GB2223414A - Synthetic ski slope material - Google Patents

Synthetic ski slope material Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2223414A
GB2223414A GB8822417A GB8822417A GB2223414A GB 2223414 A GB2223414 A GB 2223414A GB 8822417 A GB8822417 A GB 8822417A GB 8822417 A GB8822417 A GB 8822417A GB 2223414 A GB2223414 A GB 2223414A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
polymer
material according
backing
pile
polypropylene
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB8822417A
Other versions
GB8822417D0 (en
Inventor
Leslie George Angus
John Brindle
Kenneth John Laverty
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NORDON ENTERPRISES Ltd
Bonar Yarns Ltd
Original Assignee
NORDON ENTERPRISES Ltd
Bonar Textiles Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NORDON ENTERPRISES Ltd, Bonar Textiles Ltd filed Critical NORDON ENTERPRISES Ltd
Priority to GB8822417A priority Critical patent/GB2223414A/en
Publication of GB8822417D0 publication Critical patent/GB8822417D0/en
Publication of GB2223414A publication Critical patent/GB2223414A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/227—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of hydrocarbons, or reaction products thereof, e.g. afterhalogenated or sulfochlorinated
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D27/00—Woven pile fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D05—SEWING; EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C—EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
    • D05C17/00—Embroidered or tufted products; Base fabrics specially adapted for embroidered work; Inserts for producing surface irregularities in embroidered products
    • D05C17/02—Tufted products
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/244—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons
    • D06M15/256—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons containing fluorine
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/10—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds for artificial surfaces for outdoor or indoor practice of snow or ice sports
    • E01C13/12—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds for artificial surfaces for outdoor or indoor practice of snow or ice sports for snow sports, e.g. skiing or ski tow track

Abstract

A material, to provide a low friction surface eg. for an artificial ski slope, comprises a backing having a pile formed of upright, resilient elements formed of polymer which includes a permanent lubricant component, either incorporated in the polymer matrix or applied as a surface coating. The polymer may be polypropylene or polyethylene and the lubricant dichlor-di-fluoroethylene polytetrafluoroethylene or high density polyethylene.

Description

SYNTHETIC MATERIAL The invention relates to a synthetic material and in particular to a material adapted to provide an artificial ski surface. Materials for the purpose are known, but they have disadvantages. For example, it is known to load the pile of a carpet with particles to reduce frictional resistance against the ski and hence increase the speed of the skier, but these particles tend to slip down an artificial ski slope with use and accumulate at the bottom. It is also known to crimp the pile of a carpet to alter the surface characteristics but the reduction in frictional resistance is unacceptable.
It is one object of the invention to provide a material for the purpose specified which has low surface frictional resistance and which provides rapid acceleration for a skier.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a material for use in forming an artificial slope for skiing or the like, comprising a base material having a pile comprising substantially upright resilient elements formed of polymers which include a permanent lubricant component.
The pile is preferably formed of elements comprising lengths of a polymer such as a polypropylene, polyethylene or mixtures thereof. The permanent lubricant component can be incorporated in the polymer and in such a case the component can be another polymer in a concentration of about 20 to about 70%, such as dichlor-di-fluoroethylene (DCFC), polytetra-fluoroethylene (PTFE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE). The presence of such polymers can reduce the surface frictional properties of the polymers by about 40%.
In another embodiment, a silicone additive is introduced into the polymer matrix; the additive may be added in a proportion of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, preferably about 0.5% to about 2%. In addition, or alternatively, the matrix material in yarn or finished form can be coated with low frictional polymers.
The elements of the pile may be made in a variety of ways.
These can be by conventional textile techniques such as tufting, weaving, knitting, flocking or bonding or thermoplastics moulding or as in brush manufacture. Tufting and weaving are preferred. A yarn is required for such techniques and is preferably made as an extrusion of a polypropylene-polyethylene blend or a co-extrusion of polypropylene or another polymer as the permanent lubricant component. The resultant yarn (or tape) may be coated on one or both sides and has the required low surface friction and resilience.
The pile may be secured to the base so that the elements are substantially upright. Preferably the individual elements are anchored in the base in such a way that the base supports the elements in the substantially vertical condition. The base is preferably flexible but dimensionally stable so that the formed carpet may be able to cover irregularities in the support surface and also able to resist the tensional distortions which can occur during skiing.
In one preferred aspect, the invention provides a method of making a material as defined, including the steps of tufting yarn comprising a polymer including a permanent lubricant component through two backing layers, one backing layer comprising a backing cloth and the other backing layer comprising an open weave fabric, stitching the tufts at a frequency which coincides with the weft frequency of the second backing layer whereby the tufts are well anchored to the backing layers, and securing the assembly so formed by a settable adhesive.
In a more specifically preferred technique, a fibrillated polypropylene pile yarn is tufted on a tufting machine or a swinging metal bar machine with gauges in the limits of 8mm (5/16inch) to 2.Smm (1/lOinch). Stitch ranges may range from about 10 to about 60 stitches per 10cm, using yarns from about 250 to about 25000 denier. The yarn is tufted through a single layer of UV stabilised carpet backing cloth which may be woven polypropylene, spun bonded non-woven polypropylene or non-woven bonded polyester fabric. In a preferred feature, the yarn is tufted through a second layer of fabric fed into the same machine as the standard backing.
The second fabric is preferably a woven scrim comprising a staple fibre spun polypropylene weft and fibrillated polypropylene tape warp. The staple fibre spun yarn provides a hairiness to provide mechanical bonding to the later applied latex coating and the fibrillated yarn provides stiffness. As a result of the selection of the materials and their properties, the carpet formed is dimensionally stable and can give extra tuft anchorage. During the tufting, the stitch rate of the machine can be adjusted so that the tuft frequency coincides with the weft frequency of the second scrim fabric. The frequency may be the same, or eg. 2 times, 0.5 times, so that each needle penetration of the tufting machine passes through a hole in the scrim. The end effect is to provide a tufted fabric with the characteristics of a woven fabric.After tufting, the carpet is back-coated with a latex resin mixture such as styrene butadiene rubber, natural rubber or polyurethane.
Aqueous mixtures are preferred and solvent adhesives can be used. The latex is preferably forced through the backing and up along the tuft so that on subsequent drying and curing the base of the tuft is polymer locked to give an upright tuft. One advantage of the use of a secondary backing is that the tufts may be locked substantially upright and the backing may be porous to rainwater.
The formed carpet may be modified. For example, the height of different elements (eg. tufts) may be different across the carpet, eg. so that a lower surface area of the carpet is presented to the ski, thereby further reducing the total frictional drag on the ski. Such height differences can be achieved by patterning the surface, eg. by punching holes in the carpet, by pressing a suitable shaped hot mould onto the surface, by preferential melting of some tufts using a hot air knife. In the case of tufting by two pile height tufting, or overtufting and in the case of weaving, this could be done by using a wire loom wilton with different wire heights. In the case of weaving and tufting the surface effects can be enhanced by texturising the pile yarn by knitdeknit, air-texturising or the use of heterofilament technology using two or more co-extruded polymers of different shrinkage levels.The carpet may be coloured, white, green or any other colour. In a modification, the base and the pile are formed by moulding.
Although the invention has been described in relation to an artificial ski surface, the material can be used in other situations where one requires low surface frictional resistance.
In order that the invention may be well understood, it will now be described, by way of illustration only, with reference to the following example.
Example A 7600 denier fibrillated yarn having a twist of 60 turns per metre was made on conventional extrusion and fibrillating machinery using a 2:1 blend of polypropylene and high density polyethylene, the latter being the permanent lubricant component. The yarn was tufted on a 1.6 cm (5/16inch) gauge cut pile tufting machine at a stitch rate of 29 stitches per 1Ocm, with a pile height of 15mm through a UV-stabilised woven polypropylene backing cloth of 100g/m2, together with a scrim of polypropylene woven cloth (eg. POLYSACK) having a fibrillated yarn in the warp and a spun yarn in the weft.
Both cloths were fed together through a tufting machine at the same time, making sure that the tufts penetrated both cloths and in particular that the tufts penetrated exactly through the holes in the scrim, to form a carpet. The back of the resultant carpet was then coated with a latex gumstock and dried in a carpet drier to give a nominal coating of 250g/m2. The tuft anchorage was 38.6 Newtons (compared to 29 Newtons for a single backing cloth product). The backing adhesive had penetrated up to 3mm at the base of the tufts.
The carpet formed had substantially upright tufts with good resilience and recovery from bending loads; it also had good drainage when wetted. The carpet was useful as an artificial ski surface. In an evaluation, lengths of different materials were laid on a ramp 10 metres long having a slope of 16 degrees and accelerations were measured for an adult weighing about 89kg (14 stone) using standard skis 1.8m long.
The materials were a conventional tufted product of 100% polypropylene yarn having the same stitch rate, gauge, yarn denier and pile height as in the carpet prepared above but having only one backing cloth; a known artificial ski material identified as DENDIX; and a carpet of the invention.
The tests were done under dry and wet conditions. The following results were obtained Material Acceleration (N/sec2) wet Conventional carpet 2.92 3.98 Artificial ski material 3.48 4.58 Carpet prepared above 3.93 5.37 These results show that the product of the invention gave better results in both the dry and wet conditions.

Claims (28)

1. A material for use in forming an artificial slope for ski ing or the like, comprising a base material having a pile comprising substantially upright resilient elements formed of polymers which include a permanent lubricant component.
2. A material according to Claim 1, wherein the pile is formed of elements comprising lengths of a polymer such as a polypropylene, polyethylene or a mixture thereof.
3. A material according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the permanent lubricant component is incorporated in the polymer.
4. A material according to Claim 3, wherein the permanent lubricant component is dichlor-di-fluoroethylene, polytetra fluoroethylene or high density polyethylene.
5. A material according to Claim 3 or 4, wherein the concentration of the permanent lubricant polymer in the polymer matrix is about 20% to about 70% by weight, whereby the surface frictional properties of the polymer of the pile is reduced by about 40% relative to the lubricant-free polymer.
6. A material according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the lubricant component is a silicone additive present in the polymer matrix of the elements.
7. A material according to Claim 6, wherein the silicone additive is present in a concentration of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, preferably about 0.5% to about 2% by weight, of the polymer.
8. A material according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the polymer is coated with a low frictional polymer.
9. A material according to any preceding Claim, wherein the elements of the pile are made by tufting, weaving, knitting, flocking or bonding or thermoplastics moulding of yarns of polymer.
10. A material according to Claim 9, wherein yarns of polymer are subjected to tufting or weaving to form the elements.
11. A material according to Claim 10, wherein the yarns are extrusion of a polypropylene-polyethylene blend or a co extrusion of polypropylene or another polymer as the permanent lubricant component.
12. A material according to Claim 11, wherein the yarn is coated with the permanent lubricant component.
13. A material according to any preceding Claim, wherein the pile is secured to the base so that the elements are substantially upright.
14. A method of making a material suitable for use in forming an artificial slope for skiing or the like, comprising tufting yarn comprising a polymer including a permanent lubricant component through two backing layers, one backing layer comprising a backing cloth and the other backing layer comprising an open weave fabric, stitching the tufts at a frequency which coincides with the weft frequency of the second backing layer whereby the tufts are well anchored to the backing layers, and securing the assembly so formed by a settable adhesive.
15. A method according to Claim 14, wherein a fibrillated polypropylene pile yarn is tufted on a tufting machine or a swinging metal bar machine with gauges in the limits of about 8 mm to about 2.5 mm through a single layer of ultraviolet light stabilised carpet backing cloth.
16. A method according to Claim 15, wherein the yarn is from about 250 to about 25600 denier.
17. A method according to Claim 15 or 16, wherein the tufting is from about 10 to about 60 stitches per locum.
18. A method according to Claim 15, 16 or 17, wherein the backing is woven polypropylene, spun bonded non-woven polypropylene or non-woven bonded polyester fabric.
19. A method according to Claim 15, 16, 17 or 18, wherein the yarn is tufted through a second layer of fabric fed into the same machine as the standard backing.
20. A method according to Claim 19, wherein the second fabric is a woven scrim comprising a staple fibre spun polypropylene weft and fibrillated polypropylne tape warp.
21. A method according to Claim 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, wherein the tuft frequency coincides with the weft frequency of the scrim fabric to provide a tufted fabric with the characteristics of a woven fabric.
22. A method according to Claim 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21, wherein the tufted carpet is back-coated with a latex resin mixture such as styrene butadiene rubber, natural rubber or polyurethane.
23. A method according to Claim 22, wherein the latex mixture is forced through the backing and up along the tuft so that on subsequent drying and curing the base of the tuft is polymer locked to give an upright tuft.
24. A method according to Claim 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 23, including the step of patterning the surface, e.g. by punching holes in the carpet or by pressing a suitable shaped hot mould onto the surface or by preferential melting of some tufts using a hot air knife, to provide differences in height of the elements.
25. A method according to Claim 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 23, including the step of texturising the pile yarn.
26. A material according to Claim 1, for use in a generally horizontal orientation and to provide a low surface friction surface, e.g. to form a football playing surface.
27. A material for use in forming a low friction surface, substantially as described.
28. A method of making a material for forming a low friction surface, substantially as described.
2710. Claims
GB8822417A 1988-09-23 1988-09-23 Synthetic ski slope material Withdrawn GB2223414A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8822417A GB2223414A (en) 1988-09-23 1988-09-23 Synthetic ski slope material

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8822417A GB2223414A (en) 1988-09-23 1988-09-23 Synthetic ski slope material

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB8822417D0 GB8822417D0 (en) 1988-10-26
GB2223414A true GB2223414A (en) 1990-04-11

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Family Applications (1)

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GB8822417A Withdrawn GB2223414A (en) 1988-09-23 1988-09-23 Synthetic ski slope material

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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2234975A (en) * 1989-08-18 1991-02-20 Donald Bower Dry ski matting
EP0502484A1 (en) * 1991-03-05 1992-09-09 Skitech Srl Blade-skating pavement
AU641285B2 (en) * 1989-08-18 1993-09-16 Dry Run Pty. Ltd. Dry ski matting
EP1381435A2 (en) * 2001-04-17 2004-01-21 Light Wave, Ltd. Contoured variably tensionable soft membrane ride surface for ride attraction
DE102005062711A1 (en) * 2005-12-28 2007-07-05 Rehau Ag + Co. Skiing groove for e.g. ski jump system, has surfaces that stay in contact with ski and are partially made of fluoropolymer, where thickness of fluoropolymer layer is greater than specific picometers
DE102005062710A1 (en) * 2005-12-28 2007-07-05 Rehau Ag + Co. Ski device e.g. ski jump device, has structural unit with surfaces that are connected with each other by side wall, which stays in connection with supporting unit and is arranged at certain distance from base frame
NL1033996C2 (en) * 2007-06-15 2008-12-16 Evert Paul Van Dijk Ski for use as base for e.g. skiing, has carrier material i.e. fiber cloth and thermoplastic fiber material comprising polyethylene, and polyurethane coating formed at bottom part of support material
US7547255B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2009-06-16 Light Wave, Ltd. Contoured variably tensionable soft membrane ride surface for ride attraction
WO2013041767A1 (en) 2011-09-22 2013-03-28 Kirkkala Oy Sliding element for summer use of slopes
US9463390B2 (en) 2013-10-30 2016-10-11 FlowriderSurf, Ltd. Inflatable surfing apparatus and method
US10195535B2 (en) 2015-11-12 2019-02-05 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Transportable inflatable surfing apparatus and method
US10335694B2 (en) 2015-11-12 2019-07-02 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Method and apparatus for fastening of inflatable ride surfaces
US10376799B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2019-08-13 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Inflatable surfing apparatus and method of providing reduced fluid turbulence
US11040289B2 (en) 2013-03-21 2021-06-22 Whitewater West Industries, Ltd. Padded grate drainage system for water rides
US11090573B2 (en) 2013-10-30 2021-08-17 Whitewater West Industries, Ltd. Inflatable surfing apparatus and method
US11273383B2 (en) 2017-11-10 2022-03-15 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Water ride attraction incorporating a standing wave

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3547749A (en) * 1969-01-31 1970-12-15 Bunker Ramo Slide surfacing for ski slopes
GB1381301A (en) * 1971-01-13 1975-01-22 Doleman J Moulding threedimensional products
GB1384069A (en) * 1970-12-30 1975-02-19 Daicel Ltd Lubricant
GB1429900A (en) * 1973-07-23 1976-03-31 Snow Products Artificial surface for sliding devices
US4481324A (en) * 1983-02-25 1984-11-06 Glyco Inc. Polyglycerol plastic lubricants

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3547749A (en) * 1969-01-31 1970-12-15 Bunker Ramo Slide surfacing for ski slopes
GB1384069A (en) * 1970-12-30 1975-02-19 Daicel Ltd Lubricant
GB1381301A (en) * 1971-01-13 1975-01-22 Doleman J Moulding threedimensional products
GB1429900A (en) * 1973-07-23 1976-03-31 Snow Products Artificial surface for sliding devices
US4481324A (en) * 1983-02-25 1984-11-06 Glyco Inc. Polyglycerol plastic lubricants

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2234975B (en) * 1989-08-18 1992-11-18 Donald Bower Dry ski matting for use on a dry ski slope
AU641285B2 (en) * 1989-08-18 1993-09-16 Dry Run Pty. Ltd. Dry ski matting
GB2234975A (en) * 1989-08-18 1991-02-20 Donald Bower Dry ski matting
EP0502484A1 (en) * 1991-03-05 1992-09-09 Skitech Srl Blade-skating pavement
US5364548A (en) * 1991-03-05 1994-11-15 Skitech S.R.L. Blade-skating pavement
EP1381435A4 (en) * 2001-04-17 2008-03-12 Light Wave Ltd Contoured variably tensionable soft membrane ride surface for ride attraction
EP1381435A2 (en) * 2001-04-17 2004-01-21 Light Wave, Ltd. Contoured variably tensionable soft membrane ride surface for ride attraction
US7547255B2 (en) 2004-01-07 2009-06-16 Light Wave, Ltd. Contoured variably tensionable soft membrane ride surface for ride attraction
DE102005062711A1 (en) * 2005-12-28 2007-07-05 Rehau Ag + Co. Skiing groove for e.g. ski jump system, has surfaces that stay in contact with ski and are partially made of fluoropolymer, where thickness of fluoropolymer layer is greater than specific picometers
DE102005062710A1 (en) * 2005-12-28 2007-07-05 Rehau Ag + Co. Ski device e.g. ski jump device, has structural unit with surfaces that are connected with each other by side wall, which stays in connection with supporting unit and is arranged at certain distance from base frame
NL1033996C2 (en) * 2007-06-15 2008-12-16 Evert Paul Van Dijk Ski for use as base for e.g. skiing, has carrier material i.e. fiber cloth and thermoplastic fiber material comprising polyethylene, and polyurethane coating formed at bottom part of support material
WO2013041767A1 (en) 2011-09-22 2013-03-28 Kirkkala Oy Sliding element for summer use of slopes
EP2783046A4 (en) * 2011-09-22 2015-08-26 Kirkkala Oy Sliding element for summer use of slopes
US11040289B2 (en) 2013-03-21 2021-06-22 Whitewater West Industries, Ltd. Padded grate drainage system for water rides
US9463390B2 (en) 2013-10-30 2016-10-11 FlowriderSurf, Ltd. Inflatable surfing apparatus and method
US11400384B2 (en) 2013-10-30 2022-08-02 Whitewater West Industries, Ltd. Inflatable surfing apparatus and method
US11090573B2 (en) 2013-10-30 2021-08-17 Whitewater West Industries, Ltd. Inflatable surfing apparatus and method
US10195535B2 (en) 2015-11-12 2019-02-05 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Transportable inflatable surfing apparatus and method
US10918960B2 (en) 2015-11-12 2021-02-16 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Method and apparatus for fastening of inflatable ride surfaces
US10335694B2 (en) 2015-11-12 2019-07-02 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Method and apparatus for fastening of inflatable ride surfaces
US10376799B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2019-08-13 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Inflatable surfing apparatus and method of providing reduced fluid turbulence
US11273383B2 (en) 2017-11-10 2022-03-15 Whitewater West Industries Ltd. Water ride attraction incorporating a standing wave

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
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