GB2197891A

GB2197891A - Building elements

Info

Publication number: GB2197891A
Application number: GB08714856A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Howard Geoffrey Collis
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1986-11-27
Filing date: 1987-06-25
Publication date: 1988-06-02
Anticipated expiration: 2007-06-25
Also published as: CY1550A; GB8628320D0; GB2197891B; GB8714856D0; KR890700184A

Abstract

A building element 20 comprises a main member 22, and an elongate fixing member 24 therefor projecting therefrom with a shoulder 26 facing the main member 22. The member 24 is able to project into a contiguous co-operating element 32 (or anchorage). The element 20 may be in the form of a kit of parts. Preferably, element 20 has holes 80 for fixing members 24 of a contiguous element, retained by members 36 inserted through slots 88 which bear against the inner face of block 64. Main member 22 may be a double skinned panel and pins 24 may extend perpendicular to edge 56 for corner fixing together of contiguous elements. Pins 24 may be retained at the inner face of block 62 by similar means or by threaded means. Pins 24 may be replaced by depending rods 122 bent to provided shoulders 126 in an anchorage trench 128 in flooring base 134. <IMAGE>

Description

"Building Elements" FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to building elements.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION In the construction industry, cavity walling is generally made from two skins of brickwork and block work with a cavity between.

This can be replaced by prefabricated building elements in the form of boards made as cavity panels having adequate mechanical properties.

A major problem is to fix such panels together and to fix them in place on ground or floor.

THE INVENTION According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a building element as claimed in claim 1. It will be appreciated immediately that the element can have much wider application than to walling and indeed than to panels. For example, the elements can be fixed together for floor or ceiling purposes, or again can be complete cylinders fixed one above another to form a support tower.

In transporting the prefabricated building elements according to the invention, there is a danger of the projecting fixing members being broken off or damaged by mis-handling. Therefore, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a building element in kit form as claimed in claim 2. In use, this is assembled into a building element as claimed in claim 1.

In the embodiments to be described in more detail with reference to the drawings, the main member is a panel and is double skinned.

While fixing of one panel to another or to an anchorage can be contemplated to occur in the middle of a panel (to form a T-joint) the panel will normally be arranged (once assembled) or adapted (when in kit form) to have the fixing member in the region of an edge thereof. In a building system employing such panels, there will normally be a variety of different panels to be used in different ways within the final structure. In one such panel, the fixing member will project from an edge of the panel and in a direction parallel to the plane thereof. This will facilitate in-line fixing together of the panels when the fixing members project sideways and fixing of the panels to a base when the fixing members project downwards. The fixing members can also project adjacent an edge of the panel and in a transverse (preferably perpendicular) direction to the plane thereof.This facilitates formation of corners in a structure.

A particular sturdy form of the fixing member is as a pin with the shoulder circularly symmetric around the pin. For more positive location and locking of the fixing member to a contiguous co-operating element, the pin has a circularly symmetric neck there-around provided by said shoulder and an opposing shoulder. For anchoring the element, e.g. to a floor, the fixing member is formed as a rod with a bend to provide said shoulder. This bend can be in the plane of the panel or transverse (and preferably perpendicular) to the plane of the panel. The panel will usually have both at least one pin in the region of a side edge of the panel for sideways connection and at least one rod in the region of a bottom edge of the panel for anchorage to a base.

The element can be formed integrally with the fixing member, but in the more usual case in which the element is assembled from the main member and the fixing member as separate items, there will be provided holding means to hold the two together. Such holding means may comprise mutually co-operating threaded means with which the two members are provided or may comprise at least one outwardly facing shoulder on the fixing member, at least one inwardly facing shoulder on the main member and -a retaining member arranged or adapted co-operating with such shoulders to prevent withdrawl of the fixing member from the main member.

Where the main member is a double skinned panel, it can be provided, for the purpose of in-line fixing to another element, with a block between the skins in the region of an edge of the panel, the element being arranged or adapted for the fixing member to extend through the block and be held to the main member by the holding means at the inner face of the block. Preferably, the holding means then comprise internally threaded means on a plate fixed to the said inner face.

For corner fixing, where the main member is a double skinned panel, it may be provided with two spaced apart blocks extending alongside each other between the skins, the element being arranged or adapted for the fixing member to extend through one of the skins to the space between the blocks and there be held to the main member by the holding means which preferably comprise internally threaded means on a plate slotted into both blocks.

The above description has related mainly to the projecting members for fixing the element to a co-operating element or anchorage but, in a complete building system, the element will be able to serve itself also as the aforesaid contiguous element.

For this purpose, the element is formed with at least one opening, recess or the like arranged or adapted to receive the elongate fixing member of a contiguous co-operating element according to the invention to be retained there in order to fix the two elements together. When the main member of such an element is a double may be skinned panel, this / provided with a block between the skins in the region of an edge of the panel (which will be the opposite edge to the edge at which the fixing member/s project/s, in the case of in-line fixing together of a series of the elements), the element being arranged or adapted for the fixing member of the contiguous element to be able to extend through the block and be held to the main member by holding means at the inner face of the block In may this case, the latter holding means/comprise at least one shoulder on this element facing inwardly of this element and adapted or arranged to co-operate with a retaining member and (preferably indirectly with the aid of the retaining member) with at least one shoulder on the fixing member of the contiguous element facing towards the contiguous element, whereby to prevent withdrawal of the fixing member of the contiguous element from the element in question.

In a preferred embodiment, the main member has a lateral slot for insertion of such a retaining member to engage (and preferably lock) the fixing member of the contiguous element.

For different purposes within the building system, one and/or another edge, as appropriate, of the double skinned panel with a said block in the region of the edge may have one of the following forms: (a) the block extends slightly beyond both skins along substantially the whole of the edge; (b) both skins extend slightly beyond the block along substantially the whole of the edge; (c) the block is substantially flush with both skins along substantially the whole of the edge; or (d) one skin extends slightly beyond the block along the whole of the edge.

Such forms can aid snug fit and/or water-proofing, as exemplified in the following description with reference to the drawings, and may have other advantages, e.g. to aid fire-proofing.

If the elements are sold singly, each will normally be provided in combination with a retainer to retain the fixing member in a contiguous co-operating element or anchorage. The retainer is preferably in the form of a flat strip with an open-ended slot adapted to engage under the shoulder of the fixing member. This is particularly useful when the fixing member is a pin with a circularly symmetric shoulder and, if the pin has a neck at the shoulder in which the strip fits tightly, this can provide a good lock in the fixing of the element to a contiguous co-operating element.

Looked at as a whole, a building system may comprise an element according to the invention and an anchorage therefor arranged or adapted to co-operate with the fixing member of such element.

While the anchorage may be provided laterally by, e.g., girder work, it is more usually envisaged as ground, floor or other base, in which case it is particularly suitable that it should be provided with a trench having fixed therein at least one retaining member to engage the or each depending fixing member of the element. (and to the main member when this is a panel) The retaining member in the trench may be transverse thereto/to engage a single such fixing member and there may be a plurality of such retaining members in the trench to engage respective such fixing members, which has the advantage that the element can be placed in a position slightly spaced from an already fixed incline contiguous element and then simply slid forwards to engage both that element and the retaining members in the trench simultaneously.

Alternatively, the retaining member in the trench may be longitudinal (and parallel to the main member when this is a panel) thereto/to engage a plurality of such fixing members depending from the element, in which case the element is positioned slightly to one side of its final position and then slid laterally thereto. In the preferred construction, the trench contains concrete to fix the to bear shoulder of the or each relevant fixing member/against the retaining member. Preferably, the concrete extends between the or each shoulder and the or each respective retaining member in the trench so that the bearing therebetween is indirect. In this case, the concrete prevents actual contact between the fixing members and the retaining member/s with the attendant advantage of helping to prevent electrolytic action and/or corrosion.

A building system, as sold, may simply comprise an element according to the invention and at least one more element according to the invention to co-operate therewith. As used, a building system may further comprise an anchorage for at least one of these elements.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of fixing building elements in which an element according to the invention (or such an element of a system according to the invention) is fixed to a contiguous element according to the invention (or such an element of a system according to the invention) or anchorage by retaining in the latter a said fixing member extending from the former. Such a method may include any one or more of the further details and principles hereinafter disclosed.

The invention also extends to a structure made using an element, system or method according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION WITH REFERENCE TO THE DRAWINGS Reference will now be made by way of example to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig.l is an isometric view of a first embodiment of the invention showing two elements for in-line fixing together with retaining members; Fig.2 is a plan view of the Fig.l embodiment with the elements contiguous; Fig.3 is a front elevation corresponding to Fig.2; Fig.4 is a plan view of a fixing member of the Fig.l embodiment; Fig.5 is a plan part section along the line YçY of Fig.3; Fig.6 is a front elevation part section along the line X-X of Fig.2; Fig.78, b, are respectively plan, end elevation and front elevation of a retaining member of the Fig.l embodiment;; Fig.8a, b are respectively a plan and end elevation of threaded means on a fixing plate of holding means of the Fig.l embodiment; Fig.9 is an isometric view of a second embodiment of the invention comprising two elements for fixing together at a corner; Fig.10 is a plan view of the Fig.9 embodiment with the elements contiguous; Fig. 11 is a front elevation corresponding to Fig10; Fig.12 is plan part section along the line Y-Y of Fig.ll; Fig.13 is a front elevation part section along the line X-X of Fig.10; Fig.14a, b are respectively plan and end elevation of internally threaded means on a fixing plate of holding means of the Fig.9 embodiment;; Fig.15 is a part section, longitudinal of the panel and anchorage trench,of a third embodiment of the invention; and Fig.l6 is a transverse cross-section along the line X-X of Fig.15.

Referring to Fig.l to 8 of the drawings, a building element 20 comprises a main member 22, an elongate fixing member 24 therefor projecting therefrom with a distal shoulder 26 (see Fig.4) facing the main member 22 and spaced at a predetermined distance 28 (see Fig.4) therefrom. Due to this spacing distance 28, the fixing member 24 can project a predetermined distance 30 into a contiguous co-operating element 32 (see Fig.5). These distances will be slightly larger, but still predetermined, if a shimmy or spacing washer 34 is employed. The fixing member 24, Fig.5, is retained in position with the aid of said shoulder 26 engaged by a retaining member 36 to fix the element 20 to said co-operating element 32.

For the purposes described, the element 20 may be supplied in the form of a kit of parts comprising the main member 22 and at least one said fixing member 24. The shoulder 26 faces the end 38 of the fixing member 24. The kit includes holding means 40,42 for holding the fixing member 24 to the main member, and spacing means in the form of shoulder 44 (possibly with washer 34) predetermining distances 28,30.

The fixing member 24 is a pin and the shoulder 26 is circularly symmetric around the pin 24. Further, the pin 24 has a circularly symmetric neck 46 therearound provided by said shoulder 26 and an opposing shoulder 48.

The main member 22 is a panel and is double skinned, being provided with the skins 50,52, interfilled with an insulating filling 54.

The fixing member 24 is in the region of edge 56, Fig.l, which edge extends over the whole thickness of panel 22. The. fixing member 24 projects from edge 56 in a direction 58 parallel to the plane of the panel.

The holding means 40,42 comprise mutually co-operating threaded means 40 with which member 24 is provided and 42 with which member 22 is provided. The panel 22 is provided with a block 62 in the region of edge 56, a block 64 in the region of the opposite edge and blocks 66,68 to seal in the filling 54 and structure panel 22 by having fixed thereto the skins 50,52. The narrow part 60 of fixing member 24 extends through the block 62 (see Fig.5) and is held to the main member 22 by the holding means 40,42 at the inner face 70 of the block 62. The holding means comprise a portion 42 consisting of internally threaded means in the form of nut 72 on (and welded to) a plate 74 fixed by woodscrews 76 to said inner face 70. The holding means also comprise a portion 40 which is an externally threaded portion of fixing member 24.

In assembly of element 20, block 62 is prepared with holes 78, portions 42 of the holding means are manufactured as shown in Fig.8 and fixed by woodscrews 76 to block 62, blocks 62,64,66 and 68 as a frame are fixed together with one of skins 50,52, filling 54 is inserted and the other skin fixed in place, the fixing being done by screws, nails or any other convenient means. After the element 20 has been transported to the site, fixing members 24 (possibly with washers 34) are screwed home into nuts 72.

Element 32 is identical with element 20. Element 32 is formed with at least one opening, recess or the like 80 in its block 64 to receive the fixing member 24 of a contiguous co-operating element 20 to be retained there to fix the two elements together. As seen in Fig.5, the wide part 82 of fixing member 24 of element 20 extends through the block 64 of element 32 and is held to the main member of element 32 by holding means comprising retaining member 36 at the inner face 84 of the block 64. The holding means further comprise the shoulder 86 formed at the junction of face 84 and hole 80 and shoulder 26 of fixing member 24. The three parts co-operate to prevent withdrawal from element 32 of the fixing member 24 of the contiguous element 20. The main member has a lateral slot 88 for insertion of the retaining member 36 to engage the fixing member 24 of the contiguous element 20.

For a second embodiment of the invention, for corner construction, reference will now be made to Figs.9 to 14 of the drawings, in which like designations are used for parts having like functions to those in the first embodiment. Elements 90 and 92 correspond respectively to elements 20 and 32. As seen in Fig.9, the righthand end of element 90 and the left-hand end of element 92 have the same form and functions as the corresponding ends of elements 20 and 32. The other end of each of elements 90 and 92 is modified to accommodate a corner connection. The fixing member 24 projects as aforesaid adjacent an edge 56 of element 90, the edge extending over the whole thickness of the element, the projection being in a transverse direction 94 to the plane of the element 90 and, in the embodiment shown in Fig.9, this direction.being perpendicular to such plane.The double skinned panel main member 96 is provided with two spaced apart blocks 98,100 extending alongside each other between the skins 50,52, the fixing member 24 extending through one of the skins 52 to the space 102 between the blocks 98, 100 and held there to the main member 96 by holding means comprising internally threaded means 104 on plate 106 slotted into both of blocks 98,100. Alternatively, as shown in dashed lines in Fig.12, the holding means may comprise at least one outwardly facing shoulder 108 on the fixing member 24, at least one inwardly facing shoulder 110 on the main member 96 and a retaining member 106 shaped and acting like the retaining member 36 with no threaded portions thereon or on member 24, which latter may in fact have mutually symmetrical ends.Space 102 may be filled with a block 102 drilled with skin 52 and serving to support member 24 against sideways movement when plate 106 serving the function of retaining member 36 is inserted and the latter may be provided with a stop 112 to prevent it from being inserted too far.

As will be seen, for different purposes, one or another edge of elements 20,32,90,92 may have, as seen in Fig.9: (a) block 62 extending slightly beyond both skins 50,52 along substantially the whole of the edge 114, (b) both skins 50,52 extending slightly beyond the block 64 along substantially the whole of the edge 116, (c) the block 100 substantially flush with both skins 50,52 along substantially the whole of the edge 56 or (d) one skin 50 extending slightly beyond the block 64 along substantially the whole of the edge 118.

With reference to Fig.15,16, a third embodiment of the invention is suitable for fixing the element 20 to a contiguous co-operating anchorage 120. The fixing member 122 is a rod with a bend 124 to provide said shoulder 126. The element 20 22 has said bend 124 in the plane of the panel/(the plane of Fig.15).

Anchorage 120 co-operates with the fixing member 122 of element 20.

The anchorage 120 is ground, floor or other base 134 with a trench 128 having fixed therein a retaining member 130 to engage the fixing member 122. The retaining member 130 in the trench 128 is transverse to the plane of element 20 to engage a single such fixing member 122.

As shown in dashed lines, there may be a plurality of such retaining members 130 in the trench to engage respective such fixing members 122 spaced apart along the length of the element 20. In an alternative arrangement, the bends 124 of fixing members 122 are rotated out of the plane of the element 20, as shown in dashed lines in Fig.15 and the retaining member 132 in the trench 128 is parallel to the plane of element 20 to engage a plurality of such fixing members 122.

In either case, the trench contains concrete to fix the shoulder to bear against the retaining member or members 122. Preferably, as shown, the concrete extends between the or each shoulder 126 and the or each respective retaining member 130,132 in the trench 128 so that the bearing therebetween is indirect.

Preferably, as seen in Fig.3, one and the same panel, e.g. 20, has at least one fixing member 24 in the region of a side edge 56 of the panel main member 22 and at least one fixing member 122 in the region of a bottom edge 138 of the panel main member 22.

The elements are fixed to one another and to the anchorage as hereinabove described to make any suitable structure, which may thereby be made modular. The retaining members 36 and fixing members 24 are made to tolerances such as to ensure that they and the elements are locked into position slightly stressed. Spacing means for fixing members 122 need not be critically accurate and may be e.g. upset lugs 138 or a removable template 140 to indicate when member 122 is screwed sufficiently far into nut 72.

CLAIMS 1. A building element comprising a main member, and an elongate fixing member therefor projecting t h erefrom with a distal shoulder facing the main member and spaced at a predetermined distance therefrom to be able to project a predetermined distance into a contiguous co-operating element or -ancborage and be -retained hare - with the aid of said shoulder to fix the element to said co-operating element or anchorage.

2. A building element in the form of a kit of parts comprising a main member, and at least one elongate fixing member therefor with a shoulder distal from and facing one end of the fixing member, the kit including holding means and spacing means and being adapted with the aid of the spacing means to be assembled with the holding means holding the fixing member to the main member projecting therefrom with the shoulder facing the main member and spaced at a predetermined distance therefrom to be able to project a predetermined distance into a contiguous co-operating element or anchorage and be retained therewith the id-of-said shoulder to fix the element to said co-operating element or anchorage.

3. A building element assembled from a kit of parts as claimed in Claim 2, with the fixing member projecting from the main member with the shoulder facing the main member and spaced at a predetermined distance therefrom with the ala of the spacing means to be able to project a predetermined distance into a contiguous co-operating element or anchorage and be retained there with the aid of said shoulder to fix the element to said co-operating element or anchorage.

Claims

The frame blocks 62,64,66 and 68 and the skins 50,52 can be

made of a tough, dense,cement-bonded particle board, e.g. that manufactured under the trade name DURIPANEL by the Chessminster Group Limited of Ystrad Mynach, near Caerphilly, Glamorgan, Wales.

Any features hereinbefore disclosed may be combined in any way so long as they are compatible.

The elements illustrated may be used to constitute the walls of houses or other buildings and may be one storey high, somewhat wider and 94mm. thick. They may be fixed together one row upon another. Fixing member 24, Fig.4, may be 112mm. long and 18mm.

outside diameter. The fixing and retaining members and holding means may be of stainless steel. The parts of each Figure may be mutually to scale.

The scope and variety of embodiments of the invention are not limited by the foregoing description but can have the widest applications consistent with the ensuing claims.

4. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in which the main member is a panel.

5. An element as claimed in claim 4, in which the panel is double skinned.

6. An element as claimed in claim 5 or 6, in which the panel is arranged or adapted to have the fixing member in the region of an edge thereof.

7. An element as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 6, in which the panel and fixing member are arranged or adapted to have the fixing member projecting as aforesaid from an edge of the panel and in a direction parallel to the plane thereof.

8. An element as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 6, in which the panel and fixing member are arranged or adapted to have the fixing member projecting as aforesaid adjacent an edge of the panel and in a transverse direction to the plane thereof.

9. An element as claimed in claim 8, arranged or adapted for said transverse direction to be a perpendicular direction to the plane of the panel.

10. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in which the fixing member is a pin and the 'shoulder is circularly symmetric around the pin.

11. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in which the fixing member is a pin which has a circularly symmetric neck there-around provided by said shoulder and an opposing shoulder.

12. An element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, in which the fixing member is a rod with a bend to provide said shoulder.

13. An element as claimed in claim 12, in which the main member is a panel, and the element is arranged or adapted for said bend to be in the plane of the panel.

14. An element as claimed in claim 12, in which the main member is a panel, and the element is arranged or adapted for said bend to be transverse to the plane of the panel.

15. An element as claimed in claim 1lea, arranged or adapted for said bend to be perpendicular to the plane of the panel.

16. An element as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims, in which the main member is a panel, and the element is arranged or adapted to have at least one fixing member according to claim 10 or 11 in the region of a side edge of the panel and at least one fixing member according to any one of claims 12 to 15 in the region of a bottom edge of the panel.

17. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in which holding means to hold the fixing member to the main member comprise mutually co-operating threaded means with which these members are provided.

18. An element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 16, in which holding means to hold the fixing member to the main member comprise at least one outwardly facing shoulder on the fixing member, at least one inwardly facing shoulder on the main member and a retaining member arranged or adapted to co-operate with such shoulders to prevent withdrawal of the fixing member from the main member.

19, An element as claimed in claim 17 or 18, in which the main member is a double skinned panel with ablockbetween the skins in the region of an edge of the panel, the element being arranged or adapted for the fixing member to extend through the block and be held to the main member by the holding means at the inner face of the block.

20. An element as claimed in claim 19, in which the holding means comprise internally threaded means on a plate fixed to said inner face.

21. An element as claimed in claim 17 or 18, in which the main member is a double skinned panel with two spaced apart blocks extending alongside each other between the skins, the element being arranged or adapted for the fixing member to extend through one of the skins to the space between the blocks and there be held to the main member by the holding means.

22. An element as claimed in claim 21, in which the holding means comprise internally threaded means on a plate slotted into both blocks.

23. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, formed with at least one opening, recess or the like arranged or adapted to receive the elongate fixing member of a contiguous co-operating element as claimed in this or any preceding claim to be retained there to fix the two elements together.

24. An element as claimed in claim 23, in which the main member is a double skinned panel with a block between the skins in the region of an edge of the panel, the element being arranged or adapted for the fixing member of the contiguous element to be able to extend through the block and be held to the main member by holding means at the inner face of the block.

25. An element as claimed in claim 24, in which the holding means for the fixing member of the contiguous element comprise at least one shoulder on the other element (the subject of this claim) facing inwardly of this element adapted or arranged to co-operate with at least one shoulder on the fixing member of the contiguous element facing towards the contiguous element and with a retaining member to prevent withdrawal from said other element of the fixing member of the contiguous element.

26. An element as claimed in claim 25, in which the main member has a lateral slot for insertion of such a retaining member to engage the fixing member of the contiguous element.

27. An element as claimed in any one of claims 19, 20, 24, 25, or 26, in which the block extends slightly beyond both skins along substantially the whole of the edge.

28. An element as claimed in any one of claims 19, 20, 24, 25 or 26, in which both skins extend slightly beyond the block along substantially the whole of the edge.

29. An element as claimed in any one of claims 19, 20, 21, 22, or a said, 24, 25 or 26, in which theiblock is substantially flush with both skins along substantially the whole of the edge.

30. An element as claimed in any one of claims 19, 20, 21, 22, or a said, 24, 25, or 26, in which one skin extends slightly beyond the,*lock along substantially the whole of the edge.

31. A building element substantially according to any embodiment hereinbefore described with reference to and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

32. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in combination with a retainer to retain the fixing member the element in a contiguous co-operating element or anchorage.

33. An element as claimed in claim 32, in which the retainer is in the form of a flat strip with an open-ended slot adapted to engage under the shoulder of the fixing member.

34. A building system comprising an element as claimed in any preceding claim and an anchorage therefor arranged or adapted to co-operate with the fixing member of such element.

35. A system as claimed in claim 34, in which said anchorage is ground, floor or other base with a trench having fixed therein at least one / retaining member to engage the fixing member.

36. A system as claimed in claim 35, in which the retaining member in the trench is transverse thereto to engage a single such fixing member.

37. A system as claimed in claim 36, in which there is a plurality of such retaining members in the trench to engage respective such fixing members.

38. A system as claimed in claim 35, in which the retaining member in the trench is longitudinal thereto to engage a plurality of such fixing members.

39. A system as claimed in any one of claims 35 to 38, in which the trench contains concrete to fix the shoulder to bear against the retaining member or members in the trench.

40. A system as claimed in claim 39, in which the concrete extends between the or each shoulder and the or each respective retaining member in the trench so that the bearing therebetween is indirect.

41. A building system comprising an element or system as claimed in any preceding claim and at least one more element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 33 to co-operate therewith.

42. A building system substantially according to any example hereinbefore described with reference to and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

43. A method of fixing building elements in which an element (or an element of a system) as claimed in any preceding claim, is fixed to a contiguous element (or an element of a system) as claimed in any preceding claim or anchorage by retaining in the said latter a/fixing member extending from the former.

44. A method substantially according to any example hereinbefore described with reference to and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

45. A structure made using an element, system or method as claimed in any preceding claim.

The preceding claims have been superseded by the following claims:

1. A building element comprising a double-skinned panel main member with at least one block in the region of an edge of the main member, and at least one elongate fixing member projecting from the main member with a distal shoulder facing the main member, the or each fixing member being provided with anchorage means therefor passing completely through the block/s and being anchored thereto.

2. An element as claimed in claim 1, in which said block/s extend/s substantially the whole length of said edge between the skins.

3. An element as claimed in claim 1 or 2, in which the anchorage means comprise a portion of the elongate fixing member which portion passes completely through the block/s.

4. An element as claimed in claim 1 or 2, in which the anchorage means comprise a retaining member separate from the fixing member and passing completely through the block/s.

5. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in which the fixing member is a pin with a circumferential groove one of whose shoulders provides said distal shoulder.

6. An element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, in which the fixing member is a rod with a bend to provide said distal shoulder.

7. An element as claimed in both of claims 5 and 6 comprising at least one said pin in the region of a side edge of the element and at least one said rod in the region cf a bottom edge of the element.

8. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in which the fixing member projects from the main member in a direction parallel to the plane thereof.

9. An element as claimed in claim 8, in which a said block is provided with an anchorage plate and the fixing member passes through the block to engage the anchorage plate threadedly.

10, An element as claimed in claim 8, in which the fixing member passes through the block, and beyond the block is provided with a groove in which is slidably engaged an anchoring member to anchor the fixing member to the block.

11. An element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, in which the fixing member projects fror the main member in a direction perpendicular to the plane thereof.

12. An element as claimed in claim 11, in which there are two of said blocks spaced apart in a direction away from said edge, an anchorage plate is mounted to, and bridging, the blocks, and the fixing member is mounted to the anchorage plate.

13. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising a block in the region of an edge of the element, which block has an opening to receive the projecting fixing member of a contiguous element as claimed in claim 1.

14. An element as claimed in claim 13, in which said opening passes right through the block to an exit point adjacent which there is an opening in a said skin through which is or can be slidably inserted a retaining member to engage the contiguous element's fixing member by bearing against its distal shoulder and thereby retain the contiguous element.

15. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in which a said block extends slightly beyond both skins along substantially the whole of the edge.

16. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in which at least one skin extends slightly beyond a said block along substantially the whole of the edge.

17. A building element substantially according to any embodiment hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

18. A building element in the form of a kit of parts adapted to be formed into an element as claimed in any preceding claim.

19. An element as claimed in any preceding claim, in combination with a retaining member to engage the distal shoulder of the element.

20. An element as claimed in claim 19, in which the retaining member is in the form of a flat strip with an open-ended slot adapted to engage under the distal shoulder of the element.

21. A building system comprising an element as claimed in any preceding claim and an anchorage therefor arranged or adapted to co-operate with the fixing member of the element.

22. A system as claimed in claim 21, in which said anchorage is ground, floor or other base with a trench (filled or otherwise) having fixed therein at least one retaining member to engage directly or indirectly the fixing member.

23. A building system comprising at least one element as claimed in any preceding claim and at least one element as claimed in claim 13 or any other preceding claim appendant thereto fixed together or adapted to be fixed together contiguously with the aid of the co-operating fixing member and opening of the respective elements.

24. A building system substantially according to any embodiment hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

25. A method of fixing building elements in Ehich an element as claimed, or an element of a system as claimed, in any preceding claim is fixed to a contiguous element as claimed, or element of a system as claimed, in any preceding claim or to an anchorage by retaining in the latter a said fixing member extending from the former.

26. A method substantially according to any embodiment hereinbefore described with reference to the actompanying drawings.

27. A structure made using an element, system or method, as claimed in any preceding claim.