GB2142860A

GB2142860A - Machine tools

Info

Publication number: GB2142860A
Application number: GB08415331A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Roger Harvey Slee; Peter Thomas Booth; Christopher Paul Compton
Original assignee: AE PLC
Current assignee: AE PLC
Priority date: 1983-06-16
Filing date: 1984-06-15
Publication date: 1985-01-30
Also published as: IT1174018B; IT8421445A0; KR850000278A; DE3421973A1; IT8421445A1; FR2548060A1; KR920006656B1; GB8415331D0; GB2142860B

Abstract

In a machine tool, the tool 15 is moved using a signal representing a required profile of the surface of the workpiece 16 being machined. This signal is fed to a transducer 20, such as a piezoelectric crystal or a D.C. linear motor, which converts the signal into a corresponding linear movement which is transmitted to the tool 15. The tool can also be vibrated ultrasonically during machining. Such machines can be used for producing workpieces which are non-circular in cross- section and/or which are barrelled or tapered along their length. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Machine tools The invention relates to machine tools for machining rotating workpieces and in particular to machine tools for machining rotating workpieces to have a non-cylindrical surface profile.

In a conventional machine tool, a tool is mounted on a tool holder which is carried on a slide moved by an electric motor via a lead screw. Such machine tools are capable of applying a wide range of cutting forces to a wide variety of workpieces.

It is a disadvantage of such conventional machine tools, however, that the inertia of the slide and the construction of the transmission by which the drive is transmitted from the motor to the slide limits severely the speed at which a rotating workpiece can be machined when the position of the tool has to be altered during machining. This is because, as the rotational speed of the workpiece is increased and/or as the speed of tool movement is increased, there is a speed at which the slide cannot react sufficiently quickly to positioning signals, so that the tool is not in a required position at a required time and so that the required profile is not machined. This is particularly true when the tool position is to be altered incrementally within a revolution of the workpiece or between revolutions.

According to the invention, there is provided a a machine tool for machining a workpiece to a non-uniform surface profile which requires machining movements of the tool within a revolution of relative rotation therebetween and comprising a control system for producing from data supplied thereto an electrical output signal which is a function of the required non-uniform surface profile of the workpiece being machined, and a transducer connected to the control system for converting the electrical output signal directly into corresponding linear movements and a tool connected directly to the transducer for linear movement thereby to machine the workpiece to the required non-uniform surface profile.

Further novel features and/or combinations of features of the invention will become apparent from the following description, given by way of example, of two embodiments of machine tool, reference being made to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the first embodiment machine tool, Figure 2 is a schematic view of an alternative mounting for a tool of the machine tool of Figure 1 in relation to the workpiece, Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the second embodiment of machine tool, Figure 4 is a perspective view of a first form of transducer for use with the machine tool of of Figure 3, the transducer being in the form of a D.C.linear motor, Figure 5 is a section of a tool positioning device suitable for use with the transducer of Figure 4, and Figure 6 is a perspective view of a second form of D.C.linear motor for use as a transducer in the machine tool of Figure 1.

Referring first to Figures 1 and 2, the machine tool comprises a frequency generator 10 and a frequency modulator 11 receiving an input from a control system 12. The signal produced by the frequency modulator 11 is fed to an ultrasonic transducer 13 in the form of a piezoelectric crystal or crystals where the signal is converted into linear ultrasonic vibrations having a frequency related to the natural frequency of the crystal or crystals and with an amplitude dependent on the power of the signal. These linear vibrations are transmitted to a tool holder 14 carrying a tool 15 for machining a rotating workpiece 16 rotated by a drive 21. The tool holder 14 is connected to a drive 22 which moves the holder 14 in an axial direction along the workpiece 16 at a predetermined constant speed.

It will be appreciated, however, that the workpiece 16 could be stationary during machining and the tool 15 rotated around the workpiece 16 on a rotating head.

An angular sensor 17 produces a signal proportional to the angular position of the workpiece 16 during revolution and an axial sensor 19 produces a signal proportional to the axial position of the tool holder along the axis of rotation of the workpiece 16. These signals are provided as feedback to the control system 12.

The frequency generator 10 produces a signal whose frequency may be from 5 kHz to 100 kHz but is preferably of ultrasonic frequency eg. 15 kHz to 30 kHz. The maximum power of the signal may correspond to an ultrasonic power of about 5 kW. One of the primary effects of the application of vibrations of this frequency to the tool holder is to increase the cutting rate of the tool. The cutting rate (which is proportional to the amplitude of the ultrasonic vibrations and hence to the depth of cut, with other variables remaining constant) is proportional to the power of the signal applied to the ultrasonic transducer. Since this signal is of constant frequency, this means, in effect, that the depth of cut is proportional to the amplitude of the signal.

The control system 12 is fed, from an input device 23, with data relating to a required profile of the surface of the workpiece 16.

The control system produces a continuous electrical output signal whose amplitude is proportional to a required radius of the workpiece at a required time (i.e. at a required angular position around the workpiece and at a required axial position along the workpiece).

In the production of this signal, account is taken of the feedback signals from the sensors 17 and 18.

The profile signal from the control system 12 is used to modulate the ultrasonic frequency signal fed to the transducer 13. In this way, the instantaneous amplitude of the ultrasonic frequency signal is controlled to be proportional to the required radius of the workpiece at that moment in time so that the amplitude of movement of the tool is in accordance with this signal. Accordingly, the profile of the workpiece will be machined in accordance with the profile signal.

It will be appreciated that the control system 12 may produce a modulating signal whose amplitude varies within a revolution of the workpiece and/or whose amplitude varies between successive axial positions of the tool.

Where there is variation of amplitude within a revolution, this may be a symmetrical variation in each half cycle or different variations in each half cycle or, indeed, in each quarter cycle or any other required variation. In this way, a machined workpiece, such as a piston or a bearing or a piston ring for an internal combustion engine, may be produced which is elliptical in cross-section or part circular and part elliptical in cross-section or any other required cross-sectional profile and which is additionally or alternatively barrelled or tapered or both along its axial length.

In addition, it is possible for the tool to machine a surface lying in a plane generally normal to the axis of rotation of the workpiece to provide a profile on said surface in which each point on said surface is a required axial distance from a reference plane.

There may be provided a succession of piezoelectric crystals to amplify the vibrations and additionally or alternatively a wave guide may be provided between the piezoelectric crystal or crystals and the tool to amplify the vibrations.

Although, as shown, the control system 12 applies the profile signal to the ultrasonic signal before its application to the transducer 13, it will be appreciated that the control system 12 may apply the profile signal to a second transducer on the tool holder 14.

The tool holder can be made to have very low weight and inertia and is very closely coupled to the transducer 13. In view of this, it is possible to revolve the workpiece at high speed, for example up to or above 3,000 revolutions per minute while effecting a number of accurate changes of the radial position of the tool accurately within a revolution. For example, the tool may move up to 10,000 Hz with a maximum movement of 0.1 mm. This allows exceptionally high production rates to be achieved while maintaining dimensional accuracy. In addition, the general benefits of ultrasonic machining are achieved. These include the reduction of tool force, so extending tool life, and improved surface finish.

In Figure 1, the tool is shown applied to the workpiece in a radial direction. As shown in Figure 2, however, the tool holder may be applied to the workpiece at an angle to a radial direction. This has been found to be an improved cutting angle which requires less power for the same depth of cut, since induced vibrations in the cleavage plane ahead of the tool nose greatly reduce the frictional heat and work done in chip formation.

It will be appreciated that the tool holder 14 will be mounted for movement independently of the ultrasonic system described above. This will allow the tool holder 14 to be moved to a starting position and may also be used for course adjustment of the tool position during machining.

Although the application of the ultrasonic signal gives the benefits referred to above, the presence of this signal is not essential. Referring next to Figure 3, parts common to Figure 3 and to Figures 1 and 2 will be given the same reference numerals and will not be described in detail. In this embodiment, the control system 12 produces the variable output signal as described with reference to Figures 1 and 2. This signal is applied direct to a piezoelectric transducer 20 which produces a linear movement in accordance with the output signal. This movement is transmitted to the tool 15 to cause the tool 15 to move in accordance with the output signal.

It will be appreciated that the piezoelectric transducer 20 may be substituted by any other transducer capable of converting the electrical output signal into corresponding mechanical movements of the tool at high speed to allow the machining of shaped workpieces at high speeds. Two embodiments of an example of such an alternative transducer are shown in Figures 4 to 6.

Referring first to Figure 4, the first transducer is a D.C. linear motor comprising a generally U-shaped fixed core 25 with the limbs of the U being of partcylindrical shape about a common axis. Stator coils 26 are wound on each of these limbs. A rod-like movable permanent magnet 28 is arranged between, and co-axially with, the part-cylindrical U-shaped limbs. An extension 29 of this rod-like member 28 is carried in a bearing, which may be formed by a pair of diaphragms 30 or may be a magnetic bearing or an air bearing. A tool 31 is carried at the end of the rod extension 29 remote from the stator coils 26.

This D.C. linear motor assembly is contained with a casing 32 which is carried on a tool slide 33 movable through a lead screw 34 and a motor (not shown). The D.C. linear motor is mounted so that the movable rodlike permanent magnet 28 extends in a direction normal to the axis of rotation 34 of a workpiece 35, here shown as a piston for an internal combustion engine. The slide 33 is arranged to be movable in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation 34 of the workpiece.

In use, the stator coils are connected to the control system shown in Figure 3 with feedback being provided by sensors of the kind shown in Figure 3. The workpiece 35 is rotated and the lead screw 34 rotated to move the tool 31 at a constant speed in an axial direction along the surface of the workpiece 35. The signals fed from the control system-to the stator coils 26 cause the rodlike permanent magnet member 28 to move in the bearing to a position corresponding to thegpplied signal, so that the tool 31 is moved to an instantaneous required radial position to machine a required profile on the workpiece.

The low inertia, high acceleration and high force of such a D.C. linear motor allow it to machine workpieces at high speed, with the tool position changing many times with a revolution of the workpiece.

The diaphragms 30 provide a tool positioning device which tends to return the tool 31 to a datum position in the absence of a positioning signal. One form of such a device is shown in more detail in Figure 5.

The device comprises a cylindrical housing 45 provided with end clamps 46 which clamp the outer peripheries of respective steel diaphragms 30, so that the diaphragms 30 lie in respective planes normal to the housing axis.

A tool holder in the form of an elongate rod 47 is connected to the diaphragm 30 and is arranged with its axis 48 co-axial with the axis of the housing 45. One end of the tool holder 47 is provided with a tool mounting 49 while the other end of the tool holder may be connected to the movable permanent magnet member 28.

Alternatively, a linear motor may be provided within the housing 45 between the diaphragms 30. This comprises a stator 50 fixed to the housing and a slider 51 carried on the tool holder 47.

The tool positioning device need not be moved by a linear motor 18, 19. For example, the stator 50 could be replaced by a solenoid with the tool holder 47 acting as an armature whose axial position depends on the signal applied to the solenoid. There may be more than two diaphragms 30; three, four or more diaphragms may be provided.

It will be appreciated that none of the tool forces, which may vary from 5 to 25 kg, are taken by the linear motor; all these forces are taken by the diaphragms 30. This means that the linear motor does not have to be sufficiently large to damp out unwanted oscillations of the tool holder 47 during its movement; these are dealt with by the diaphragms 30.

Thus the inertia of the permanent magnet member 28 or the slider 51 can be kept to a minimum; so increasing the speed of the response.

In addition, it will be appreciated that since the force moving the tool holder 47 is applied magnetically, there are no frictional forces between the tool holder 47 and its drive which would tend to slow the response time of the tool actuator.

An alternative form of linear motor trandsucer is shown in Figure 6. In this embodiment, a D.C. linear motor comprises a generally Ushaped fixed core 36 with stator coils 37 wound on each limb of the U. A flat permanent magnetic moving member 38 extends between the limbs of the U-shape core and through the base of the U. This member 38 is supported at each of its ends by a plurality of flexible plates 39 carried on a base 40 and lying in planes normal to the length of the member 38, so that the member 38 has limited movement in the direction of its length and is subject to a restoring force from the plates 39 whicn tends to return the member 38 to a datum position. A tool holder 41 is mounted at one end of the permanent magnet member 38 and holds a tool 42. A flexible cover 43 extends around and over the linear motor to shield it from dust and metal chips.

In use, the D.C. linear motor of Figure 6 is mounted on a slide in the same way as the linear motor of Figure 4. The stator coils 37 are connected to the control system of Figure 3 and the tool is controlled to machine a workpiece (not shown) in the same way as the tool of the embodiment of Figure 4.

Claims

1. A machine tool for machining a workpiece to a non-uniform surface profile which requires machining movements of the tool within a revolution of relative rotation therebetween and comprising a control system for producing from data supplied thereto an electrical output signal which is a function of the required non-uniform surface profile of the workpiece being machined, and a transducer connected to the control system for converting the electrical output signal directly into corresponding linear movements, and a tool connected directly to the transducer for linear movement thereby to machine the workpiece to the required non-uniform surface profile.

2. A machine tool according to claim 1 wherein there is provided a source of an ultrasonic oscillating signal which is applied to the tool for vibrating the tool during machining.

3. A machine tool according to claim 2 wherein the ultrasonic oscillating signal is applied to an ultrasonic transducer whose output oscillates the tool.

4. A machine tool according to claim 3 wherein the ultrasonic transducer also forms the transducer connected to the output of the control system, the electrical output signal from the control system modulating the ultrasonic vibrations of the tool.

5. A machine tool according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the ultrasonic transducer is formed by at least one piezoelectric crystal.

6. A machine tool according to claim 1 wherein the transducer is a piezoelectric transducer which receives the electrical output signal and which converts said signal into a mecnanical movement applied to the tool.

7. A machine tool according to claim 1 wherein the transducer is an electromagnetic transducer in which the linear position of a member alters in accordance with the electrical output signal.

8. A machine tool according to claim 7 wherein he transducer comprises a D.C. linear motor in which the linear position of a movable permanent magnet member is determined by a magnetic field produced in stator coils of the linear motor by the electrical output signal from the control system.

9. A machine tool according to claim 8, wherein the D.C.linear motor includes a generally U-shaped core with a stator coil on each limb of the U and with the movable permanent magnet member extending between the limbs of the D.

10. A machine tool according to any one of claims 1 to 9 and further comprising tool positioning means for applying a force to the tool tending to maintain the tool in a datum position, the tool moving said from datum position to required tool positions for machining the non-uniform surface profile.

11. A machine according to claim 10, wherein the tool is movable with an elongate member, the tool positioning means comprising two diaphragms lying in respective spaced planes normal to the axis of the elongate member and connected to the elongate member so that the axis of said elongate member is co-axial with axes of the diaphragms.

12. A machine tool according to claim 11, wherein the diaphragms are metal diaphragms.

13. A machine tool according to claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the elongate member is surrounded by a fixed cylindrical housing coaxial therewith and the diaphragms have outer peripheries which are connected to the fixed housing.

14. A machine tool according to claim 10, wherein the tool positioning means comprise at least one gas bearing.

15. A machine tool according to claim 10, wherein the tool is movable with an elongate member, the tool positioning means comprising a plurality of flexible plates lying in respective planes normal to the length of the elongate member,the plates being connected between the elongate member and a base.

16. A machine tool substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of Figures 1 to 6 of the accompanying drawings.