GB2126680A - Securing of linings to rock and the like - Google Patents
Securing of linings to rock and the like Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2126680A GB2126680A GB08321756A GB8321756A GB2126680A GB 2126680 A GB2126680 A GB 2126680A GB 08321756 A GB08321756 A GB 08321756A GB 8321756 A GB8321756 A GB 8321756A GB 2126680 A GB2126680 A GB 2126680A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- collar
- membrane
- waterproofing membrane
- fusible material
- securing means
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010420 art technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004831 Hot glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
- E21D11/383—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating by applying waterproof flexible sheets; Means for fixing the sheets to the tunnel or cavity wall
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
An element (1) for fixing a waterproofing membrane (10) e.g. as part of a lining of a tunnel conduit, sewer, basement, etc, comprises a collar (2, 3) filled with a fusible material (6). The element (1), is adhered (via adhesive layer (8) to the membrane (10), and a fixing member such as a nail (11) or bolt is driven through the material filling (6) and membrane (10) into the rock. The material (6) is then fused, or further fused material 13 is applied, to form a waterproof seal to the member (11). Thus water behind the membrane cannot leak through it along the member (11). A metal or plastics washer (5) may be embedded in the fusible material, the hole (5') being formed as the nail is driven through it. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Securing of linings to rock and the like
This invention relates to a method and means for the securing of linings, particularly waterproofing membranes. It particularly relates to means for use in fixing a waterproofing membrane to rock or lining concrete, e.g. in a tunnel, using fasteners such as bolts, concrete nails and/or set anchor bolts. In another aspect it relates to a lining having securing means.
In the prior art technique of applying linings to a tunnel, shown in Fig. 1, a primary concrete lining b is placed on the exposed surface of rock a, a waterproofing membrane c is secured to the primary concrete lining b by means of fasteners such as bolts and concrete nails, and a secondary concrete lining d is then placed on the waterproofing membrane c. The waterproofing membrane c interposed between the primary and secondary concrete linings band dcauses seeping water to flow down along that surface of the waterproofing membrane c which faces the primary concrete lining b, to thereby drain the seeping water and prevent it from penetrating from the primary concrete lining b to the secondary concrete lining d. Typically use is made of fasteners e in the form of concrete nails.Such a fastener may be driven into the primary concrete lining b to fix the waterproofing membrane c thereto, as shown in Fig. 2. This mode of fastening suffers from the problem that seeping water from the rock can run along the surface of the nail e into the secondary concrete lining. There is a need for overcoming this leakage problem.
In the construction of a tunnel, particularly in constructing a zone of a tunnel near its inlet opening, it is a common practice to secure a waterproofing membrane c' to a primary concrete lining b' placed on the exposed surface of rock a' by driving set anchor bolts fas shown in Fig. 3.
The set anchor bolts fare welded at their free end to a framework of steel bars g which is located adjacent the waterproofing membrane c'. In such a construction structure, set anchor bolts fare driven to secure the waterproofing membrane c' to the rock or primary concrete lining b'. As a result, the waterproofing membrane c' is ruptured at the sites where the set anchor bolts fare driven, allowing seeping water from the rock to leak out of the waterproofing membrane c' along the bolts f. Therefore, it has been desired to render set anchor bolt driving sites fully watertight.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a means for use in securing a waterproofing membrane, comprising an element which comprises a collar within which there is a heat fusible material. For use, a fastener such as a concrete nail may be driven through the heat fusible material, which is then heated until it is softened or melted, or alternatively, an additional amount of the heat fusible material is applied, so that fusible material may cover the head of the fastener. Since the fastener head is covered with the heat fusible material in watertight manner, water which has penetrated from the tip along the exterior surface of the fastener shank is prevented from leaking out.
Thus, an embodiment of the present invention can provide an element for the installation fixing of a waterproofing membrane capable of preventing leakage of water at fastener driven sites.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention which is adapted for use with fasteners in the form of concrete nails, bolts or analogous fixing members, a washer with or without a through hole is disposed within the collar and covered with the heat fusible material with which the collar is filled. The washer serves to fixedly hold or retain the fastener which penetrates therethrough.
In another embodiment of the element for the installation fixing of a waterproofing membrane according to the present invention which is adapted for use with such fasteners as set anchor bolts whose free end is secured to a steel bar by welding, an element for the installation fixing of a waterproofing membrane consisting of a collar solely filled with a heat fusible material may suffice because a washer is unnecessary.
In another aspect the invention provides a waterproofing membrane having securing means attached to it. In a third aspect it provides a method of securing a waterproofing membrane. In the fourth aspect it provides a lined structure such as a tunnel, basement, conduit or sewer.
Some preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a vertical section through a lined tunnel;
Figs. 2 and 3 are cross-sectional view showing two prior art techniques of securing a waterproofing membrane to a concrete lining;
Fig. 4 is an axial cross-section of one embodiment of a mounting element according to the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a partial plan view showing a waterproofing membrane with mounting elements as shown in Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing a mounting element as shown in Fig. 4 through which a nail is driven to fix a waterproofing membrane to a concrete lining;
Fig. 7 is an axial cross-section of a second embodiment of a mounting element;;
Fig. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing the mounting element of Fig. 7 through which a set anchor bolt is driven to fix a waterproofing membrane to a concrete lining;
Fig. 9 is an axial cross-section of a third embodiment of a mounting element; and
Fig. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a waterproofing membrane with mounting elements as shown in Fig. 9.
Referring to Fig. 4, there is shown an element 1 embodying the invention for use in the installation of a waterproofing membrane. The element 1 includes a frame or collar 4 in the form of a short cylindrical tubular body 2 made of a plastic or metal and having an integral annular flange 3 extending radially outwardly from the lower end. A disc-like washer 5 made of a plastic or metal is disposed within the collar 4, its lower face being in the plane containing the lower surface of the flange 3. The collar 4 also contains a heat-fusible material 6 which covers the washer 5. Suitable heat fusible materials 6 includes: hot-melt adhesives such as those based on ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; raw rubber; and synthetic rubbers; this list is not limitative.
A luminous layer 7 is formed on the outer wall of the collar 4 by applying a luminous material such as a suitable paint. On the rear side of the collar 4, that is, on the lower surface of the flange 4 there is an adhesive layer 8. This will usually be provided over the entire area of that surface. A release sheet 9 is attached to the opposed surface of the adhesive layer 8.
The use of the above-mentioned element for the installation of a waterproofing membrane 1 will be readily understood from the following discussion which concerns securing a waterproofing membrane to a concrete lining in a tunnel. The release sheet 9 is removed, and then the elements 1 are adhered to a waterproofing membrane 10 at fastener driving sites with the assistance of the adhesive layer 8, as shown in Fig.
5. Then, a fastener 11 such as a concrete nail or bolt is driven through the heat fusible material 6 into the waterproofing membrane 10 and the underlying concrete lining 12, thereby securing the waterproofing membrane 10 thereto. At this point a head 11 a of the fastener 11 remains exposed. Then, further heat fusible material in a fused state is applied over the exposed surface of the fastener head 1 a by a suitable injection means such as a hand gun to give the fastener head 1 a a cover 13 of the heat fusible material.
The above-described procedure of driving the fastener 11 through the element 1 has the advantage that the head 1 a of the fastener 11 is given a cover 13 to establish a water-tight structure. Even if water penetrates from the concrete lining 12 to the fastener head 1 a along the fastener shank 11 b, the water-tight seal of the fastener head 1 a with the cover 13 prevents water from leakage around the fastener head 11 a.
The cover 1 3 is preferably formed of the same heat fusible material as provides the filling 6 in the frame 4, so that it adheres strongly thereto, becoming integrally bound to establish a satisfactory water-tight structure.
In driving the fastener 11, it strikes through the washer 5, which is initially solid, to form a through opening 5' whose diameter is the same as the outer diameter of a shank 11 b of the fastener 11.
With engagement of the fastener shank 1 b in the washer opening 5', the fastener shank 1 b is restrained from motion by the washer and vice versa. Thus fixing by the fastener is positively maintained.
The luminous layer 7 formed on the outer wall of the collar 4 is visible in the dark so that when the fastener 11 is to be driven in a tunnel, a driving site may be readily found. Since the collar 4 is provided with adhesive layer 8 which is covered with the release sheet 9, the entire assembly is very convenient to handle for storage and transportation. For use, simply by removing the release sheet 9, the assembly may be readily attached to the waterproofing membrane 10, resulting in the advantage of ease of in-site attaching operation.
Although further heat fusible material is applied to the fastener 11 in the process described above, this is not essential. For example, the collar 4 may be of greater axial length than the head 11 a of the fastener 11 (and entirely filled with fusible material 6). The fastener head 1 a will then be entirely embedded in the fusible material 6 when driven in place. A portion of the fusible material 6 around the fastener head 1 a may then be heated with a burner to soften or melt it such that it may flow to cover the head 1 a.
It is also possible to previously drill an opening in the washer 5 through which the fastener is to be inserted. Although the washer 5 is placed in the frame 4 in the above-described embodiment, the washer 5 may be formed integral with the collar 4.
This might then be cup shaped, the base of the cup acting as the washer 5. Furthermore, although the illustrated body 2 is cylindrical, other forms are possible, e.g. a rectangular sleeve. Instead of applying a luminous layer 7, the collar 4 may be molded from a plastic composition which includes a luminous material.
Fig. 7 shows another embodiment of the present invention in which the same components as in the above-described embodiment are designated by like numerals and the description of them may be omitted. The element shown in Fig.
7 includes in addition to the collar or frame 4 and the fusible filling 6, a sheet-like substrate 14 in the form of a plastic sheet or metal plate secured to the frame 4 by fusing adhesion and having a larger surface area than the frame 4 (more precisely, than the area bounded by the frame flange edge).
To the rear surface of the substrate 14 is adhered an adhesive layer 1 5 which is coextensive with the substrate 14. A release sheet 1 6 is attached to the opposed surface of the adhesive layer 1 5. It is to be noted that a drill guiding indentation 1 7 is formed in the exposed surface of the fusible filling 6 substantially at the center. For instance, the frame body 2 may have an inner diameter of 40 to 100 mm and the substrate 14 may have a diameter of 50 to 300 mm.
As seen from Fig. 7, the element 1' does not include a washer and is advantageously used with a set anchor bolt or a similar fastener. First of all, the release sheet 1 6 is removed and the element 1' is attached to the waterproofing membrane 10 at a fastener driving site with the assistance of the adhesive layer 1 5. With a drill tip centered at the indentation 17, a hole is drilled in the element 1'.
Thereafter, a set anchor bolt 11' is driven from the top side through this hole to fix the waterproofing
membrane 10 to the concrete lining 12. Then, the
heat fusible material 6 is softened or melted by
heating with a burner and/or futher fusible
material in molten state is applied by suitable means such as a hand gun.In either case, the set anchor bolt 11' at its outer wall 1 'a is sealed with the heat fusible material in a fluid-tight manner, thereby sealing any gap which might be formed between the fusible filling 6 and the outer
wall 1 'a of the set anchor bolt 11' during driving
of the bolt 11'. Finally, the free end of a shank 1 'b of the set anchor bolt 11' may be welded to
a steel bar 1 8 of a framework adjacent the waterproofing membrane 1 0.
If rock water penetrates through the concrete lining 12 and seeps along the outer wall of the set anchor bolt 1 1; it is prevented from further seeping beyond the element 1' to the tunnel inside by the seal formed from the fusible material(s). Thus the element 1' prevents seepage along the set anchor bolt.
In the procedure of driving the set anchor bolt
11', a holes drilled in the element 1' at the indentation 17 and the set anchor bolt 11' is driven in, incidentally applying force such as rotational force to the element 1'. The large area of the adhesive layer 1 5 ensures firm adherence to the waterproofing membrane 10 of the element 1' even by such forces. This also contributes to the precise and easy driving of a set anchor bolt. It will be understood that the indentation 1 7 formed in the element 1' assists the operator in centering the drill tip.
Other advantages similar to those achieved in the embodiment of Fig. 4 will also be achieved in this embodiment, but the description of them may be omitted herein.
It is apparent for those skilled in the art that many modifications and changes may be made on the element 1' according to the embodiment of
Fig. 7 in the same manner as in the embodiment of Fig. 4. For instance, the substrate 14 is not limited to the circular shape illustrated. For example, it could be annular.
Fig. 9 illustrates a further embodiment of the present invention. This element 1" for the installation fixing of a waterproofing membrane is substantially the same in structure and effect as the element 1 shown in Fig. 4, except that there are no adhesive layer and release sheet. In use, the frame 4 is directly secured to a waterproofing membrane, e.g. by heat welding or heat bonding with a hot metal adhesive or conventional adhesive. In the example shown in Fig. 10, the collar or frame 4 of the element 1" is heat welded to a waterproofing membrane 10.In this example the waterproofing membrane 10 is a laminate consisting of a water-impermeable sheet 1 0a in the form of a plastic or rubber sheet or a composite sheet thereof with a metal foil, and a water-permeable sheet 1 Ob in the form of a nonwoven fabric sheet made of a synthetic resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester and nylon or an interconnected cell foam sheet made of polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane or the
like. The element 1" is on the water-impermeable sheet 1 0a. In this case, the water-permeable sheet 1 Ob is heat welded to the water-impermeable sheet
1 Oa only at areas 1 9 corresponding to sites where the elements 1" are placed.In the remaining area there is a space 20 between the sheets 1 Oa and 1 0b. Preferably, one or two elements 1" are placed on the water-impermeable sheet per linear meter, although the number of the elements is not critical in the present invention.
The waterproofing membrane 10 having a suitable number of the elements 1" previously attached is placed on a primarly concrete lining with the water-permeable sheet 1 Ob adjoining the lining. Then fasteners 11 in the form of concrete nails or bolts are driven into the waterproofing membrane and the concrete lining through the fusible fillings 6 in the elements 1", to thereby fix the waterproofing membrane 10 to the concrete lining. Water seeping across the primary concrete lining passes through the water-permeable sheet 1 0b. The spaces 20 between the sheets 1 0a, 1 0b permit a relatively large amount of water to flow therein and along the sheet.
It will be apparent for those skilled in the art that many modifications and changes may be made on the element 1" as in the case of the element 1 shown in Fig. 4.
Fasteners embodying the invention, such as those shown in Figs. 4, 7 and 9, are not restricted to use in tunnel construction. Other fields of application include the waterproofing of basements, conduits and sewers. Of course, different intended uses may cause different embodiments to be preferred.
It would be possible for the fusible material (or some of it) to be placed or filled into the collar after this has been affixed to the membrane, and possibly even after a fixing member has been driven through it.
Claims (16)
1. Means for use in securing a waterproofing membrane, comprising an element which comprises a collar within which there is a heat fusible material.
2. Securing means according to claim 1 wherein the element has an adhesive layer on at least a part of a face which is for attachment to a said membrane.
3. Securing means according to claim 1 or 2 wherein a washer is disposed within the collar and covered with the heat fusible material.
4. Securing means according to claim 1 or 2 wherein prior to use the collar is solely filled with the heat fusible material.
5. Securing means according to any preceding claim wherein a sheet-like substrate is secured to a surface portion of the collar which is to face a said membrane, said substrate having a larger surface area than said surface portion.
6. Securing means according to claim 5 wherein the rear surface of said substrate bears an adhesive layer.
7. A securing means substantially as any herein described with reference to any of Figs. 4, 7 and 9 of the accompanying drawings.
8. Securing means according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the frame is secured to a waterproofing membrane.
9. A waterproofing membrane having attached thereto securing means as set forth in any one of claims 1 to 6.
10. A waterproofing membrane according to claim 9 when secured by means of at least one elongate fixing member which extends through and rearwardly of the membrane, and forwardly within a said collar, and is sealed in watertight manner to the fusible material in said collar.
11. A waterproofing membrane having securing means attached thereto, substantially as herein described with reference to Figs. 4 to 6 or
Figs. 7 and 8 or Figs. 9 and 10 of the accompanying drawings.
12. A tunnel, basement, conduit, sewer or like structure lined at least in part with a waterproof membrane according to claim 10 or claim 11.
13. A method of securing a waterproofing membrane comprising: (a) attaching securing means according to any of claims 1 to 7 to the membrane; (b) passing an elongate fixing member through the collar and membrane so that it extends rearwardly of the membrane for the fixing thereof, and forwardly at least within the collar: and (c) sealing the member to the fusible material
14. A method according to claim 13 wherein step (c) comprises the appiication of molten fusible material which adheres to the member and to the fusible material in the collar.
1 5. A method according to claim 13 wherein step (c) comprises melting or softening said fusible material in the collar and causing or allowing it to adhere to the member.
16. A method of securing a waterproofing membrane substantially as any described herein with reference to Figs. 4 to 6, Figs. 7 and 8 or
Figs. 9 and 10 of the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1982123332U JPS6030485Y2 (en) | 1982-08-14 | 1982-08-14 | Fixing member driving member |
| JP17834282U JPS5980598U (en) | 1982-11-25 | 1982-11-25 | Fixing member driving member |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8321756D0 GB8321756D0 (en) | 1983-09-14 |
| GB2126680A true GB2126680A (en) | 1984-03-28 |
| GB2126680B GB2126680B (en) | 1985-11-13 |
Family
ID=26460300
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08321756A Expired GB2126680B (en) | 1982-08-14 | 1983-08-12 | Securing of linings to rock and the like |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| KR (1) | KR900003940Y1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2126680B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2607534A1 (en) * | 1986-11-28 | 1988-06-03 | Gardiol Entreprise | Method and device for using a concrete coating sprayed onto a damp wall |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1466564A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1977-03-09 | United Carr Ld | Aperture plug |
| GB1545857A (en) * | 1977-03-25 | 1979-05-16 | Fischer Castings Ltd G | Sealing rings and pressure collars for branch pipe fittings |
| GB2046391A (en) * | 1979-03-28 | 1980-11-12 | Itw De France | Plug for sealing holes in panels |
| GB2092694A (en) * | 1981-02-06 | 1982-08-18 | Penn Eng & Mfg Corp | Preventing solder entering screw threads |
-
1983
- 1983-08-12 GB GB08321756A patent/GB2126680B/en not_active Expired
-
1989
- 1989-10-19 KR KR2019890015246U patent/KR900003940Y1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1466564A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1977-03-09 | United Carr Ld | Aperture plug |
| GB1545857A (en) * | 1977-03-25 | 1979-05-16 | Fischer Castings Ltd G | Sealing rings and pressure collars for branch pipe fittings |
| GB2046391A (en) * | 1979-03-28 | 1980-11-12 | Itw De France | Plug for sealing holes in panels |
| GB2092694A (en) * | 1981-02-06 | 1982-08-18 | Penn Eng & Mfg Corp | Preventing solder entering screw threads |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2607534A1 (en) * | 1986-11-28 | 1988-06-03 | Gardiol Entreprise | Method and device for using a concrete coating sprayed onto a damp wall |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR910008371U (en) | 1991-05-31 |
| KR900003940Y1 (en) | 1990-05-04 |
| GB2126680B (en) | 1985-11-13 |
| GB8321756D0 (en) | 1983-09-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19970812 |