GB1583808A - Convective heat transfer steam boiler for fuels of low energy and ash content - Google Patents

Convective heat transfer steam boiler for fuels of low energy and ash content Download PDF

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Publication number
GB1583808A
GB1583808A GB2896977A GB2896977A GB1583808A GB 1583808 A GB1583808 A GB 1583808A GB 2896977 A GB2896977 A GB 2896977A GB 2896977 A GB2896977 A GB 2896977A GB 1583808 A GB1583808 A GB 1583808A
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Prior art keywords
steam
duct
heat exchanger
combustor
flue gases
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Expired
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GB2896977A
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Electric Power Research Institute Inc
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Electric Power Research Institute Inc
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Publication of GB1583808A publication Critical patent/GB1583808A/en
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01KSTEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
    • F01K7/16Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type
    • F01K7/22Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines being only of turbine type the turbines having inter-stage steam heating
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22STEAM GENERATION
    • F22BMETHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus

Description

(54) CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER STEAM BOILER FOR FUELS OF LOW ENERGY AND ASH CONTENT (71) We, ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC., a Corporation organized under the laws of the District of Columbia, United States of America of 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, State of California, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a Patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement.
This invention relates to improvements in the generation of steam for use in operating steam turbine means to produce useful work and, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for generating steam by using convection heat transfer structure rather than radiant heat transfer structure.
In a conventional steam generator using conventional high-energy content fuels, furnace heat is transferred by the wellknown phenomena of radiant heat transfer.
The reason for this is that a radiant heat transfer approach is necessary because materials capable of withstanding the high flame temperatures associated with highenergy content fuels and high-ash fuels are generally not available. The furnace is a large and expensive component of a conventional steam boiler for power production. The furnace must be relatively large to provide for efficient radiant heat transfer and because of its size, the furnace has a relatively high manufacturing cost. Moreover, such a furnace is cost-ineffective in use when ashfree, low-energy content gasified coal fuels are used. A need has, therefore, arisen, for an improved steam generating system which can accommodate low-energy content fuels, such as gasified coal, yet minimize the cost of production of the furnace and still provide for efficiencies in the generation of steam.
The primary object of the present invention is to provide a steam generating system for use with steam turbine means wherein the system uses a convective boiler rather than a radiant heat furnace for changing water to steam to thereby minimize the cost of the system, yet permit the system to be fueled with low-energy content fuels, such as gasified coal.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a system of the type described wherein the convective boiler has a combustor and a heat exchanger across the path of the flue gases developed in the combustor to eliminate the need for a bulky, inefficient radiant heat furnace and permit a wide range of low-energy content fuels to be used.
According to the present invention there is proposed a convective heat transfer steam generator comprising a combustor having an exit for flue gases emanating therefrom, means including an air preheater coupled with said combustor for directing a pressurized mixture of combustion air and a gasified coal fuel thereinto, said mixture being adapted to be ignited and burned in the combustor to form heated flue gases, a duct coupled with the combustor at the flue gas exit thereof and extending outwardly thereof, a first heat exchanger in the duct adjacent to the flue gas exit and across the path of flue gases through the duct, said first heat exchanger being operable to change water to saturated steam, a steam drum coupled with the first heat exchanger and operable to separate steam and water, a second heat exchanger across the duct downstream of the first heat exchanger, said second heat exchanger being coupled to the steam drum to receive steam therefrom and being operable to superheat the steam, the outlet of the second heat exchanger being adapted to be coupled to a high pressure steam turbine means to supply superheated steam thereto to drive the same, a third heat exchanger across said duct upstream of the second heat exchanger for receiving and reheating partially expanded steam from the high pressure steam turbine, the outlet of said third heat exchanger being adapted to be coupled to an intermediate pressure steam turbine and a low pressure steam turbine to drive the same, the low pressure steam turbine having a condenser, and means adapted to be coupled to the condenser of the low pressure steam turbine to return condensate therefrom to said steam drum, said air preheater being across the duct downstream of the aforesaid heat exchangers.
The invention also includes a method for generating steam for steam turbine means comprising directing a pressurized mixture of preheated combustion air and a gasified coal fuel into a combustion region, igniting the mixture in said combustion region to generate flue gases, directing the flue gases through a passage extending away from the combustion region, heating a volume of water at a first location in the passage in response to the flow of flue gases therethrough to change the water to saturated steam, separating steam from water at a station adjacent to said first location and externally of the passage, returning steam from said station to the first location for reheating, directing the steam from said station into heat exchange relationship with the flue gases at a second location in the passage to superheat the steam, directing the superheated steam to a high pressure steam turbine, causing partially expanded steam from the high pressure steam turbine to flow in heat exchange relationship to the flue gases to reheat the steam, directing the preheated steam to an intermediate pressure steam turbine and then to a low pressure steam turbine, condensing the steam from the low pressure steam turbine to form a condensate and returning the condensate to said station, the combustion air being preheated as a function of the movement of the flue gases through said passage.
The invention will now be described further, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic view of a radiant heat transfer steam generator of the prior art; Figure 2 is a schematic view of an improved convective boiler steam generator of the present invention; and Figure 3 is a view similar to Figure 2 but showing a modification of the convective boiler steam generator of Figure 2.
In the past, steam generators have been of the radiant heat transfer type shown in Figure 1 and denoted by the numeral 10.
Steam generator 10 is operable when fuel from an external source is fed along a line 12 into a number of burners 14 within a radiant heat furnace 16. This furnace has a plurality of pipes 18 embedded in the continuous, outer sidewall thereof, the pipes having water therein and forming parts of a closed fluid system containing both steam and water. The upper ends of the pipes communicate with a steam drum 22 which separates steam from water.
Burners 14 are fed with a suitable fuel, and air under pressure is fed along a line 26 into a wind box 28 which acts as an air distributor to burners 14 to support combustion within furnace 16. The source of the air is a forced draft fan 30 whose outlet is connected to line 26 by way of an air preheater 32 disposed across a duct 34 connected at and extending outwardly from the flue gas exit 36 of furnace 16.
Fuel and air mix in furnace 16 and combust, raising the temperature of the product gases due to the chemical energy content of the fuel. When this occurs, part of the heat energy due to combustion is transferred by radiation to the water in pipes 18, heating the water sufficiently to transform it into saturated steam which rises to steam drum 22.
Steam drum 22 separates saturated steam from the water and the separated steam is sent by a line 37 to a primary superheater 38 across duct 34. Superheated steam leaves superheater 38 along a line 40 to a secondary superheater 42 across duct 34 and from there, the steam is sent along a line 44 to steam turbine means, such as a high-pressure steam turbine 45. Partially expanded steam from high pressure turbine 45 is directed along a line 46 to the inlet of a reheater 48 also across duct 34 where the steam is reheated to a high temperature and sent back along a line 50 to an intermediate pressure steam turbine 45a and a low pressure steam turbine 45b where it is expanded to produce work in the form of electricity. The steam from steam turbine 45b is condensed in a condenser 47 and from there is sent by a line 49 to a heat exchanger 52 in the form of a boiler economizer across duct 34 to be recycled by way of line 54 to steam drum 22.
A radiant heat transfer approach is necessary when conventional high-energy content fuels are used in furnace 16 because economic materials for use with the high-flame temperatures associated with high-energy content fuels and high-ash fuels are not available. Heat for the superheating, reheating, economizer and air preheater comes from the cooling of the exhaust gases in duct 34 from furnace 16.
If an ash-free low-energy content fuel, such as gasified coal fuel, is to be used, the radiant heat transfer approach is not required and, in fact, is a relatively uneconomical means of providing saturated steam to steam drum 22. The present invention provides an alternative, more cost-effective heat transfer technique by means of convective heat transfer rather than radiant heat transfer.
The apparatus of the present invention is illustrated in Figure 2 and is denoted by the numeral 110. It includes a convective boiler 112 having a combustor 113 and a heat exchanger 130, combustor 113 being provided with a number of spaced burners 114 to which fuel is directed along a line 116 passing through a wind box 118.
Air under pressure is supplied from a line 120 to the wind box by a forced draft fan 122 coupled to an air preheater 124 disposed across the duct 126 coupled to the flue gas exit 128 of combustor 113.
The duct forms a passage for flue gases to a stack (not shown). Low-energy, ashfree fuel, in particular gasified coal fuel, is used with apparatus 110.
The major difference between apparatus 110 and apparatus 10 is the replacement of the large, relatively inefficient and expensive radiant heat transfer furnace 16 with a relatively small boiler 112 comprised of combustor 113 and heat exchanger 130, the latter being in duct 126 immediately adjacent to flue exit 128 across the path of flue gases flowing through the duct. Complete combustion occurs in combustor 113, and the combustion gases are forced by the draft established by fan 122 through duct 126 toward the stack.
Water in pipes of heat exchanger 130 is heated by the flue gases and transformed into saturated steam which passes to a steam drum 132 to separate the steam from the water.
The outlet of the steam drum is directed along a line 134 to a primary superheater 136 also across duct 126. A line 138 connects the outlet of superheater 136 to a secondary superheater 140 across duct 126 and the outlet of the latter is directed along a line 142 to steam turbine means, such as a high pressure steam turbine 143.
Partially expanded steam from the steam turbine is sent along a line 144 to reheater 146 across duct 126 and then back along line 148 to an intermediate steam turbine 143a and a low pressure steam turbine 143b, where it is expanded to produce work in the form of electricity. The steam condensed in the condenser 145 of the steam turbine is directed along a line 150 to a heat exchanger 152 across duct 126 which then directs steam along line 154 back to steam drum 132.
By replacing furnace 16 with convective boiler 112 of apparatus 110, significant economies can be realized and practised because of a large reduction in size and cost of the heat generating parts of the system, yet the system can be used with low-energy content fuels. In fact, boiler 112 operates efficiently only for low-energy content fuel, such as ash-free low BTU content gasified coal fuel.
In the modified arrangement shown in Figure 3, a conventional flue gas recirculation fan 160 is used to take relatively cool flue gases from duct 126 along a line 162 to line 120 for mixture with combustion air therein. This reduces flame temperatures in combustor 113 to a more acceptable level.
The process of the present invention is not limited to steam production for electricity generating purposes. Many industrial processes require steam in the processes themselves. Most current industrial steam generators also use a radiative furnace which could be replaced by a convective furnace described therein.
WHAT WE CLAIM IS:- 1. A convective heat transfer steam generator comprising a combustor having an exit for flue gases emanating therefrom, means including an air preheater coupled with said combustor for directing a pressurized mixture of combustion air and a gasified coal fuel thereinto, said mixture being adapted to be ignited and burned in the combustor to form heated flue gases, a duct coupled with the combustor at the flue gas exit thereof and extending outwardly thereof, a first heat exchanger in the duct adjacent to the flue gas exit and across the path of flue gases through the duct, said first heat exchanger being operable to change water to saturated steam, a steam drum coupled with the first heat exchanger and operable to separate steam and water, a second heat exchanger across the duct downstream of the first heat exchanger, said second heat exchanger being coupled to the steam drum to receive steam therefrom and being operable to superheat the steam, the outlet of the second heat exchanger being adapted to be coupled to a high pressure steam turbine means to supply superheated steam thereto to drive the same, a third heat exchanger across said duct upstream of the second heat exchanger for receiving and reheating partially expanded steam from the high pressure steam turbine the outlet of said third heat exchanger being adapted to be coupled to an intermediate pressure steam turbine and a low pressure steam turbine to drive the same, the low pressure steam turbine having a condenser, and means adapted to be coupled to the condenser of the low
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims (13)

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. the radiant heat transfer approach is not required and, in fact, is a relatively uneconomical means of providing saturated steam to steam drum 22. The present invention provides an alternative, more cost-effective heat transfer technique by means of convective heat transfer rather than radiant heat transfer. The apparatus of the present invention is illustrated in Figure 2 and is denoted by the numeral 110. It includes a convective boiler 112 having a combustor 113 and a heat exchanger 130, combustor 113 being provided with a number of spaced burners 114 to which fuel is directed along a line 116 passing through a wind box 118. Air under pressure is supplied from a line 120 to the wind box by a forced draft fan 122 coupled to an air preheater 124 disposed across the duct 126 coupled to the flue gas exit 128 of combustor 113. The duct forms a passage for flue gases to a stack (not shown). Low-energy, ashfree fuel, in particular gasified coal fuel, is used with apparatus 110. The major difference between apparatus 110 and apparatus 10 is the replacement of the large, relatively inefficient and expensive radiant heat transfer furnace 16 with a relatively small boiler 112 comprised of combustor 113 and heat exchanger 130, the latter being in duct 126 immediately adjacent to flue exit 128 across the path of flue gases flowing through the duct. Complete combustion occurs in combustor 113, and the combustion gases are forced by the draft established by fan 122 through duct 126 toward the stack. Water in pipes of heat exchanger 130 is heated by the flue gases and transformed into saturated steam which passes to a steam drum 132 to separate the steam from the water. The outlet of the steam drum is directed along a line 134 to a primary superheater 136 also across duct 126. A line 138 connects the outlet of superheater 136 to a secondary superheater 140 across duct 126 and the outlet of the latter is directed along a line 142 to steam turbine means, such as a high pressure steam turbine 143. Partially expanded steam from the steam turbine is sent along a line 144 to reheater 146 across duct 126 and then back along line 148 to an intermediate steam turbine 143a and a low pressure steam turbine 143b, where it is expanded to produce work in the form of electricity. The steam condensed in the condenser 145 of the steam turbine is directed along a line 150 to a heat exchanger 152 across duct 126 which then directs steam along line 154 back to steam drum 132. By replacing furnace 16 with convective boiler 112 of apparatus 110, significant economies can be realized and practised because of a large reduction in size and cost of the heat generating parts of the system, yet the system can be used with low-energy content fuels. In fact, boiler 112 operates efficiently only for low-energy content fuel, such as ash-free low BTU content gasified coal fuel. In the modified arrangement shown in Figure 3, a conventional flue gas recirculation fan 160 is used to take relatively cool flue gases from duct 126 along a line 162 to line 120 for mixture with combustion air therein. This reduces flame temperatures in combustor 113 to a more acceptable level. The process of the present invention is not limited to steam production for electricity generating purposes. Many industrial processes require steam in the processes themselves. Most current industrial steam generators also use a radiative furnace which could be replaced by a convective furnace described therein. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:-
1. A convective heat transfer steam generator comprising a combustor having an exit for flue gases emanating therefrom, means including an air preheater coupled with said combustor for directing a pressurized mixture of combustion air and a gasified coal fuel thereinto, said mixture being adapted to be ignited and burned in the combustor to form heated flue gases, a duct coupled with the combustor at the flue gas exit thereof and extending outwardly thereof, a first heat exchanger in the duct adjacent to the flue gas exit and across the path of flue gases through the duct, said first heat exchanger being operable to change water to saturated steam, a steam drum coupled with the first heat exchanger and operable to separate steam and water, a second heat exchanger across the duct downstream of the first heat exchanger, said second heat exchanger being coupled to the steam drum to receive steam therefrom and being operable to superheat the steam, the outlet of the second heat exchanger being adapted to be coupled to a high pressure steam turbine means to supply superheated steam thereto to drive the same, a third heat exchanger across said duct upstream of the second heat exchanger for receiving and reheating partially expanded steam from the high pressure steam turbine the outlet of said third heat exchanger being adapted to be coupled to an intermediate pressure steam turbine and a low pressure steam turbine to drive the same, the low pressure steam turbine having a condenser, and means adapted to be coupled to the condenser of the low
pressure steam turbine to return condensate therefrom to said steam drum, said air preheater being across the duct downstream of the aforesaid heat exchangers.
2. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the exit opening is at one side of the combustor, the duct extending laterally from the combustor.
3. A system as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the first heat exchanger has a first line connected to the steam drum for transfer of steam thereto, and a second line coupled to the steam drum for transfer of water therefrom.
4. A system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, further including means for directing a portion of the flue gases from the duct into the combustor.
5. A system as claimed in claim 4, wherein said mixture directing means includes a line for directing combustion air to the combustor, said means for directing a portion of the flue gases including a flue gas recirculation fan coupled at its inlet to the duct and at its outlet to the combustion air line.
6. A system as claimed in claim 5, wherein said means for returning water from the condenser including a fourth heat exchanger immediately upstream of the third heat exchanger, said means for directing a portion of the flue gases including a line coupled with the duct between the third and fourth heat exchangers.
7. A system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the combustor includes a generally continuous sidewall, said exit opening being on one portion of the sidewall, the fuel entry means being opposite to the exit opening.
8. A method for generating steam for steam turbine means comprising directing a pressurized mixture of preheated combustion air and a gasified coal fuel into a combustion region, igniting the mixture in said combustion region to generate flue gases, directing the flue gases through a passage extending away from the combustion region, heating a volume of water at a first location in the passage in response to the flow of flue gases therethrough, to change the water to saturated steam, separating steam from water at a station adjacent to said first location and externally of the passage, returning steam from said station to the first location for reheating, directing the steam from said station into heat exchange relationship with the flue gases at a second location in the passage to superheat the steam, directing the superheated steam to a high pressure steam turbine, causing partially expanded steam from the high pressure steam turbine to flow in heat exchange relationship to the flue gases to reheat the steam, directing the reheated steam to an intermediate pressure steam turbine and then to a low pressure steam turbine, condensing the steam from the low pressure steam turbine to form a condensate and returning the condensate to said station, the combustion air being preheated as a function of the movement of the flue gases through said passage.
9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the passage extends laterally from the combustion region.
10. The method as claimed in claim 8 or 9, including the step of directing a portion of the flue gases into the air-fuel mixture to lower the flame temperature of the same when it is ignited.
11. The method as claimed in any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein combustion air is forced into said combustion region to form a draft for the flue gases through said passage.
12. A convective heat transfer steam generator substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in Figure 2 or Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings.
13. The method for generating steam for steam turbine means substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in Figure 2 or Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings.
GB2896977A 1976-12-20 1977-07-11 Convective heat transfer steam boiler for fuels of low energy and ash content Expired GB1583808A (en)

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US75257276A 1976-12-20 1976-12-20

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DE (1) DE2733223A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2374589A1 (en)
GB (1) GB1583808A (en)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2872886A1 (en) * 2004-07-09 2006-01-13 Total Sa METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING WATER VAPOR ADAPTED TO OXY-COMBUSTION
RU2495324C1 (en) * 2010-07-23 2013-10-10 Евгений Алексеевич Данилин Industrial power boiler, method of operation and control system
CN104061561A (en) * 2014-06-20 2014-09-24 陕西龙门煤化工有限责任公司 System for recovering waste heat of flue gas of coke oven
RU2561812C1 (en) * 2014-04-11 2015-09-10 Геннадий Юрьевич Князькин Method of heat recovery and smoke gas drying and device for its realisation
ES2660907A1 (en) * 2018-01-09 2018-03-26 Francesc Martínez-Val Piera Combustion furnace for heating fluid in a high temperature range (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
RU2758850C1 (en) * 2020-10-28 2021-11-02 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина" Device for cleaning flue gases from water vapor
RU2773215C2 (en) * 2020-11-25 2022-05-31 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина" Apparatus for removing water vapours and other impurities from flue gases

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RU2639796C1 (en) * 2016-10-18 2017-12-22 Виктор Васильевич Кондрашов Method for reducing harmful atmospheric emissions of fuel burning installations and device for purifying atmospheric emissions of fuel burning installations

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB750092A (en) * 1952-04-21 1956-06-06 Bailey Meters Controls Ltd An improved method of and apparatus for regulating the temperature of a fluid
FR1422938A (en) * 1964-11-04 1966-01-03 Stein & Roubaix Further training in pressurized combustion boilers
GB1106668A (en) * 1966-03-26 1968-03-20 Alcorn Comb Co Apparatus and process for burning lean gaseous fuels
CH532749A (en) * 1970-12-31 1973-01-15 Sulzer Ag Steam generator

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2872886A1 (en) * 2004-07-09 2006-01-13 Total Sa METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING WATER VAPOR ADAPTED TO OXY-COMBUSTION
WO2006016042A1 (en) * 2004-07-09 2006-02-16 Total France Method for generating water vapour adapted to oxycombustion
RU2495324C1 (en) * 2010-07-23 2013-10-10 Евгений Алексеевич Данилин Industrial power boiler, method of operation and control system
RU2561812C1 (en) * 2014-04-11 2015-09-10 Геннадий Юрьевич Князькин Method of heat recovery and smoke gas drying and device for its realisation
CN104061561A (en) * 2014-06-20 2014-09-24 陕西龙门煤化工有限责任公司 System for recovering waste heat of flue gas of coke oven
ES2660907A1 (en) * 2018-01-09 2018-03-26 Francesc Martínez-Val Piera Combustion furnace for heating fluid in a high temperature range (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
RU2758850C1 (en) * 2020-10-28 2021-11-02 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина" Device for cleaning flue gases from water vapor
RU2773215C2 (en) * 2020-11-25 2022-05-31 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина" Apparatus for removing water vapours and other impurities from flue gases
RU2784567C1 (en) * 2022-10-06 2022-11-28 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Башкирская генерирующая компания" (ООО "БГК") Flue gas heat recovery unit

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DE2733223A1 (en) 1978-06-29
JPS5377902A (en) 1978-07-10
FR2374589A1 (en) 1978-07-13

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