GB2075554A - Production of powdered metal articles - Google Patents
Production of powdered metal articles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2075554A GB2075554A GB8113220A GB8113220A GB2075554A GB 2075554 A GB2075554 A GB 2075554A GB 8113220 A GB8113220 A GB 8113220A GB 8113220 A GB8113220 A GB 8113220A GB 2075554 A GB2075554 A GB 2075554A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- sintering
- powdered metal
- iron
- cause
- copper
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000012255 powdered metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001339 C alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C35/00—Rigid support of bearing units; Housings, e.g. caps, covers
- F16C35/02—Rigid support of bearing units; Housings, e.g. caps, covers in the case of sliding-contact bearings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
Abstract
A method of forming an article e.g. a bearing assembly A by bonding together two or more members formed from powdered metal, comprises forming a first member 10 having the desired configuration from an iron base powdered metal containing a sufficient amount of copper to cause the member to expand upon sintering, forming a second member 12 into a configuration such that it is adapted to engage in an interference fit with at least part of the first member, the second member being formed from an iron base powdered metal containing a sufficient amount of nickel to cause the member to shrink upon sintering, fitting the second member to the first member to form an interference fit therewith and such that on sintering the first member expands against the second member which, in turn, shrinks against the first member, and heating the assembly of the first and second member at a sintering temperature which is sufficient to cause the members to become metallurgically bonded together. Preferred compositions for the copper and nickel bearing powders are, respectively, by weight, Fe 93-96%; Cu 3-6%; C 0.5-1% and Fe 95-97.5%; Ni 2-4%; C 0.5-1%. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Production of powdered metal articles
This invention is concerned with the production of articles made of two or more members each formed from metal powders and which are metallurgically bonded together.
Powder metallurgy is a technique which is often used to fabricate intrically-shaped articles.
Its advantages over conventional metal fabricating techniques are well known. However, difficulty is often experienced when one attempts to permanently bond two powdered metal members or articles together.
In the past, in order to bond sintered powder metal articles together such techniques as brazing, molten metal infiltration and simple mechanical bonding employing an interference fit between the articles have all been used with varying degrees of success.
Brazing techniques are, in general, undesirable because they require multiple heat treatments and the use of expensive brazing materials.
Molten metal infiltration techniques also suffer from a plurality of problems. The main problem is that the bond achieved is usually imperfect and the technique is generally limited to joining together shapes having a limited degree of complexity. In addition, this technique suffers from the fact that the process itself and the material used therein are relatively expensive and, perhaps most importantly, it is difficult to control the size of the final structure.
The use of an interference fit to join powder metal articles together has met with some limited success. However, this technique is deficient in that mechanical joints are unreliable as they have a tendency to separate when subject to vibrations and can only be used on simple configurations.
We have now developed a method of bonding together two or more powder metal members regardless of their degree of complexity so as to produce a resultant structure which is metallurgically bonded together.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method of bonding together two or more members formed from powdered metal, which comprises
forming a first member having the desired configuration from an iron base powdered metal containing a sufficient amount of copper to cause the member to expand upon sintering,
forming a second member into a configuration such that it is adapted to engage in an interference fit with at least part of the first member, the second member being formed from an iron base powdered metal containing a sufficient amount of nickel to cause the member to shrink upon sintering,
fitting the second member to the first member to form an interference fit therewith and such that on sintering the first member expands against the second member which, in turn, shrinks against the first member, and
heating the assembly of the first and second members at a sintering temperature which is sufficient to cause the members to become metallurgically bonded together.
The present invention also comprises a sintered powdered metal article produced by the method according to the invention.
Further features and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description of a preferred embodiment thereof, given by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a plan view of a bearing assembly produced by the method according to the invention,
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2-2 of Figure 1, and
Figure 3 is a photomicrograph of the bond area formed between the first member and the second member.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2, a bearing assembly generally designated A consists of a first or inner member 10 and a second or outer member 12. The inner member 10 is generally oval in shape and has an upper surface 14 and a lower surface 1 6. An aperture 18 is formed in the inner member 10 and is adapted to receive or support a rotatable member (not shown).
The outer member 1 2 is generally rectangular in cross-section and has opposed sides 20, 22 and 24, 26 and is provided with a first outwardly extending flange 28 and a second outwardly extending flange 30. An aperture 32 is provided in the outer member 12 which is shaped and dimensioned such that the inner member 10 forms an interference fit within it.
