GB2064109A - A Method of and Apparatus for Measuring the Concentration of Selected Components in Loose Materials - Google Patents
A Method of and Apparatus for Measuring the Concentration of Selected Components in Loose Materials Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2064109A GB2064109A GB8037277A GB8037277A GB2064109A GB 2064109 A GB2064109 A GB 2064109A GB 8037277 A GB8037277 A GB 8037277A GB 8037277 A GB8037277 A GB 8037277A GB 2064109 A GB2064109 A GB 2064109A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- vessel
- radiation
- detector
- source
- axis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
- G01N23/10—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in a luggage X-ray scanners
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
- G01N23/083—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
The measurement is performed by placing a sample of the material in cylindrical vessel 3, made of a material of a low attenuation coefficient, close to the attenuation coefficient of the sample. The axes of collimator source 1 and detector 2 (immovable in relation to each other) are perpendicular to the axis of the vessel and intersect preferably along the axis of said vessel. The detector and collimator move relative to the vessel such that the whole mass of the sample is penetrated by a narrow beam of X- or gamma -radiation. The measuring vessel may perform, reversing composite rotary and axial motion repeated several times, or the collimator and the detector perform reversible axial motion repeated several times along the axis while the vessel simultaneously rotates, or the collimator and the detector perform reversing helical motion repeated several times in relation to the axis. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
A Method of and Apparatus For Measuring Vke Concentration of Selected Components in
Loose Materials
The subject of the invention is a method.of and apparatus for measuring the concentration of selected components in loose materials at a high degree of heterogeneity by means of radiometnc methods, consisting in a measurement of )(- radiation or gamma radiation attenuated by a sample of the examined material.
The known methods of measuring of the concentration of particular components in loose materials, based on the measurement of Xradiation or gamma radiation which is bac scattered or passing through a sample, are carried out by maintaining a detector and a source at a constant distance from a levelled surface of the sample of a constant mass or mean constant superficial density. In the course of the measurement the detector and the source are immovable in relation to each other. The sample is presented in an immovable measuring vessel or is placed in a vessel on a rotary disc (Polish Patent
Specification No. C6224) or in a tubular samplepresenter provided with a helical conveyor (Berthold's-Herdt's ash-meter).
In the known methods the information on the content of a particular component does not come from the whole mass of the examined sample but from a region enclosed by a narrow collirnated beam of incident radiation, which in the case of high heterogeneity of the material causes the result to be subject to a considerable error.
Moreover, the known methods based on measurements of passing radiation enable measurernents of concentrations of components in materials of a high degree of break-up, practically below 2rmm, since such break-up renders it possible to obtain a representative sample reflecting the actual concentration of the measured component in the loose material.
The known methods have the disadvantage that they serve for recording of the concentration of only one constituent.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of measuring the concentmtion of selected components in loose materials of a high degree of heterogeneity, comprising; placing a sample of the material in a cylindrical vessel; providing a source of;(-radiation or Gamnia- radiation emitting along an axis intersecting the axis of said vessel at a right angle; providing a detector of the respective radiation, which detector is immovable with respect to the said source of radiation and detects radiation along an axis which intersects the axis oF the measuring vessel at a right angle, whereby the sample of the material in the vessel is exposed to a beam of the radiation; effecting relative motion between the measuring vessel and the source and detector of radiation such that the beam of radiation adally traverses along the vessel while rotating arbour the axis of symmetry of the cylindrical vessel; and recording the attenuated radiation sensed by the detector, during a fixed measurement time; wherein the attenuation coefficient of the material of the measuring vessel to the exposing radiation is close to the attenuation coefficient to said radiation of the measured loose material.
Plating the examined sample of a loose material in a cylindrical measuring vessel situated preferably horizontally in the method of measurement of the concentration according to the invention maintains a mean constant superficial density.
The desired rotation and axial traversing of the sample may be achieved in any of several different ways.
For example, the motion may be effected by axial displacement of the cylindricai measuring vessel past said source and detector of radiation.
Alternatively, said axial traversing motion is effected by displacing the said radiation source and detector together along a direction parallel to the axis of said measuring vessel.
In another iorm said rotation of the beam is achieved by moving said source and detector of radiation together around a path centred on the axis of symmetry of the vessel.
The invention also provides apparatus for measuring the concentration of at least one component ir a loose material, comprising a collimated source of a beam of )(-radiation or
Gamma radiation; a detector of the radiation; a cylindrical vessel arranged with its axis perpendicular to the axis of the collimated radiation frown said source, and such that the detector is capable of detecting radiation which has emanated from said source and passed through said vessel; and msans for establishing a relative motion between said vessel and said source and detector of radiation such that a reciprocatory axial traverse of the radiation beam along the vessel and rotation of the beam with respect to the vessel are executed, wherein the material forming the cylindrical vessel is capable of transmitting said radiation with a low coefficient of attenuation.
During a simultaneous recording of -two or more parameters, for example of the density of the material and the ash content, the measurement is performed by means of two detectors or collimators which also remain immovable in relation to each other. In order to hold the material in the measuring field and to prevent its displacement the measuring vessel is provided with at least one partition dividing the vessel axially. The movement of the detector and the collimator in relation to the measuring vessel is performed in such a manner so that the whole mass of the examined sample is penetrated by a narrow beam of radiation.For that purpose during the measurment the measuring vessel performs reversible screw motion repeated several times, or the collimator and the detector immovable in relation to each other perform plane-reversible motion repeated several tirnes along the axis of the measuring vessel which is at the same time performing rotary motion, or the collimator and the detector perform reversible screw motion repeated several times in relation to the axis of the immovable measuring vessel.
In each of the above-mentioned cases the same measuring conditions are maintained which
ensure obtaining the information on the content of a particular component in the whole mass of the examined sample. The present method renders it possibie to examine the whole mass of the sample by means of a narrow beam of radiation, at the maximum sensitivity of the measurement, and at the same time it makes the result of the measurement independent of instantaneous values of the superficial density whose mean value remains constant in the course of the measurement. The mean superficial density of the sample is matched with the quantum energy of the applied source and with the granulation of the sample whose grains may be bigger than in the methods applied hitherto.
The method according to the invention reduces considerably the error caused by a big heterogeneity of the material and by changes of its grain composition, it eliminates the operation of leveling of the layer before the measurement, and it concerns the whole mass of the sample, making the result independent of the way in which the sample is poured.
Example
Before starting the actual measurement the calibration of the ash meter is performed. For this purpose the standard samples, i.e., the samples of a known concentration of the examined components and of the same mass, are poured into a measuring vessel of a constant volume and are subjected to the action of a narrow beam of gamma radiation during a fixed time of the measurement. Radiation attenuated after passing through the standard sample is recorded by a detector and electric pulses from the detector are converted and counted, and after the completion of the measurement they are displayed in a form of the number of pulses.In case of the measurement of the content of ash in coal the following means were applied:
a source of gamma radiation-Am-241 isotope of the quantum energy of 61 keV and activity of 50 mCi,
a cylindrical vessel of thin-wall organic glass whose volume is determined by its dimensions sb (diameter)=100 mm, h (axial length)=200 mm,
as the detector scintillation probe SSU-70 with a crystal NaH/TI.
The calibration samples were ten samples of air-dry coal with the grain size of 0--6 mm and a
mass of 1 kg each. The ash content A of these samples was within the range from 5% to 25%, and the indications of the ash meter N corresponding to those samples were in the range of
pulse 608 748 to 771 585
100 sec.
By means of the method of least squares the co-efficients a and b of the equation of the calibration curve N=aA+b were calculated. The diagram of the curve is shown in a drawing. The equation is used for drawing up of a reading table or is recalibrated in the computer of the ash meter;
In order to measure the ash content from a batch of coal, 1 kg of its mass is collected, poured into the measuring vessel which is then placed in the measuring field of the ash meter and the measurement is performed similarly to that of the standard samples.
The result of the measurement at a calibration curve introduced into the system is either read directly as the percentage ash content A or indicated as the number of pulses N from which the ash content (%) can be calculated according to the formula N-b A=
a, or read from the computer table drawn up according to the equation of the calibration curve.
For example, for a sample for which the indication is N=608 748 pulses, (the co-efficients a and b having been calibrated as 8217 380 and 81 7 920.09, respectively) the ash content calculated from the calibration equation is N-b 608748-817 920.09 A= = =25.45%.
a 8217.380
The accompanying drawing shows in Figure 1 a diagram of the calibration curve of the equation N=821 7.38A-81 7920.09.
where: N-indication of the ash meter (pulses) A-ash content (%)
The distribution of measuring points of samples used for calibration is shown by the plotted points.
The source-detector pair is arranged so that the axes of the collimated source and detector are collinear with the source to one side of the sample and the detector to the other. Such an arrangement is depicted in Figure 2 showing the collimator and radiation source 1, the detector 2 and the measuring vessel 3.
The degree of filling of the cylindrical container depends upon the content of the measured material in the Sample being investigated, so the measurement is effected with a substantially constant mass.
Claims (15)
1. A method of measuring the concentration of selected components in loose materials of a high degree of heterogeneity, comprising; placing a sample of the material in a cylindrical vessel; providing a source of X-radiation or Gammaradiation emitting along an axis intersecting the axis of said vessel at a right angle; providing a detector of the respective radiation, which detector is immovable with respect to the said source of radiation and detects radiation along an axis which intersects the axis of the measuring vessel at a right angle, whereby the sample of the material in the vessel is-exposed to a beam of the radiation; effecting relative motion between the measuring vessel and the source and detector of radiation such that the beam of radiation axially traverses along the vessel while rotating about the axis of symmetry of the cylindrical vessel; and recording the attenuated radiation sensed by the detector, during a fixed measurement time; wherein the attenuation co-efficient of the material of the measuring vessel to the exposing radiation is close to the attenuation co-efficient to said radiation of the measured loose material.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said axial traversing motion is carried out for several cycles of reversal of movement.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said rotation of the beam relative to the vessel is carried out for several cycles of reversal of movement.
4. A method according to claim 1,2 or 3, wherein said axial traversing motion is effected by axial displacement of the cylindrical measuring vessel past said source and detector of radiation.
5. A method according to claim 1,2, or 3, wherein said axial traversing motion is effected by displacing the said radiation source and detector together along a direction parallel to the axis of said measuring vessel.
6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said rotation of the beam is achieved by moving said source and detector of radiation together around a path centred on the axis of symmetry of the vessel.
7. A method according to claim 6 when appendant to claim 5, wherein said path is a helical path centred on the axis of symmetry of said cylindrical measuring vessel, whereby said source and detector of radiation both execute simultaneously an axial traversing action and a rotation about said measuring vessel.
8. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said relative motion between the vessel and the beam is carried out by rotating the cylindrical vessel about its axis.
9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said cylindrical
measuring vessel has its axis horizontal.
10. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the axes of said source and detector of the radiation intersect the axis of said measuring vessel at the same point.
11. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said source of radiation includes a collimator.
12. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said measuring vessel is provided with at least one partition wall dividing the vessel axially into two compartments.
13. A method according to claim 12, wherein the said source and detector of radiation operate to one side of one partition wall and a second source and detector of the radiation operate to the other side of said partition wall to carry out simultaneous measurements.
14. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said loose material is coal and the vessel is formed of organic glass.
15. A method of measuring the concentration of selected components in loose materials of a high degree of heterogeneity, such method being substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
1 6. Apparatus for measuring the concentration of at least one component in a loose material, comprising a collimated source of a beam of Xradiation or Gamma-radiation; a detector of the radiation; a cylindrical vessel arranged with its axis perpendicular to the axis of the collimated radiation from said source, and such that the detector is capable of detecting radiation which has emanated from said source and passed through said vessel; and means for establishing a relative motion between said vessel and said source and detector of radiation such that a reciprocatory axial traverse of the radiation beam along the vessel and rotation of the beam with respect to the vessel are executed, wherein the material forming the cylindrical vessel is capable of transmitting said radiation with a low coefficient of attenuation.
1 7. Apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said vessel is of organic glass.
1 8. Apparatus for measuring the concentration of at least one component of a loose material, such apparatus being in accordance with claim 1 6 and substantially as hereinbefore described.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL1979219791A PL121313B2 (en) | 1979-11-20 | 1979-11-20 | Method of measurement of concentration of chosen components of loose materialspuchikh materialov |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2064109A true GB2064109A (en) | 1981-06-10 |
| GB2064109B GB2064109B (en) | 1984-06-27 |
Family
ID=19999552
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8037277A Expired GB2064109B (en) | 1979-11-20 | 1980-11-20 | Method of and apparatus for measuring the concentration of selected components in loose materials |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE3041362A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2470379A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2064109B (en) |
| PL (1) | PL121313B2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0079600A2 (en) * | 1981-11-13 | 1983-05-25 | Heimann GmbH | Method and apparatus for the control of the contents of containers |
| RU214630U1 (en) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-11-08 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Федеральный исследовательский центр угля и углехимии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук" | Device for registration of natural gamma radiation of bulk solids |
| CN117434084A (en) * | 2023-12-06 | 2024-01-23 | 四川万圣通实业有限公司 | Digital detection device and detection method for steel pipe |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1143631A (en) * | 1965-05-03 | 1969-02-26 | ||
| US3518425A (en) * | 1966-05-17 | 1970-06-30 | Ohmart Corp | Method and apparatus utilizing a radioactive source and detector for weighing material carried by a screw conveyor |
-
1979
- 1979-11-20 PL PL1979219791A patent/PL121313B2/en unknown
-
1980
- 1980-11-03 DE DE19803041362 patent/DE3041362A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-11-17 FR FR8024383A patent/FR2470379A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-11-20 GB GB8037277A patent/GB2064109B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0079600A2 (en) * | 1981-11-13 | 1983-05-25 | Heimann GmbH | Method and apparatus for the control of the contents of containers |
| EP0079600A3 (en) * | 1981-11-13 | 1984-05-30 | Heimann Gmbh | Method and apparatus for the control of the contents of containers |
| RU214630U1 (en) * | 2022-04-11 | 2022-11-08 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Федеральный исследовательский центр угля и углехимии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук" | Device for registration of natural gamma radiation of bulk solids |
| CN117434084A (en) * | 2023-12-06 | 2024-01-23 | 四川万圣通实业有限公司 | Digital detection device and detection method for steel pipe |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2064109B (en) | 1984-06-27 |
| FR2470379A1 (en) | 1981-05-29 |
| PL219791A2 (en) | 1980-11-03 |
| PL121313B2 (en) | 1982-04-30 |
| DE3041362A1 (en) | 1981-06-04 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US8515008B2 (en) | Apparatus and method for X-ray fluorescence analysis of a mineral sample | |
| Ferguson et al. | Water content measurement in soil columns by gamma ray absorption | |
| Nielsen | Gamma-ray-attenuation used for measuring the moisture content and homogeneity of porous concrete | |
| US5113421A (en) | Method and apparatus for measuring the thickness of a coating on a substrate | |
| Wölfel | A new method for quantitative X-ray analysis of multiphase mixtures | |
| Brinkman et al. | Absolute standardization with a NaI (Tl) crystal-II determination of the total efficiency | |
| US3183351A (en) | Measurement of fluid density by detecting radiating scattered from selected portionsalong the primary beam path | |
| Davis et al. | Moisture content in drying wood using direct scanning gamma-ray densitometry | |
| US3505520A (en) | Measuring the incombustible content of mine dust using backscatter of low energy gamma rays | |
| GB2064109A (en) | A Method of and Apparatus for Measuring the Concentration of Selected Components in Loose Materials | |
| US3626183A (en) | Radioisotope analytical instrument for cement analysis of concrete | |
| US3967122A (en) | Radiation analyzer utilizing selective attenuation | |
| US3859525A (en) | Method and apparatus for fluorescent x-ray analysis | |
| Doff et al. | Determination of α-impurities in the β-polymorph of inosine using infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction | |
| US3816747A (en) | Method and apparatus for measuring lattice parameter | |
| Harland | A radio-active method for measuring variations in density in concrete cores, cubes and beams | |
| AU702503B2 (en) | Non-invasive measurement of wool or meat yield | |
| Cuttitta et al. | Slope-ratio technique for the determination of trace elements by X-ray spectroscopy: A new approach to matrix problems | |
| Bacon et al. | A spectrometer for single crystal neutron diffraction | |
| JPH0153416B2 (en) | ||
| JPS61175553A (en) | Measurement for density of material | |
| JPH07209212A (en) | Phase type tomographic system for observing object in liquid | |
| JPS62168080A (en) | Measuring instrument for radiation concentration | |
| RU2098800C1 (en) | Gamma-stereoscopy device | |
| SU461687A1 (en) | Composition for obtaining tissue equivalent material |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |