GB2088914A - Process for making fabrics - Google Patents
Process for making fabrics Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2088914A GB2088914A GB8134429A GB8134429A GB2088914A GB 2088914 A GB2088914 A GB 2088914A GB 8134429 A GB8134429 A GB 8134429A GB 8134429 A GB8134429 A GB 8134429A GB 2088914 A GB2088914 A GB 2088914A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- yarn
- fabric
- fibres
- wrapping
- making
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
- D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
- D02G3/22—Yarns or threads characterised by constructional features, e.g. blending, filament/fibre
- D02G3/40—Yarns in which fibres are united by adhesives; Impregnated yarns or threads
- D02G3/404—Yarns or threads coated with polymeric solutions
- D02G3/406—Yarns or threads coated with polymeric solutions where the polymeric solution is removable at a later stage, e.g. by washing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B15/00—Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00
- B29B15/08—Pretreatment of the material to be shaped, not covered by groups B29B7/00 - B29B13/00 of reinforcements or fillers
- B29B15/10—Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step
- B29B15/105—Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcement of definite length with a matrix in solid form, e.g. powder, fibre or sheet form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
- B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
- B29C70/10—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres
- B29C70/16—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length
- B29C70/22—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length oriented in at least two directions forming a two dimensional structure
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
- D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
- D02G3/22—Yarns or threads characterised by constructional features, e.g. blending, filament/fibre
- D02G3/38—Threads in which fibres, filaments, or yarns are wound with other yarns or filaments, e.g. wrap yarns, i.e. strands of filaments or staple fibres are wrapped by a helically wound binder yarn
- D02G3/385—Threads in which fibres, filaments, or yarns are wound with other yarns or filaments, e.g. wrap yarns, i.e. strands of filaments or staple fibres are wrapped by a helically wound binder yarn using hollow spindles, e.g. making coverspun yarns
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D02—YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
- D02G—CRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
- D02G3/00—Yarns or threads, e.g. fancy yarns; Processes or apparatus for the production thereof, not otherwise provided for
- D02G3/44—Yarns or threads characterised by the purpose for which they are designed
- D02G3/447—Yarns or threads for specific use in general industrial applications, e.g. as filters or reinforcement
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
- D03D15/00—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used
- D03D15/60—Woven fabrics characterised by the material, structure or properties of the fibres, filaments, yarns, threads or other warp or weft elements used characterised by the warp or weft elements other than yarns or threads
- D03D15/68—Scaffolding threads, i.e. threads removed after weaving
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04B—KNITTING
- D04B1/00—Weft knitting processes for the production of fabrics or articles not dependent on the use of particular machines; Fabrics or articles defined by such processes
- D04B1/14—Other fabrics or articles characterised primarily by the use of particular thread materials
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2101/00—Inorganic fibres
- D10B2101/10—Inorganic fibres based on non-oxides other than metals
- D10B2101/12—Carbon; Pitch
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2201/00—Cellulose-based fibres, e.g. vegetable fibres
- D10B2201/20—Cellulose-derived artificial fibres
- D10B2201/28—Cellulose esters or ethers, e.g. cellulose acetate
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2331/00—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products
- D10B2331/02—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides
- D10B2331/021—Fibres made from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polycondensation products polyamides aromatic polyamides, e.g. aramides
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
- Woven Fabrics (AREA)
Abstract
Yarns of brittle, reinforcing fibres such as carbon fibres may be converted into fabrics more efficiently and with less damage by wrapping them with a temporary wrapping yarn which is later removed from the fabric, e.g. by being burnt or dissolved away. When yarns of thermoplastic fibres are incorporated in the fabric, for example by being wrapped together with the yarn of reinforcing fibres, the resulting fabric may be thermoformed into a composite structure in which the thermoplastic fibres comprise a polymer matrix incorporating the yarn of reinforcing fibres.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Process for making fabrics
This invention relates to the manufacture of fabrics from yarns comprising brittle, reinforcing fibres
such as carbon. Such fabrics are difficult to make because the brittle fibres are susceptible to breakage
by the abrasive action of the machinery employed in making the fabric. This results in clogged
machinery and stopped processes and any fabrics which are produced may have inferior properties to those desired.
One approach to the problem which has been used with carbon fibre yarns involves sizing the yarnc with size materials which protect the yarn from abrasion. These size materials are selected not only to
perform this duty but also to be easily removed from the fabric as by aqueous washing or to be compatible with any resin systems which the fabric is to reinforce. Although fabrics are made by this
method, conversion efficiencies to fabric are not always as good as desired, and there are constraints on the type of fabric construction which it is possible to make.
Another approach with carbon fibre yarn is to make the fabric from a less brittle precursor of carbon fibre yarn, such as oxidised acrylic fibres, and to carbonise the yarn in the fabric form. This is a
useful technique for making carbon/carbon composites but the fabrics produced are relatively weak and are not of more general interest.
According to this invention, a process for making a fabric comprises wrapping a core yarn comprising brittle, reinforcing fibres with a temporary wrapping yarn, constructing a fabric com the wrapped yarn and subsequently treating the fabric to remove the wrapping yarn without substantially adversely affecting the core yarn.
The term 'fibres' includes both staple fibres and continuous filaments, although the invention is primarily concerned with continuous filament yarn.
The wrapping yarn holds the brittle reinforcing fibres together thereby making them more resistant to breaking and less liable to snag on machine parts, and at the same time shields them against abrading contact with those machine parts. This is exactly what is required during the fabric-making process, but once the fabric has been produced there are advantages in removing the wrapping yarn. On removal, the brittle reinforcing fibres are no longer constrained and can spread out within the limits of the fabric construction to give improved cover and to provide improved mechanical properties both in the fabric itself and in composite structures reinforced by the fabric. Also, the absence of the wrapping yarn removes the need to consider any compatibility problems there might be between that yarn and a resin matrix material.
The preferred core yarn is a twistless or substantially twistless filament yarn. Twistless yarn is easier and less expensive to produce, and gives positive advantages which are taken full advantage of in the process of the present invention. The lack of twist enables the filaments to spread out after removal of the wrapping yarn to give the improved cover referred to, and allows the filaments to take a disposition which is as close as the fabric construction allows to the straight configuration postulated for maximum strength.
The core yarn preferably comprises carbon fibres, but the process of the invention is of benefit for making fabrics from core yarns of other brittle reinforcing fibres such as inorganic fibres of alumina and/or silica or brittle metal fibres such as tungsten fibres. Specific properties may be produced by combining more than one type of brittle reinforcing fibres in the core yarn or by combining one or more types of brittle reinforcing fibres with other reinforcing fibres. For example, carbon fibres may be combined in the core yarn with aromatic polyamide fibres such as "Kevlar" (Registered Trade Mark) to give a fabric having controlled energy absorption properties. Preferably the combination is effected by bringing together yarns comprising each type of reinforcing fibres and wrapping the combined core yarn so formed.
The core yarn may be sized or unsized, the latter being an option which is not currently possible except by use of the process of the invention. Any size material used may be selected substantially on the basis of end-use criteria because the wrapping yarn fulfils the processing requirement.
The wrapping yarn may be any yarn which will do the wrapping duty and which can be removed from the fabric without substantially adversely affecting the core yarn. Preferably it is a continuous filament yarn and may be monofilament or multifilament. Removal may be effected by dissolving out the wrapping yarn by washing the fabric with a suitable solvent or by a heat treatment which causes the wrapping yarn to shrivel or burn out.
Cellulose acetate yarn is a preferred wrapping yarn and this can be removed by washing the fabric in acetone, with subsequent recovery of both the acetate and the solvent. A wrapping yarn of polyvinyl alcohol or alginic material may be removed by aqueous washing. Wrapping yarns which may be burnt out include natural cellulosic yarns such as cotton and regenerated cellulose yarns.
The core yarn may be wrapped by any suitable wrapping method which takes account of the brittle nature of the fibres. One such method comprises passing the yarn through a rotating hollow spindle on which is mounted a package of the wrapping yarn. The wrapping yarn is withdrawn off the package and combined with the core yarn so as to wrap around it, preferably by being fed through the hollow spindle in the same direction as the core yarn. With this preferred procedure the wrapping takes place as the yarns enter the hollow spindle so that the wrapping yarn protects the brittle fibres of the core yarn from abrasion by the rotating spindle itself.
A single wrapping yarn in the 'S' or 'Z' direction, is usually sufficient to protect the yarn during fabric manufacture, but if desired, multiple wrapping may be used, for example, double wrapping, one in the 'S' direction and the other in the 'Z' direction, to give a balanced yarn with good wrapping cover.
The wrapped yarn may be used to make the fabric by any suitable method employing yarn, such as weaving, knitting, braiding, pile weaving and pile tufting. The resulting fabrics have uses in a variety of areas including reinforcement for composite structures using resin, plastics, carbon or other matrices; barrier fabrics; protective clothing; anti-static fabrics; and electrically-conducting~fabrics. The invention includes fabrics made by the process of the invention.
The invention further includes a process for making a composite structure comprising making a fabric by the process of the invention in which fabric thermoplastic fibres are incorporated in addition to the other component fibres, and, after removal of the wrapping yarn from the fabric, heating the fabric under applied pressure to thermoform the thermoplastic fibres into a polymer matrix which incorporates the reinforcing fibres of the core yarn.
The thermoplastic fibres incorporated in the fabric may be in the form of continuous filaments or staple fibre yarns. Such yarns may be incorporated in the core yarn by being combined with the yarn or yarns of reinforcing fibres prior to wrapping. Alternatively, or in addition, they may be otherwise incorporated in the fabric. Thus, they may be knitted or woven into the structure, for example as alternate warps or wefts, or simply laid in at intervals, or used to constitute the entire warp or weft.
The invention includes a composite structure made by the process of the invention for making such a structure.
Suitable thermoplastic fibres comprise polyamides such as nylon 6, polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalatei and poly(butylene terephthalate), polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene and copolymers of ethylene and propylene, polysulphones such as polyethersulphone (PES), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
The thermoforming operation used to convert the thermoplastic fibres into a polymer matrix may be any suitable moulding or forming process, for example pressure moulding, vacuum forming, hot pressing or hot rolling. For example, fabric from which the temporary wrapping yarn has been removed may be cut and stacked in layers in a mould and then subjected to heat and pressure in the mould to convert the thermoplastic fibres to a polymer matrix. Different layers of a stack may be aligned in different directions or comprise fabrics of different construction to give tailored properties to the composite structure produced. Thermoplastic sheet or film may be interleaved in the stack to contribute to the formation of the polymer matrix.
The invention is illustrated by the following Examples EXAMPLE 1
An untwisted carbon filament yarn "Grafil" E/XA-S (Registered Trade Mark) of 3,000 filaments and 200 Tex overall count (203 Tex/3K) was wrapped with a continuous filament cellulose acetate yarn of 65 filaments and 330 dTex overall count (330 dTex/65) at 473 turns per metre (t.p.m.) 'S' wrapping twist, using a hollow spindle wrapping machine with both yarns passing through the spindle in the same direction.
The wrapped yarn was woven on a shuttle loom into a 5-shaft satin construction as both warp and weft at 7 ends/cm. and 7 picks/cm. to produce a fabric 1 metre wide of 285 gms/metre2 basis weight
The cellulose acetate yarn was dissolved out of the fabric by immersing the fabric in a bath of acetone at room temperature for three hours. The resulting fabric comprised 100 per cent carbon filaments and had outstanding appearance, handle and cover.
EXAMPLES 2, 3 and 4
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated using three different carbon filament core yarns but the same wrapping yarn with a wrapping twist of 394 t.p.m. 'S'. The yarns were woven into fabrics as follows:
Ends/ | Picks/ Basis wt. Example | Carbon Yarn Fabric cm. cm. gms/m2 2 | 400T/6K 5 Shaft Satin 4.3 4.3 344 3 | 200T/12K Plain 3.2 3.2 512 1 4 | 3,500T/54K Plain 4.0 4.0 2,800
The fabrics were washed with acetone as before and all had outstanding properties similar to the fabric of Example 1.
EXAMPLE 5
A wrapped yarn identical to that made for Example 3 was tufted into a non-woven polypropylene base fabric ("Typar" - Registered Trade Mark) of basis weight 135 gms/m2. The tufting machine was 0.32 cm. gauge, the stitch repeat was 4 stitches/cm. and the loop pile had a loop length of 2 cms.
The cellulose acetate wrapping yarn was dissolved out using acetone as in Example 1. The
resulting tufted pile fabric had a pile of 100 per cent carbon filaments and was useful as a radar absorption fabric, a flame-barrier fabric or as a three dimensional fabric reinforcement for a resin composite structure.
EXAMPLE 6
An unwanted carbon filament yarn "Grafil" E/XA-S (Registered Trade Mark) of 3,000 filaments and 200 Tex overall count (200 Tex/3K) was passed through the hollow spindle of a wrapping machine with four monofilaments (each of 38 Tex) of PEEK. The combined yarns were wrapped with a continuous filament cellulose acetate yarn of 65 filaments and 330 dTex overall count (33 dTex/65) at 473 t.p.m. 'S' wrapping twist.
The wrapped yarn was woven into a plain weave fabric at 4.7 ends/cm. and 3.7 picks/cm. The cellulose acetate wrapping yarn was dissolved out of the fabric by immersing the fabric in a bath of acetone at room temperature for three hours. The remaining carbon filament yarn and PEEK monofilaments spread out within the woven structure to give a fabric of good handle and cover.
A stack of eight layers of this fabric was placed in a mould wherein it was heated to 4000 C. under high pressure to form a moulded bar. The bar comprised a matrix of PEEK polymer reinforced by interwoven continuous filaments of carbon aligned longitudinally and transversely of rhe bar.
EXAMPLE 7
A wrapped yarn was made by the procedure of Example 6 using the same carbon fibre and cellulose acetate yarns but substituting a continuous filament yarn of "Kevlar" (1,420 dTex/1,000 filaments) for the PEEK monofilaments.
The wrapped yarn was woven on a shuttle loom into a 5-shaft satin construction as both warp and weft at 7 ends/cm. and 7 picks/cm.
The cellulose acetate wrapping yarn was dissolved out of the fabric as described in Example 6, leaving a fabric having excellent appearance, handle and cover and comprising just carbon and "Kevlar" filaments.
Claims (16)
1. A process for making a fabric comprising wrapping a core yarn comprising brittle, reinforcing fibres with a temporary wrapping yarn, constructing a fabric from the wrapped yarn and subsequently treating the fabric to remove the wrapping yarn without substantially adversely affecting the core yarn.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 in which the brittle reinforcing fibres comprise carbon fibres.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 in which the core yarn comprises other reinforcing fibres in combination with the brittle reinforcing fibres.
4. A process as claimed in claim 3 in which the other reinforcing fibres comprise aromatic polyamide fibres.
5. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4 in which the fabric is treated with a solvent for the temporary wrapping yarn to remove said yarn from the fabric.
6. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5 in which the wrapping yarn comprises cellulose acetate fibres.
7. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4 in which the wrapping yarn comprises cellulosic fibres and is removed by being burnt out of the fabric.
8. A process for making a fabric as claimed in any of claims 1 to 7 in which the wrapping of the core yarn is effected by feeding the core yarn through a rotating hollow spindle on which is mounted a package of the wrapping yarn, and withdrawing the wrapping yarn off the package and feeding it through the hollow spindle in the same direction as the core yarn so that the wrapping yarn is thereby wrapped around the core yarn.
9. A process for making a fabric as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8 in which thermoplastic fibres are incorporated in the fabric in addition to the other component fibres.
10. A process for making a fabric as claimed in claim 9 in which a yarn of thermoplastic fibres is incorporated in the core yarn by being combined with the yarn or yarns of reinforcing fibres prior to wrapping.
1 1. A process for making a fabric as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10 in which the fabric is constructed from the wrapped core yarn and a yarn of thermoplastic fibres.
12. A process for making a fabric substantially as hereinbefore described in any of Examples 1 to 7.
13. A fabric made by a process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 12.
14. A process for making a composite structure comprising making a fabric by a process as claimed in any of claims 9 to 11 and, after removal of the wrapping yarn from the fabric, heating the fabric under applied pressure to thermoform the thermoplastic fibres into a polymer matrix which incorporates the reinforcing fibres of the core yarn.
15. A process for making a composite structure substantially as hereinbefore described in Example 6.
16. A composite structure made by a process as claimed in claim 14 or claim 15.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8134429A GB2088914B (en) | 1980-11-17 | 1981-11-16 | Process for making fabrics |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8036842 | 1980-11-17 | ||
| GB8134429A GB2088914B (en) | 1980-11-17 | 1981-11-16 | Process for making fabrics |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2088914A true GB2088914A (en) | 1982-06-16 |
| GB2088914B GB2088914B (en) | 1984-07-18 |
Family
ID=26277541
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8134429A Expired GB2088914B (en) | 1980-11-17 | 1981-11-16 | Process for making fabrics |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2088914B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0806285A2 (en) * | 1996-05-08 | 1997-11-12 | Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. | Fiber structure for fiber reinforced composite material and method of making fiber reinforced composite material |
| US6073467A (en) * | 1994-04-06 | 2000-06-13 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Catalyst gauzes for gaseous reactions |
| CN105297271A (en) * | 2014-07-28 | 2016-02-03 | 波音公司 | Multi-material integrated knit thermal protection for industrial and vehicle applications |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102443954B (en) * | 2011-09-27 | 2014-07-02 | 东华大学 | Electromagnetic shielding weft knitted fabric formed of carbon filament core-spun yarns and purposes thereof |
-
1981
- 1981-11-16 GB GB8134429A patent/GB2088914B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6073467A (en) * | 1994-04-06 | 2000-06-13 | Degussa Aktiengesellschaft | Catalyst gauzes for gaseous reactions |
| EP0806285A2 (en) * | 1996-05-08 | 1997-11-12 | Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. | Fiber structure for fiber reinforced composite material and method of making fiber reinforced composite material |
| EP0806285A3 (en) * | 1996-05-08 | 1999-01-20 | Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. | Fiber structure for fiber reinforced composite material and method of making fiber reinforced composite material |
| CN105297271A (en) * | 2014-07-28 | 2016-02-03 | 波音公司 | Multi-material integrated knit thermal protection for industrial and vehicle applications |
| EP2980289A1 (en) * | 2014-07-28 | 2016-02-03 | The Boeing Company | Multi-material integrated knit thermal protection for industrial applications |
| US10184194B2 (en) | 2014-07-28 | 2019-01-22 | The Boeing Company | Multi-material integrated knit thermal protection for industrial and vehicle applications |
| US11339509B2 (en) | 2014-07-28 | 2022-05-24 | The Boeing Company | Multi-material integrated knit thermal protection for industrial and vehicle applications |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2088914B (en) | 1984-07-18 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 732 | Registration of transactions, instruments or events in the register (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |