GB2057830A - Surgical operating tables - Google Patents
Surgical operating tables Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2057830A GB2057830A GB8027160A GB8027160A GB2057830A GB 2057830 A GB2057830 A GB 2057830A GB 8027160 A GB8027160 A GB 8027160A GB 8027160 A GB8027160 A GB 8027160A GB 2057830 A GB2057830 A GB 2057830A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- table top
- surgical operating
- skins
- bonded
- operating table
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003678 scratch resistant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001342 Bakelite® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005439 Perspex® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004637 bakelite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/04—Positioning of patients; Tiltable beds or the like
- A61B6/0407—Supports, e.g. tables or beds, for the body or parts of the body
- A61B6/0442—Supports, e.g. tables or beds, for the body or parts of the body made of non-metallic materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
- A61G13/00—Operating tables; Auxiliary appliances therefor
- A61G13/10—Parts, details or accessories
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61G—TRANSPORT, PERSONAL CONVEYANCES, OR ACCOMMODATION SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PATIENTS OR DISABLED PERSONS; OPERATING TABLES OR CHAIRS; CHAIRS FOR DENTISTRY; FUNERAL DEVICES
- A61G13/00—Operating tables; Auxiliary appliances therefor
- A61G13/10—Parts, details or accessories
- A61G13/12—Rests specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of patient-supporting surfaces
- A61G13/128—Rests specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of patient-supporting surfaces with mechanical surface adaptations
- A61G13/129—Rests specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of patient-supporting surfaces with mechanical surface adaptations having surface parts for adaptation of the size, e.g. for extension or reduction
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
- Accommodation For Nursing Or Treatment Tables (AREA)
Abstract
A cantilever operating table comprises a table top comprising carbon or synthetic organic fibre skins 5 bonded to aluminium side members 4 and a thermo-plastic foam core 6 to render the patients carrying portion of the table top free from metallic support for total accessability of x-rays at all points along its length.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Improvements in surgical operating tables
This invention relates to improvements in surgical operating table tops.
It is well known that carbon fibre composites have a transparency to x-ray, are light with high strength and rigidity and when formed as a skin over thermoplastic foam provide a rigid sandwich table top material.
It is evident that the increasing use of radiology as an important tool in operating surgery necessitates completely new thinking in the design of operating tables. Equally acknowledged is the fact that x-ray exposure is potentially harmful, and it is the continuing responsibility of the medical profession to conduct x-ray examination with maximum efficiency avoiding unnecessary exposures by all available means consistent with the acquisition of necessary diagnostic information. Existing operating tables have a top consisting of thick aluminium cast sections (i.e. 3, 4 or 5 sections) which is mounted on a central support column. Although this forms a strong stiff structure it is not x-ray translucent.In order to build x-ray facilities into the operating table top thin (10 mm thick) x-ray translucent panels (i.e. polycarbonate, perspex, bakelite) are used in certain accessible areas to replace part of the aluminium top structure. This has had the effect of drastically reducing the structural stability of the table top while only giving very limited x-ray accessability. The carbon fibre structure proposed overcomes the above mentioned problems by vastly improving both xray absorption and structural properties of existing operating table tops.
By using composite sandwich panels of the proposed construction the x-ray absorption is reduced by up to 50% compared with the thin x-ray translucent panels currently used. It has been shown that by using this construction considerable radiation reduction can be achieved with positive effects on image quality. This reduction in patient dosage gives a longer life to the expensive x-ray tubes employed in the radiographic processes.
The low absorption properties of the proposed construction, combined with low weight allows sections to be used which gives an operating table top with high strength/stiffness characteristics. This allows the top to be edge mounted in a configuration that enables x-ray scans/slots to be taken over the full area of the operating table top. The operating team as well as x-ray apparatus and Image intensifiers have free access under the table top.
Due to the strength and stiffness of the proposed construction the panel sections can be actuated by mechanisms driven on one side only as opposed to both sides on existing tables thereby effectively reducing the number of actuating mechanisms used. Discrete joints/hinges are incorporated into the panels allowing actuation to be made by hydraulic, pneumatic or manual means. It is usual for some panel sections to be removable and interchangeable and the lightweight C.F.R.P.
panels proposed make handleability more efficient.
According to the invention a surgical operating table comprises a cantilever mounted multi-position table top composed of carbon or synthetic organic fibre composite skins bonded to aluminium side members and a thermoplastic foam core to render the patient carrying portion of the table top free from metallic support for total accessability of xrays at all points along its length.
The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the cantilever table,
Figure 2 is a side elevation thereof,
Figure 3 is an enlarged section on line 3-3
Fig. 1,
Figure 4 is a detail section enlarged on line 4-4 Fig. 1,
Figure 5 is an exploded view of the carbon fibre assembly,
Figure 6 is a side elevation of the ratchet and pawl mechanism,
Figure 7 is a plan view of same.
The cantilever table top 1 is adjustably mounted on a pedestal 2 to be capable of tilting horizontally and vertically in either direction and comprises a plurality of sections 3 hinged together at 3a so as to be individually, positionally adjustable. The end deflection under combined torsional and flexural loading over 1300 mm cantilever length should not exceed 25 mm under an eccentric load of 1 35 KG (this deflection represents the bating if an individual sits on one corner of the table top). An eccentric load (applied at the same point) of 255KG must not cause any permanent deformation and the table top shouls withstand 1 00,000 cycles when subjected to the 135 KG eccentric load condition.
Each section 3 of the table top comprises an aluminium extrusion side member or boom 4 connected by carbon fibre or synthetic organic fibre composite skins 5 combined with a thermoplastic foam core 6 to form a sandwich panel 6a. The alloy side member or booms 4 are incorporated in the panel construction first to take bending loads and provide flexural stiffness, and secondly as a means of connecting the individual panel sections with hinge joint mechanisms, and for side attachment of operating accessories. The actuating mechanism for locking the hinges in position is provided on one side of the side booms.
The carbon fibre or synthetic organic fibre skins 5 are in the form of undirectional; crossplied or woven reinforcement with a thermosetting resin matrix.
Carbon fibres typically possess strengths of 1.4 to 3.0 GPa; and Youngs moduli of elasticity of 200 to 440 GPa.
The preferred resinous matrix material in which the carbon fibres are diagnosed is a thermosetting resin e.g. epoxy resin, polyester resin or phenolic resin.
The core material 6 is a rigid, structural thermoplastic foam shaped to the predetermined form, and is a low x-ray attenuation medium.
The extruded rectangular box section (Fig.
3) is preferably of aluminium alloy grade HE30, which is a high strength, corrosion resistant metal and is anodised as a pre treatment process to improve the bonding of the composite skins 5 and the foam core 6 of the panels 6a. The composite skins 5 forming the table top are cured in an autoclave under a pressure of 0.6 MPa at a temperature of 300 F, the shape of the skins being determined by the use of a moulding tool. The foam core 6 is machined to the pre-determined panel shape and size. The carbon fibre skins, foam core and aluminium extrusion are then bonded together in a stepwise operation using flexible toughened epoxy resin adhesives.
Alternatively, the entire panel assembly may be fabricated in a "one-shot" moulding operation using a moulding tool, and curing the composite skins and bonding the panel assembly in a single stage operation.
Subsequent to fabrication the sandwich panels 6 undergo machining operations for attachment of the hinge joints and actuating mechanisms to the aluminium extrusion sidemembers or booms 4.
Finally the composite skins are varnished with a polyurethane lacquer finish to improve their scratch resistance.
Referring to Figs. 6 and 7 and ratchet and pawl 10 is actuated by an engaging/disengaging hand lever 11. Each panel is connected to an adjacent panel by a pin 12 passing through the fork end of the next panel.
Channels 7 are bonded or bolted to the underside of the edges of the lower skin 5 to receive x-ray cassettes 8 which may be slid along the channels under any particular portion of the body to obtain photos from an xray apparatus 9.
The x-ray attenuation value should be a maximum and consistent value of 1 mm aluminium equivalence at 100 KV, in line with proposed safety regulations on patient dosage.
The table top surface must be flat, smooth and scratch resistant; and easily cleanable using clinical cleaning solutions.
CLAIMS (20Aug 1980)
1. A surgical operating table top comprising a cantilever mounted multi-position table composed of carbon or synthetic organic fibre composite skins bonded to aluminium side members and a thermoplastic foam core to render the patient-carrying portion of the table top free from metallic support for total accessability of x-rays at all points along its length.
2. A surgical operating table top as in
Claim 1, in which the carbon or synthetic organic fibre composite is bonded to longitudinal side members at each side, the side members being mounted on a pedestal at one end capable of tilting in any direction.
3. A surgical operating table top as in
Claims 1 and 2 constructed in sections pivotally hinged together and capable of individual movement in vertical planes.
4. A surgical operating table top as in
Claims 1 to 3 in which each section forms a panel comprising top and bottom skins of the carbon or synthetic organic fibres composite with a foam core sandwiched there between, the composite skins and foam core being bonded together and to the side members of, each section.
5. A surgical operating table top as in any of Claims 1 to 4 in which channels are bonded or bolted to the underside of the lower skin and side members to receive x-ray cassettes which may be slid along the channels to obtain x-ray photos of any particular part of a body on the table.
6. A cantilever surgical operating table top substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
CLAIMS (30 Dec 1980)
1. A surgical operating table comprising a cantilever mounted multi-position table composed of carbon or graphite fibre composite skins bonded to aluminium side members to render the patient-carrying portion of the table top free from matallic support for total accessability of x-rays at all points along its length, in which the carbon or graphite fibre composite is bonded to longitudinal box frames at each side, the box frames being mounted on a pedestal at one end of the table to be capable of tilting in either direction.
2. A surgical operating table as in Claim 1 constructed in sections pivotally hinged together for relative movement.
3. A surgical operating table as in claims 1 or 2 in which each section forms a panel comprising top and bottom skins of the carbon or graphite composite with a foam core sandwiched therebetween, the composite skins and foam core being bonded together and to the box frames of each section.
4. A surgical operating table as in any of claim 1 to 3 in which channels are bonded to the underside of the lower skin to receive xray plates which may be slid along the channel to obtain x-ray plates of any particular part of a body on the table.
5. A surgical operating table as in any of
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.
Claims (5)
- **WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **.Carbon fibres typically possess strengths of 1.4 to 3.0 GPa; and Youngs moduli of elasticity of 200 to 440 GPa.The preferred resinous matrix material in which the carbon fibres are diagnosed is a thermosetting resin e.g. epoxy resin, polyester resin or phenolic resin.The core material 6 is a rigid, structural thermoplastic foam shaped to the predetermined form, and is a low x-ray attenuation medium.The extruded rectangular box section (Fig.3) is preferably of aluminium alloy grade HE30, which is a high strength, corrosion resistant metal and is anodised as a pre treatment process to improve the bonding of the composite skins 5 and the foam core 6 of the panels 6a. The composite skins 5 forming the table top are cured in an autoclave under a pressure of 0.6 MPa at a temperature of 300 F, the shape of the skins being determined by the use of a moulding tool. The foam core 6 is machined to the pre-determined panel shape and size. The carbon fibre skins, foam core and aluminium extrusion are then bonded together in a stepwise operation using flexible toughened epoxy resin adhesives.Alternatively, the entire panel assembly may be fabricated in a "one-shot" moulding operation using a moulding tool, and curing the composite skins and bonding the panel assembly in a single stage operation.Subsequent to fabrication the sandwich panels 6 undergo machining operations for attachment of the hinge joints and actuating mechanisms to the aluminium extrusion sidemembers or booms 4.Finally the composite skins are varnished with a polyurethane lacquer finish to improve their scratch resistance.Referring to Figs. 6 and 7 and ratchet and pawl 10 is actuated by an engaging/disengaging hand lever 11. Each panel is connected to an adjacent panel by a pin 12 passing through the fork end of the next panel.Channels 7 are bonded or bolted to the underside of the edges of the lower skin 5 to receive x-ray cassettes 8 which may be slid along the channels under any particular portion of the body to obtain photos from an xray apparatus 9.The x-ray attenuation value should be a maximum and consistent value of 1 mm aluminium equivalence at 100 KV, in line with proposed safety regulations on patient dosage.The table top surface must be flat, smooth and scratch resistant; and easily cleanable using clinical cleaning solutions.CLAIMS (20Aug 1980) 1. A surgical operating table top comprising a cantilever mounted multi-position table composed of carbon or synthetic organic fibre composite skins bonded to aluminium side members and a thermoplastic foam core to render the patient-carrying portion of the table top free from metallic support for total accessability of x-rays at all points along its length.
- 2. A surgical operating table top as in Claim 1, in which the carbon or synthetic organic fibre composite is bonded to longitudinal side members at each side, the side members being mounted on a pedestal at one end capable of tilting in any direction.
- 3. A surgical operating table top as in Claims 1 and 2 constructed in sections pivotally hinged together and capable of individual movement in vertical planes.
- 4. A surgical operating table top as in Claims 1 to 3 in which each section forms a panel comprising top and bottom skins of the carbon or synthetic organic fibres composite with a foam core sandwiched there between, the composite skins and foam core being bonded together and to the side members of, each section.
- 5. A surgical operating table as in any of claims 1 to 4 in which the ends of the composite skins of adjacent sections are bonded together to form a continuous table top.5. A surgical operating table top as in any of Claims 1 to 4 in which channels are bonded or bolted to the underside of the lower skin and side members to receive x-ray cassettes which may be slid along the channels to obtain x-ray photos of any particular part of a body on the table.6. A cantilever surgical operating table top substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.CLAIMS (30 Dec 1980) 1. A surgical operating table comprising a cantilever mounted multi-position table composed of carbon or graphite fibre composite skins bonded to aluminium side members to render the patient-carrying portion of the table top free from matallic support for total accessability of x-rays at all points along its length, in which the carbon or graphite fibre composite is bonded to longitudinal box frames at each side, the box frames being mounted on a pedestal at one end of the table to be capable of tilting in either direction.2. A surgical operating table as in Claim 1 constructed in sections pivotally hinged together for relative movement.3. A surgical operating table as in claims 1 or 2 in which each section forms a panel comprising top and bottom skins of the carbon or graphite composite with a foam core sandwiched therebetween, the composite skins and foam core being bonded together and to the box frames of each section.4. A surgical operating table as in any of claim 1 to 3 in which channels are bonded to the underside of the lower skin to receive xray plates which may be slid along the channel to obtain x-ray plates of any particular part of a body on the table.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8027160A GB2057830A (en) | 1979-08-29 | 1980-08-20 | Surgical operating tables |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7929864 | 1979-08-29 | ||
| GB8027160A GB2057830A (en) | 1979-08-29 | 1980-08-20 | Surgical operating tables |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2057830A true GB2057830A (en) | 1981-04-01 |
Family
ID=26272698
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8027160A Withdrawn GB2057830A (en) | 1979-08-29 | 1980-08-20 | Surgical operating tables |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2057830A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2646599A1 (en) * | 1989-05-05 | 1990-11-09 | Howard Stanley Weight | SUPPORT SURFACE, IN PARTICULAR FOR A HOSPITAL BED |
| EP0992217A1 (en) * | 1998-10-09 | 2000-04-12 | MAQUET Aktiengesellschaft | Operating table system |
| WO2000048822A1 (en) * | 1999-02-17 | 2000-08-24 | Virgo Originals Limited | Composite structures |
| EP1174087A2 (en) | 2000-07-21 | 2002-01-23 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Tabletop for radiation therapy and diagnostic imaging |
| US7971298B2 (en) | 2005-11-10 | 2011-07-05 | Maquet Gmbh & Co. Kg. | Upholstery element for a patient bed of an operating table |
| WO2014168532A1 (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2014-10-16 | Stille Ab | Improved surgical tables |
-
1980
- 1980-08-20 GB GB8027160A patent/GB2057830A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2646599A1 (en) * | 1989-05-05 | 1990-11-09 | Howard Stanley Weight | SUPPORT SURFACE, IN PARTICULAR FOR A HOSPITAL BED |
| EP0992217A1 (en) * | 1998-10-09 | 2000-04-12 | MAQUET Aktiengesellschaft | Operating table system |
| US6322251B1 (en) | 1998-10-09 | 2001-11-27 | Maquet Ag | Operating table system |
| WO2000048822A1 (en) * | 1999-02-17 | 2000-08-24 | Virgo Originals Limited | Composite structures |
| EP1174087A2 (en) | 2000-07-21 | 2002-01-23 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Tabletop for radiation therapy and diagnostic imaging |
| EP1174087A3 (en) * | 2000-07-21 | 2003-08-27 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Tabletop for radiation therapy and diagnostic imaging |
| US6904630B2 (en) | 2000-07-21 | 2005-06-14 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Tabletop for radiation therapy and diagnostic imaging |
| US7971298B2 (en) | 2005-11-10 | 2011-07-05 | Maquet Gmbh & Co. Kg. | Upholstery element for a patient bed of an operating table |
| WO2014168532A1 (en) * | 2012-04-13 | 2014-10-16 | Stille Ab | Improved surgical tables |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |