GB2133431A - A sound-proofing building element - Google Patents
A sound-proofing building element Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2133431A GB2133431A GB08330165A GB8330165A GB2133431A GB 2133431 A GB2133431 A GB 2133431A GB 08330165 A GB08330165 A GB 08330165A GB 8330165 A GB8330165 A GB 8330165A GB 2133431 A GB2133431 A GB 2133431A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- building element
- panel
- woven fabric
- resistance
- flow
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000266 injurious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007794 irritation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005293 physical law Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
- B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
- E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
- E04B1/8409—Sound-absorbing elements sheet-shaped
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/022—Non-woven fabric
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
- E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
- E04B2001/8457—Solid slabs or blocks
- E04B2001/8461—Solid slabs or blocks layered
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/82—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to sound only
- E04B1/84—Sound-absorbing elements
- E04B2001/8457—Solid slabs or blocks
- E04B2001/8476—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling
- E04B2001/848—Solid slabs or blocks with acoustical cavities, with or without acoustical filling the cavities opening onto the face of the element
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
Abstract
The element is formed from an apertured or slotted panel (1) having a non-woven fabric (2) applied to the panel (1) in such a manner that the non-woven fabric (2) lies on the panel (1) in a non-detachable manner at all locations and is stretched over the apertures (4) in the panel (1). The non-woven fabric, stretched like a drum skin, produces in the region of the apertures in the panel an increased resistance to flow which defines the desired sound absorbability of the building element. The panel (1) may be of metal, wood, cardboard or plastics and the fabric (2) of paper or fleeces. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
A sound-proofing building element
The present invention relates to a sound
proofing building element formed from an
apertured or slotted panel.
Building elements have been known for a long time which are formed from apertured or slotted
panels made of thin-walled sheet metals or similar
materials, and they may be used in a soundabsorbing false ceiling by having felt mats made from glass - or rock-wool forming a rear lining for the internal structure.
The sound-absorbing effect of such building elements depends on various criteria and more
especially on the so-called free cross-section of
the panels, i.e. the ratio between the apertured portions and the entire surface of the panel, the thickness of the inserted sound-absorbing felts, and the space between the sound-absorbing false ceiling and the non-absorbing original ceiling of the building.
The sound-absorbing inserts made from glass or rock-wool are expensive, and the assembly work required at the construction locations to insert the sound-absorbing felts into the ceiling are comparatively high because it is well-known that construction workers are amongst the highest paid workers.
Furthermore, the task of handling the soundabsorbing felts is unpleasant and sometimes even injurious to health since the small glass fibres of the glass- or rock-wool are very brittle and can easily pierce the skin of the hands during the handling process and cause infection. In addition, they also cause irritation to the nose, mouth and throat.
For the manufacture of the various soundabsorbing felts, it is also necessary to fuse the base materials with a high expenditure of energy and to process them by complicated methods to form thin fibres.
The invention seeks to provide a soundproofing building element formed from an apertured or slotted panel, while also eliminating the above-described disadvantages.
According to the present invention there is provided a sound-proofing building element formed from an apertured or slotted panel, in which a non-woven fabric is applied to the panel in such a manner that the non-woven fabric lies on the panel in a non-detachable manner at all locations and is stretched over the apertures in the panel.
Preferably, the apertured or slotted panel has thin walls and is made of metal, wood, cardboard, plastics material or similar substances, the panel being connected to fine-fibred, porous non-woven fabric which has a selected resistance to flow, to form a non-detachable unit, and in which the finepored, fine-fibred non-woven fabric is stretched over the apertures in the panel.
Further preferably, the resistance to flow of the fine-fibred, porous non-woven fabric is manipulated, in the region where it is stretched over the apertures, in that the non-woven fabric is compacted by applying suitable substances thereto.
Also preferably, the resistance to flow of said building element is determined by changing the free cross-section of the apertured or slotted panel or by changing the resistance to flow of the stretched-over non-woven fabric by coating with an adhesive substance which does not completely close the pores in the non-woven fabric.
In a preferred embodiment the non-woven fabric which influences the resistance to flow, is applied to the rear side of the building element, and in which the front side (visible side) of the building element is provided with a conventional surface treatment.
Because of physical laws which have not been fully considered hitherto, the resistance to flow of the sound-absorbing felts used in the past can be achieved with the subject-matter of the invention, and can be set to the degree of effectiveness required for the building, because thin-walled, apertured panels, preferably panels made of sheet metal, are so connected to porous materials, such as, for example, paper, fleeces or non-woven fabrics or textiles, that these materials are stretched or tensioned like a drum skin in the region of the apertures in the panels. The resultant definable resistance to flow can be manipulated in any desirable manner by applying fillers to the non-woven fabric.
The manufacturing costs of the building elements according to the invention are considerably reduced because these building elements are already put, during the course of industrial production, into the sound-proofing state which is necessary for processing at the building site.
The sound-absorbing effect of the building element according to the invention is achieved, in that, in the region of the apertures which have a non-woven fabric or fibre fleece stretched thereover like a drum skin, a definable resistance to flow is produced which eliminates the disturbing sound to a determinable extent in terms of acoustic definability. The apertures in the panel have a nozzle effect which is further intensified by the non-woven fabric placed thereon. The nonwoven fabric condenses the aperture in the panel.
This nozzle effect is directly related, therefore, to the reduction in the noise level in the room.
By suitable manipulation of the non-woven fabric which is stretched like a drum skin, the resistance to flow can be increased and, as a consequence thereof, the sound-absorbing effect (sound absorption level) can be altered within predetermined frequency ranges.
This manipulation may be achieved, for example, by spraying sealing substances onto the non-woven fabric. These sealing or densifying substances narrow the spaces between the fibres of the non-woven fabric and thereby reduce the flow.
By changing the free cross-section of the apertures in the building element and appropriately treating the non-woven fabric which is stretched over the apertures, it is easily possible to achieve the sound-absorbing effect of the 30mm-thick acoustic insert used hitherto and made of rock- or glass-wool. The building element according to the invention preferably has a thickness of less than 1 mm, but has the same effect as, or a better effect than, a conventional sound-absorbing panel having a 30mm-thick sound-absorbing matter made of rock- or glasswool.
The present invention will be further illustrated, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a plan view illustrating one portion of a sound-proofing building element according to the invention; and
Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view through the building element illustrated in Fig. 1.
The building element comprises a base in the form of an apertured, thin-walled panel 1 made of sheet metal and having a fine-mesh non-woven fabric 2 which is stretched over said panel 1 and is fixedly connected to the panel 1. The spacings 3 and the diameters of the apertures 4 are adapted to the resistance to flow which is definable together with the resistance to flow of the nonwoven fabric 2 mounted thereon.
Claims (12)
1. A sound-proofing building element formed from an apertured or slotted panel, in which a nonwoven fabric is applied to the panel in such a manner that the non-woven fabric lies on the panel in a non-detachable manner at all locations and is stretched over the apertures in the panel.
2. A building element as claimed in claim 1, in which the non-woven fabric, stretched like a drum skin, produces in the region of the apertures in the panel an increased flow resistance which defines the desired sound absorbability of the building element.
3. A building element as claimed in claim 1 or 2, in which the sound-proofing resistance to flow is produced by the free cross-section of the building element, i.e. by the number and diameter of the apertures provided in the panel, and said resistance depends on the density of the nonwoven fabric which is applied to the building element and, in the region of the apertures, is stretched over said apertures.
4. A building element as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, in which the resistance to flow of said building element is influenced by changing the density of the non-woven fabric.
5. A building element as claimed in claim 4, in which the density of the non-woven fabric is changed by applying appropriate, densifying substances thereto.
6. A building element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, in which the desired soundabsorbing effect of said building element is achieved by changing the entire resistance to flow of the building element.
7. A building element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, in which the apertured or slotted panel has thin walls and is made of metal, wood, cardboard, plastics material or similar substances.
The panel being connected to a fine-fibred, porous non-woven fabric which has a selected resistance to flow, to form a non-detachable unit, and in which the fine-pored, fine-fibred non-woven fabric is stretched over the apertures in the panel.
8. A building element as claimed in claim 7, in which the resistance to flow of the fine-fibred, porous non-woven fabric is manipulated, in the region where it is stretched over the apertures in that the non-woven fabric is compacted by applying suitable substances thereto.
9. A building element as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8, in which the resistance to flow of said building element is determined by changing the free cross-section of the apertured or slotted panel or by changing the resistance to flow of the stretched-over non-woven fabric by coating with an adhesive substance which does not completely close the pores in the non-woven fabric.
10. A building element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, in which the non-woven fabric which influences the resistance to flow, is applied to the rear side of the building element, and in which the front side (visible side) of the building element is provided with a conventional surface treatment.
11. A building element as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, in which the noise level reduces when there is an increase in the resistance to flow in the region of the apertures in the panel.
12. A sound-proofing building element, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19823242940 DE3242940A1 (en) | 1982-11-20 | 1982-11-20 | ACOUSTICALLY EFFECTIVE COMPONENT |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8330165D0 GB8330165D0 (en) | 1983-12-21 |
| GB2133431A true GB2133431A (en) | 1984-07-25 |
| GB2133431B GB2133431B (en) | 1987-01-21 |
Family
ID=6178567
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08330165A Expired GB2133431B (en) | 1982-11-20 | 1983-11-11 | A sound-proofing building element |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BE (1) | BE898253A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH662385A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3242940A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2536444A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2133431B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8303897A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0521657A1 (en) * | 1991-07-03 | 1993-01-07 | Hunter Douglas Industries B.V. | Sound absorbent material |
| WO1997006320A1 (en) * | 1995-08-03 | 1997-02-20 | Hermanson Lars S | Self-supporting interior surface panel |
| GB2306984A (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 1997-05-14 | Cas Architects Limited | Preventing condensation in framed walls |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE461048B (en) * | 1987-03-02 | 1989-12-18 | Gyproc Ab | PERFORED, SOUND-ABSORBING DISC |
| SE500334C2 (en) * | 1990-02-08 | 1994-06-06 | Rockwool Ab | Curved acoustic element |
| DE4008861A1 (en) * | 1990-03-20 | 1991-10-02 | Friedrich Priehs | SOUND INSULATION COMPONENT |
| US5175401A (en) * | 1991-03-18 | 1992-12-29 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Segmented resistance acoustic attenuating liner |
| DE4335654C2 (en) * | 1993-10-15 | 1997-01-23 | Herbst Donald | Sound absorbing building board |
| AU3300900A (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2001-10-03 | Newmat, S.A. | Flexible sheet fabrics for tensile structures, method for making same, tensile false ceilings comprising same |
| DE102008020941B4 (en) * | 2008-04-25 | 2020-09-24 | Ventomaxx Gmbh | Air guiding element for supplying and / or removing air |
| DE102008025840A1 (en) * | 2008-05-29 | 2009-12-03 | Volkswagen Ag | Device for sound absorption and sound damping, has resonance absorber fleece, where each layer consists of acoustically transparent knitting fleece |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB905437A (en) * | 1961-02-01 | 1962-09-05 | William George Kemp | Improvements in acoustical panels and in structures employing such panels |
| GB1327874A (en) * | 1970-11-05 | 1973-08-22 | Daempa As | Accoustic ceilings |
| EP0013513A1 (en) * | 1979-01-04 | 1980-07-23 | Daempa A/S | Sound absorbing structure |
| GB1572177A (en) * | 1975-11-14 | 1980-07-23 | Haworth Mfg Inc | Interior space dividing walls and panels therefor |
| GB2063960A (en) * | 1979-11-26 | 1981-06-10 | Freudenberg Carl Kg | Cladding on a wall or ceiling for absorbing sound |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE7209560U (en) * | 1972-06-15 | Kiss G | Self-supporting ceiling element for preferably suspended ceiling systems | |
| BE483695A (en) * | 1945-09-19 | |||
| GB664729A (en) * | 1949-07-15 | 1952-01-09 | Gyproc Products Ltd | Improvements in and relating to acoustic tiles or panels |
| DE1900301U (en) * | 1964-05-05 | 1964-09-10 | Vogt Bueromoebel | WALL PLATE. |
| DE6916548U (en) * | 1969-04-17 | 1969-09-18 | Borgers Johann Kg | SOUND SUCTION PLATE |
| DE2161674A1 (en) * | 1971-12-13 | 1973-06-28 | Saleen Ges Mbh & Co | SOUND ABSORBING PLATE |
| CA991375A (en) * | 1972-11-10 | 1976-06-22 | James C. Ollinger | Carpet-faced wallboard |
| US3887031A (en) * | 1973-06-11 | 1975-06-03 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Dual-range sound absorber |
| DE2438987A1 (en) * | 1974-08-14 | 1976-02-26 | Helmut Dr Schmidt | Multi layers sound absorbing plate with rigid covering - has foam plastics sound absorbing core and outer casing with holes in it |
| DE2930123A1 (en) * | 1979-07-25 | 1981-02-12 | Wilhelmi Holzwerk | SOUND-absorbing building board |
| DE3029938C2 (en) * | 1979-09-21 | 1982-08-12 | Armstrong World Industries, Inc., 17604 Lancaster, Pa. | Process for the production of a sound-absorbing wall panel |
-
1982
- 1982-11-20 DE DE19823242940 patent/DE3242940A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1983
- 1983-11-08 FR FR8317749A patent/FR2536444A1/en active Pending
- 1983-11-11 GB GB08330165A patent/GB2133431B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-11-14 NL NL8303897A patent/NL8303897A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1983-11-18 BE BE2/60260A patent/BE898253A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-11-18 CH CH6220/83A patent/CH662385A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB905437A (en) * | 1961-02-01 | 1962-09-05 | William George Kemp | Improvements in acoustical panels and in structures employing such panels |
| GB1327874A (en) * | 1970-11-05 | 1973-08-22 | Daempa As | Accoustic ceilings |
| GB1572177A (en) * | 1975-11-14 | 1980-07-23 | Haworth Mfg Inc | Interior space dividing walls and panels therefor |
| EP0013513A1 (en) * | 1979-01-04 | 1980-07-23 | Daempa A/S | Sound absorbing structure |
| GB2063960A (en) * | 1979-11-26 | 1981-06-10 | Freudenberg Carl Kg | Cladding on a wall or ceiling for absorbing sound |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0521657A1 (en) * | 1991-07-03 | 1993-01-07 | Hunter Douglas Industries B.V. | Sound absorbent material |
| GB2257994A (en) * | 1991-07-03 | 1993-01-27 | Hunter Douglas Ind Bv | Sound absorbent panel. |
| GB2257994B (en) * | 1991-07-03 | 1994-11-30 | Hunter Douglas Ind Bv | Sound absorbent building material |
| WO1997006320A1 (en) * | 1995-08-03 | 1997-02-20 | Hermanson Lars S | Self-supporting interior surface panel |
| US5832685A (en) * | 1995-08-03 | 1998-11-10 | Hermanson; Lars S. | Self-supporting interior surface panel |
| GB2306984A (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 1997-05-14 | Cas Architects Limited | Preventing condensation in framed walls |
| GB2306984B (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 2000-01-26 | Cas Architects Limited | External walling of a building |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE898253A (en) | 1984-03-16 |
| FR2536444A1 (en) | 1984-05-25 |
| DE3242940A1 (en) | 1984-05-24 |
| GB2133431B (en) | 1987-01-21 |
| CH662385A5 (en) | 1987-09-30 |
| GB8330165D0 (en) | 1983-12-21 |
| NL8303897A (en) | 1984-06-18 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PE20 | Patent expired after termination of 20 years |
Effective date: 20031110 |