In the practice of the present invention, the first member is formed to the desired configuration by conventional powder metal techniques from a mixture of iron base powder, copper powder and powdered carbon, the copper being present in an amount sufficient to cause the resultant member to expand upon sintering. In this regard, excellent results are achieved when the first member is made from a composition containing from 93 to 96 weight % iron, from 3.0 to 6.0 weight % copper, and from 0.5 to 1.0 weight % carbon. The techniques utilized to form such an article are well known in the art and as they do not form part of the present invention will not be discussed herein in detail. All that is critical is that the first member should be made from an iron base composition which contains sufficient copper to cause it to expand upon sintering.
The second member 1 2 is also made by conventional powder metal techniques into a configuration such that it is adapted to engage with the first member in an interference fit. The second member is made from a mixture of iron base powder, nickel powder and carbon powder, the nickel powder being present in an amount sufficient to cause the resultant member to shrink upon sintering. In this regard, excellent results are achieved when the second member is made from a composition containing from 95 to 97.5 weight % iron, from 2.0 to 4.0 weight % nickel, and from 0.5 to 1.0 weight % carbon. As the technique used to form the second member is well known in the art and does not form a part of the subject invention, it will not be discussed herein in detail.
The first member is then fitted within the second member in the manner shown particularly in Figure 2 and the assembly is then sintered in a reducing gas atmosphere at a temperature which is preferably from 2,000 to 2,0500 F. The exact sintering temperature used is not critical as long as it is sufficiently high as to cause copper to diffuse into the second or outer member so that the two members become metallurgically bonded together by the formation of a complex ironcopper-nickel-carbon alloy at the interface therebetween. The diffusion of copper into the second or outer member is assisted by the presence of carbon, which preferably is added to the original mixture of powdered metals as graphite. During the sintering treatment, the graphite goes into solution in both the first and second members.The copper diffuses into the second member at a temperature of about 2,0500F and alloys with the iron and nickel present creating a material which has a higher melting point than 2,050 F. As the sintering temperature used is not more than 2,0500 F, this material freezes resulting in a metallurgically diffused joint which has been found to be stronger than the individual strength of both the first and the second members. After sintering, the actual joint area cannot be seen using normal viewing methods. However, the bond which is formed between the members is clearly observable in
Figure 3 which is a photomicrograph at a magnification of 50 times of a section through the bond zone.In the photomicrograph, the reference character D indicates the structure of the first member and reference character E indicates the copper/carbon diffusion zone of the second member generally identified F.
The bearing assembly shown in Figures 1 and 2 was made as follows:
The second member was formed in a suitable mould from a composition containing 97.5 weight % iron, 2.0 weight % nickel and 0.5 weight % carbon. The particle size of the iron was -80 mesh (U.S. Sieve). The particle size of the nickel was in the range of 4-7 microns. The particle size of the carbon was about 2 microns.
These materials were mixed and poured into a suitable mould and compacted at a pressure of about 30 T.S.I.
The first member was formed from a mixture of 94.25 weight % iron, 5.0 weight % copper and 0.75 weight % carbon. The mixture was poured into a suitable mould and compacted at a pressure of about 30 T.S.I.
The first member was positioned in aperture 32 of the second member 12 to form an interference fit therewith. The assembly was then placed in a furnace and heated in an endothermic atmosphere to a temperature of about 2,0500F for a period of
about 0.2 hours.
The resultant structure was then removed from the sintering furnace and it was observed that the first member was metallurgically bonded to the second member.
From the foregoing, it is clear that the technique of the present invention makes it possible to fabricate complicated powder metal articles from a plurality of parts in an efficient and economical manner. In production, the method of the present invention results in significant energy and cost savings.
Claims (7)
1. A method of bonding together two or more members formed from powdered metal, which comprises
forming a first member having the desired configuration from an iron base powdered metal containing a sufficient amount of copper to cause the member to expand upon sintering,
forming a second member into a configuration such that it is adapted to engage in an interference fit with at least part of the first member, the second member being formed from an iron base powdered metal containing a sufficient amount of nickel to cause the member to shrink upon sintering,
fitting the second member to the first member to form an interference fit therewith and such that on sintering the first member expands against the second member which, in turn, shrinks against the first member, and
heating the assembly of the first and second members at a sintering temperature which is sufficient to cause the members to become metallurgically bonded together.
2. A method according to claim 1, in which the first member is formed from a metal powder containing, by weight, from 93 to 96% iron, from 3.0 to 6.0% copper, and from 0.5 to 1% carbon.
3. A method according to claim 2, in which the metal powder contains, by weight, 94.25% iron, 5.0% copper, and 0.75% carbon.
4. A method according to any of claims 1 to 3, in which the second member is formed from a metal powder containing, by weight, from 95 to 97.5% iron, from 2 to 4% nickel, and from 0.5 to 1% carbon.
5. A method according to claim 4, in which the metal powder contains, by weight,97.5% iron, 2.0% nickel, and 0.5% carbon.
6. A method of bonding together two or more members formed from powdered metal, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
7. A sintered powdered metal article when produced by the method claimed in any of the preceding claims.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US14747680A | 1980-05-07 | 1980-05-07 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2075554A true GB2075554A (en) | 1981-11-18 |
Family
ID=22521713
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8113220A Withdrawn GB2075554A (en) | 1980-05-07 | 1981-04-29 | Production of powdered metal articles |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS572803A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6968081A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8102797A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1190065A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3117282A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES501916A0 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2075554A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1170945B (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2201970A (en) * | 1986-12-26 | 1988-09-14 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | Process for making sintered layer-on-metal composite |
| GB2288609A (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 1995-10-25 | Nissan Motor | Method of preparing composite sintered body |
| EP0684103A1 (en) * | 1994-05-26 | 1995-11-29 | Schunk Sintermetalltechnik Gmbh | Method for assembling workpieces |
| WO1997018051A1 (en) * | 1993-04-13 | 1997-05-22 | Aozt 'novomet-Perm' | Process for producing composite articles |
| FR2792859A1 (en) * | 1999-04-28 | 2000-11-03 | Renault | Sintered steel rod incorporating at least one friction sleeve connected by hot diffusion of metal and its method of fabrication |
| US20170321488A1 (en) * | 2008-06-10 | 2017-11-09 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Methods of forming earth-boring tools including sinterbonded components |
-
1981
- 1981-04-21 AU AU69680/81A patent/AU6968081A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1981-04-29 GB GB8113220A patent/GB2075554A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-04-29 CA CA000376537A patent/CA1190065A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-04-30 DE DE19813117282 patent/DE3117282A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-05-01 JP JP6531181A patent/JPS572803A/en active Pending
- 1981-05-05 IT IT48394/81A patent/IT1170945B/en active
- 1981-05-06 BR BR8102797A patent/BR8102797A/en unknown
- 1981-05-06 ES ES501916A patent/ES501916A0/en active Granted
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2201970A (en) * | 1986-12-26 | 1988-09-14 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | Process for making sintered layer-on-metal composite |
| GB2201970B (en) * | 1986-12-26 | 1991-03-27 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | Sintered layer-on-steel composite |
| WO1997018051A1 (en) * | 1993-04-13 | 1997-05-22 | Aozt 'novomet-Perm' | Process for producing composite articles |
| GB2288609A (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 1995-10-25 | Nissan Motor | Method of preparing composite sintered body |
| GB2288609B (en) * | 1994-04-19 | 1997-07-23 | Nissan Motor | Method of preparing composite sintered body |
| EP0684103A1 (en) * | 1994-05-26 | 1995-11-29 | Schunk Sintermetalltechnik Gmbh | Method for assembling workpieces |
| FR2792859A1 (en) * | 1999-04-28 | 2000-11-03 | Renault | Sintered steel rod incorporating at least one friction sleeve connected by hot diffusion of metal and its method of fabrication |
| US20170321488A1 (en) * | 2008-06-10 | 2017-11-09 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Methods of forming earth-boring tools including sinterbonded components |
| US10144113B2 (en) * | 2008-06-10 | 2018-12-04 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Methods of forming earth-boring tools including sinterbonded components |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR8102797A (en) | 1982-02-02 |
| IT8148394A0 (en) | 1981-05-05 |
| DE3117282A1 (en) | 1982-01-14 |
| JPS572803A (en) | 1982-01-08 |
| AU6968081A (en) | 1981-11-12 |
| ES8302114A1 (en) | 1982-12-16 |
| IT1170945B (en) | 1987-06-03 |
| ES501916A0 (en) | 1982-12-16 |
| CA1190065A (en) | 1985-07-09 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 732 | Registration of transactions, instruments or events in the register (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |