GB1569474A - Method of the quality of refractory bricks - Google Patents

Method of the quality of refractory bricks Download PDF

Info

Publication number
GB1569474A
GB1569474A GB1194677A GB1194677A GB1569474A GB 1569474 A GB1569474 A GB 1569474A GB 1194677 A GB1194677 A GB 1194677A GB 1194677 A GB1194677 A GB 1194677A GB 1569474 A GB1569474 A GB 1569474A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
refractory
refractory material
protective
protective material
brick
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
GB1194677A
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Centre de Recherches Metallurgiques CRM ASBL
Original Assignee
Centre de Recherches Metallurgiques CRM ASBL
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from BE6045421A external-priority patent/BE840132A/en
Priority claimed from BE6045613A external-priority patent/BE844264R/en
Application filed by Centre de Recherches Metallurgiques CRM ASBL filed Critical Centre de Recherches Metallurgiques CRM ASBL
Publication of GB1569474A publication Critical patent/GB1569474A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/03—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite
    • C04B35/04—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite based on magnesium oxide
    • C04B35/043—Refractories from grain sized mixtures
    • C04B35/047—Refractories from grain sized mixtures containing chromium oxide or chrome ore
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
    • C04B35/101—Refractories from grain sized mixtures
    • C04B35/105—Refractories from grain sized mixtures containing chromium oxide or chrome ore
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
    • C04B35/101—Refractories from grain sized mixtures
    • C04B35/106—Refractories from grain sized mixtures containing zirconium oxide or zircon (ZrSiO4)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/48—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates
    • C04B35/481—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates containing silicon, e.g. zircon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
    • C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
    • C04B41/5025—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with ceramic materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
    • C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
    • C04B41/85—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
    • C04B41/87—Ceramics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
    • F27D1/0003—Linings or walls
    • F27D1/0006—Linings or walls formed from bricks or layers with a particular composition or specific characteristics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00948—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for the fabrication of containers

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)

Description

(54)A METHOD OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF REFRACTORY BRICKS (71) We, CENTRE DE RECHERCHES METALLURGIQUES CENTRUM VOOR RESEARCH IN DE METALLURGIE, a Belgian body Corporate, of 47 rue Montoyer, Brussels, Belgium, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to a method of improving the quality of refractory bricks, and in particular refractory bricks which are to be used in metallurgical vessels such as mixers, vessels for treatment under vacuum, and torpedoladles, and in general in any container employing calcined refractory bricks, especially in the zones where slag comes into contact with the refractory material.
It is known that, in containers of this kind, the zones which in use are most exposed to chemical erosion are just those which are more often in contact with slag floating on the molten metal. Erosion is accelerated when mechanical stresses such as impacts of material (metal or slag), friction due to flows, or heat shocks are added to chemical stresses.
The result of these various stresses is rapid and extensive deterioration of the refractory, in particular by erosion and spalling, which requires frequent and expensive repairs and produces a considerable loss of production due to stoppages. Furthermore, regardless of these local repairs, it is quite often found that the refractory located in less stressed zones must be replaced before full utilization.
Numerous suggestions have already been made to remedy, if only partly, the above mentioned disadvantages. These efforts, however, do not seem to have achieved completely satisfactory results. More specifically, in the case of treating steel under vacuum or in the case of mixers, it has already been tried for protection purposes to cover the refractory, at a suitable time, with a thin layer of finely divided alumina (being particularly resistant to chemical stresses imparted by molten metal), the covering preferably taking place by natural coating (adhesion to a wall wetted by slag). However, the supplementary protection thus obtained does not last, as the alumina is rapidly elinimated by mechanical action.
The present invention provides a method of improving the quality of a refractory brick consisting of calcined granular refractory material, the method comprising introducing between the grains of the refractory metarial a particulate material which reacts more easily with metallurgical slag than does the refractory material, the more easily reactive material being selected from A1203, Ca0, MgO, SiO2, and Zr02.
Thus the particulate material, referred to below as "the protective material" is added between the grains of the refractory material after the refractory material has been calcined. The protective material reacts to a larger extent than the refractory material with aggressive slag, thereby attenuating the aggressive power of the slag, which results in effective protection of the refractory material.
It has been found that refractory bricks which have been impregnated with protective material withstand the effects of slag for a much longer time than untreated bricks.
The protective material preferably is a high quality refractory of a very fine granulometry, added to the refractory brick after it has already been calcined. In this way, any possible undesirable influence of the protective material on the refractory properties of the brick proper is avoided and the protective material to be added has a very high reactivity with respect to the slag penetrating the bricks.
It seems that when slag comes into contact with a refractory brick thus impregnated (even penetrating within the brick), it reacts preferentially with the protective material without causing chemical or physical disintegration of the bricks.
In practice, impregnation can take place by introducing into the brick (for example by soaking, by aspiration under vacuum, or by spraying) a liquid containing the protective material or a compound (e.g. a salt) which decomposes into the protective material on heating, in suspension and/or in solution (possibly completely or partly a colloidal solution), or a liquid consisting or the protective material or the said compound in a liquid state, possibly followed by drying or dehydration (with or without decomposition), which results in the production of the proetective material in situ in the desired finely divided form.
If introduction into the brick occurs by putting the particulate material in suspension in a liquid, the density of the liquid is preferably very close to the density of the solid body.
If introduction takes place by using a compound which after decomposition inside the brick produces the particulate protective material sought, one will preferably use a compound which, upon such decomposition, forms only volatile compounds apart from the protective material.
Preferred examples of combinations of refractory material and protective material are explained below.
For bricks consisting of refractory material based on magnesia and/or chromite, the protective material is preferably A1203, MgO, CaO. and/or Zero2.
For bricks consisting of refractory material containing from 15 to 50%ofSi02.Al203, the protective material is preferably Zero2.
For bricks consisting of refractory material with a high content of alumina ( > 50 wt.%), the protective material is preferably A1203 and/or Zero2.
For bricks consisting of refractory material based on ZrO2.SiO2, the protective material is preferably ZrO2 and/or Six2.
For bricks consisting of refractory material based on silica, the protective material is preferably Zr02 and/or SiO2.
WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A method of improving the quality of a refractory brick consisting of calcined granular refractory material, the method comprising introducing between the grains of the refractory material a particulate material which reacts more easily with metallurgical slag than does the refractory material, the more easily reactive material being selected from Awl203, CaO. MgO, SiO2 and ZrO2.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the more easily reactive material is introduced by introducing into the brick a liquid consisting of or comprising the material or a compound which decomposes into the material on heating.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which the liquid contains the material or the compound in suspension and/or in solution.
4. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material is based on magnesia and/or chromite, and the more easily reactive material consists of Al203, MgO, CaO, and/or Zero2.
5. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material contains from 15 to 50% of A1203. Si02, and the more easily reactive material consists of Zr02.
6. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material contains over 50 wt. % of alumina, and the more easily reactive material consists of Al203 and/or Zero2.
7. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material is based on ZrO2.SiO2, and the more easily reactive material consists of ZrO2 and/or SiO2.
8. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material is based on SiO2, and the more easily reactive material consists of ZrO2 and/or Si02.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1 substantially as described herein.
10. The product of a method according to any preceding claim.
**WARNING** end of DESC field may overlap start of CLMS **.

Claims (10)

**WARNING** start of CLMS field may overlap end of DESC **. (even penetrating within the brick), it reacts preferentially with the protective material without causing chemical or physical disintegration of the bricks. In practice, impregnation can take place by introducing into the brick (for example by soaking, by aspiration under vacuum, or by spraying) a liquid containing the protective material or a compound (e.g. a salt) which decomposes into the protective material on heating, in suspension and/or in solution (possibly completely or partly a colloidal solution), or a liquid consisting or the protective material or the said compound in a liquid state, possibly followed by drying or dehydration (with or without decomposition), which results in the production of the proetective material in situ in the desired finely divided form. If introduction into the brick occurs by putting the particulate material in suspension in a liquid, the density of the liquid is preferably very close to the density of the solid body. If introduction takes place by using a compound which after decomposition inside the brick produces the particulate protective material sought, one will preferably use a compound which, upon such decomposition, forms only volatile compounds apart from the protective material. Preferred examples of combinations of refractory material and protective material are explained below. For bricks consisting of refractory material based on magnesia and/or chromite, the protective material is preferably A1203, MgO, CaO. and/or Zero2. For bricks consisting of refractory material containing from 15 to 50%ofSi02.Al203, the protective material is preferably Zero2. For bricks consisting of refractory material with a high content of alumina ( > 50 wt.%), the protective material is preferably A1203 and/or Zero2. For bricks consisting of refractory material based on ZrO2.SiO2, the protective material is preferably ZrO2 and/or Six2. For bricks consisting of refractory material based on silica, the protective material is preferably Zr02 and/or SiO2. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:
1. A method of improving the quality of a refractory brick consisting of calcined granular refractory material, the method comprising introducing between the grains of the refractory material a particulate material which reacts more easily with metallurgical slag than does the refractory material, the more easily reactive material being selected from Awl203, CaO. MgO, SiO2 and ZrO2.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the more easily reactive material is introduced by introducing into the brick a liquid consisting of or comprising the material or a compound which decomposes into the material on heating.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2, in which the liquid contains the material or the compound in suspension and/or in solution.
4. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material is based on magnesia and/or chromite, and the more easily reactive material consists of Al203, MgO, CaO, and/or Zero2.
5. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material contains from 15 to 50% of A1203. Si02, and the more easily reactive material consists of Zr02.
6. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material contains over 50 wt. % of alumina, and the more easily reactive material consists of Al203 and/or Zero2.
7. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material is based on ZrO2.SiO2, and the more easily reactive material consists of ZrO2 and/or SiO2.
8. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, in which the refractory material is based on SiO2, and the more easily reactive material consists of ZrO2 and/or Si02.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1 substantially as described herein.
10. The product of a method according to any preceding claim.
GB1194677A 1976-03-26 1977-03-22 Method of the quality of refractory bricks Expired GB1569474A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE6045421A BE840132A (en) 1976-03-26 1976-03-26 PROCESS FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF REFRACTORY BRICKS
BE6045613A BE844264R (en) 1976-07-16 1976-07-16 PROCESS FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF REFRACTORY BRICKS

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB1569474A true GB1569474A (en) 1980-06-18

Family

ID=25662116

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB1194677A Expired GB1569474A (en) 1976-03-26 1977-03-22 Method of the quality of refractory bricks

Country Status (3)

Country Link
DE (1) DE2712746A1 (en)
GB (1) GB1569474A (en)
IT (1) IT1116719B (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5385710A (en) * 1993-12-21 1995-01-31 Rockwell International Corporation Diffusion resistant refractory for containment of fluorine-rich molten salt
EP0911298A1 (en) * 1997-10-27 1999-04-28 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for producing corrosion resistant refractories
US6908871B2 (en) 2000-03-06 2005-06-21 Veitsch-Radex Gmbh & Co. Batch composition for producing a refractory ceramic shape body, shaped body produced therefrom and the use thereof
CN102249710A (en) * 2011-05-21 2011-11-23 景德镇诺耐技术陶瓷有限公司 Method for making low-creepage and high-strength high temperature resisting ceramic roller
US8105683B2 (en) * 2007-03-07 2012-01-31 General Electric Company Treated refractory material and methods of making
JP2015048293A (en) * 2013-09-04 2015-03-16 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 Shaped refractory and method for producing the same

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4001180C1 (en) * 1990-01-17 1990-11-22 Radex-Heraklith Industriebeteiligungs Ag, Wien, At Refractory ceramic prod. - impregnated with thixotropic slurry including methyl cellulose
DE4022949C1 (en) * 1990-07-19 1991-07-11 Radex-Heraklith Industriebeteiligungs Ag, Wien, At
EP1072573A1 (en) * 1999-07-30 2001-01-31 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method of making a refractory body and ceramic combustion chamber stone

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5385710A (en) * 1993-12-21 1995-01-31 Rockwell International Corporation Diffusion resistant refractory for containment of fluorine-rich molten salt
EP0911298A1 (en) * 1997-10-27 1999-04-28 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for producing corrosion resistant refractories
US6200631B1 (en) 1997-10-27 2001-03-13 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for producing corrosion resistant refractories
US6455102B1 (en) 1997-10-27 2002-09-24 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for producing corrosion resistant refractories
US6667074B2 (en) 1997-10-27 2003-12-23 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for producing corrosion resistant refractories
US6908871B2 (en) 2000-03-06 2005-06-21 Veitsch-Radex Gmbh & Co. Batch composition for producing a refractory ceramic shape body, shaped body produced therefrom and the use thereof
US8105683B2 (en) * 2007-03-07 2012-01-31 General Electric Company Treated refractory material and methods of making
CN102249710A (en) * 2011-05-21 2011-11-23 景德镇诺耐技术陶瓷有限公司 Method for making low-creepage and high-strength high temperature resisting ceramic roller
CN102249710B (en) * 2011-05-21 2013-03-27 景德镇诺耐技术陶瓷有限公司 Method for making low-creepage and high-strength high temperature resisting ceramic roller
JP2015048293A (en) * 2013-09-04 2015-03-16 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 Shaped refractory and method for producing the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2712746A1 (en) 1977-09-29
IT1116719B (en) 1986-02-10

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
GB1569474A (en) Method of the quality of refractory bricks
CZ9602965A3 (en) Coated, exchangeable refractory lining and process for producing thereof
US5124288A (en) Refractory material containing calcium carbonate-stabilized synthetic dolomite
USRE35210E (en) Sprayable insulating liner compositions for metal vessels
DE3661693D1 (en) Vessel for holding high temperature bulk materials
JP2641523B2 (en) High alumina castable refractories
JPS5662662A (en) Molten steel heat insulating method of less carburization
EP0472350A1 (en) Surface coating material for tundish and steel ladle
US4909484A (en) Prevention of slag buildup in steel ladles
US3813225A (en) Fluidized solids reactor with refractory lining
US3831915A (en) Closure for crucibles used for aluminothermic reactions
EP0128665A2 (en) Heat resistant means
JPH06219853A (en) Treatment of magnesia-carbon brick chip and magnesia castable
US5318277A (en) Lined ladles, linings therefor, and method of forming the same
US4830881A (en) Method of making a container
JPH10265281A (en) Magnesia-spinel brick
JPH03191017A (en) Cleaning method for molten steel
SU918318A1 (en) Coating for protecting metal being heated
JP2789116B2 (en) Basic amorphous refractories
CA1143939A (en) Bottom outlet in metallurgical vessels used for molten steel
SU774778A1 (en) Method of insulating liquid metal in steel casting vessel
SU719807A1 (en) Method of protecting lining of metal production vessels
JPH03126678A (en) Casting monolithic refractory for lining molten metal vessel
FR2345408A1 (en) Protection of basic refractory linings by coating with zirconia - which is more readily attached by slag than the lining itself
JPH0230364B2 (en) SEIKOYOSHINKUDATSUGASUSOCHINORAININGUKOZO

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PS Patent sealed
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee