |
| US3783434A (en) * | 1972-08-10 | 1974-01-01 | Mark Iii Inc | Shielded cable coupler |
| GB1449330A (en) * | 1973-02-23 | 1976-09-15 | Orenstein & Koppel Ag | Electrically propelled vehicles and plug and socket connection arrangements therefor |
| US4734050A (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1988-03-29 | Societe Nouvelle De Connexion | Universal connection unit |
| US4806113A (en) * | 1986-01-03 | 1989-02-21 | General Electric Company | High voltage connector for x-ray equipment |
| US4711510A (en) * | 1986-05-15 | 1987-12-08 | Orlando Jr Alfred J | Electrical connector for tractor-trailer rig |
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5454734A (en) * | 1993-03-22 | 1995-10-03 | Itt Industries, Inc. | Electrical connection system |
| EP0617487A1 (en) * | 1993-03-22 | 1994-09-28 | ITT Cannon Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Connector assembly especially for mobile telephone |
| US5608606A (en) * | 1994-06-14 | 1997-03-04 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Computer plug-in module and interconnection system for wireless applications |
| WO1995035016A1 (en) * | 1994-06-14 | 1995-12-21 | Apple Computer, Inc. | Computer plug-in module and interconnection system for wireless applications |
| DE4426171C2 (en) * | 1994-07-23 | 2003-08-21 | Mahr Multisensor Gmbh | Coupling for use in a probe of a measuring device |
| US5664949A (en) * | 1994-07-23 | 1997-09-09 | Leguin; Hermann | Coupler for use in the sensor head of a measuring device |
| GB2294368A (en) * | 1994-10-21 | 1996-04-24 | Whitaker Corp | Electrical connector |
| WO1996028865A1 (en) * | 1995-03-16 | 1996-09-19 | The Whitaker Corporation | Portable telephone connection system |
| US5980266A (en) * | 1997-05-02 | 1999-11-09 | Hsu; Shih-Min | Conductive strap device for providing dual electrical paths |
| US6452774B1 (en) | 1999-06-02 | 2002-09-17 | Compound, Cable Assembly & Design Corp. | Electrostatic resistant hand ring |
| EP1727244A1 (en) * | 2005-05-25 | 2006-11-29 | Yamaichi Electronics Deutschland GmbH | Combistrip |
| US8029323B2 (en) * | 2009-08-05 | 2011-10-04 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | High power electrical interface connection |
| DE102014009821A1 (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2016-01-07 | Robert Virant | Multipolar cable connector, its components, and their manufacture |
| DE102014009821B4 (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2017-01-12 | Robert Virant | Multi-core electrical spring pin connector |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| HK32796A (en) | 1996-03-08 |
| GB9104503D0 (en) | 1991-04-17 |
| GB2243034B (en) | 1994-10-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |