GB1205677A - Disproportionation of olefines - Google Patents
Disproportionation of olefinesInfo
- Publication number
- GB1205677A GB1205677A GB9468/68A GB946868A GB1205677A GB 1205677 A GB1205677 A GB 1205677A GB 9468/68 A GB9468/68 A GB 9468/68A GB 946868 A GB946868 A GB 946868A GB 1205677 A GB1205677 A GB 1205677A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- butene
- pentene
- cis
- trans
- disproportionation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C6/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions
- C07C6/02—Metathesis reactions at an unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bond
- C07C6/04—Metathesis reactions at an unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bond at a carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/64—Platinum group metals with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C07C2521/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C07C2521/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- C07C2521/04—Alumina
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C07C2521/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C07C2521/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- C07C2521/08—Silica
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C07C2521/10—Magnesium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C07C2521/12—Silica and alumina
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
- C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- C07C2523/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- C07C2523/28—Molybdenum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
- C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- C07C2523/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- C07C2523/30—Tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
- C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- C07C2523/32—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
- C07C2523/36—Rhenium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
- C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
- C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- C07C2523/42—Platinum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
- C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
- C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- C07C2523/44—Palladium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
- C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
- C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- C07C2523/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
- C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
- C07C2523/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36
- C07C2523/56—Platinum group metals
- C07C2523/64—Platinum group metals with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tatalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
1,205,677. Olefin conversion. IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Ltd. 20 Dec., 1968 [19 Jan., 1968; 27 Feb., 1968], Nos. 3025/68 and 9468/68. Heading C5E. An olefin feed is brought into contact with a catalyst which includes a disproportionation agent i.e. a noble metal of Group VIII and a double bond isomerization agent e.g. MoO 3 (optionally associated with CoO), WO 3 or Re 2 O 7 . Examples describe the passage of (1) cis-butene-2 through such a catalyst bed to yield propylene, butene-1, trans-butene-2, pentene-1 and cis and trams pentene-2; and (2) a mixture of cis-butene-2 and isobutene to yield propylene, butene-1, trans-butene-2, pentene-1, cis and trans and pentene-2, isopentene. Reference has been directed by the Comptroller to Specification 1,117,968.
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9468/68A GB1205677A (en) | 1968-01-19 | 1968-01-19 | Disproportionation of olefines |
FR1600597D FR1600597A (en) | 1968-01-19 | 1968-12-30 | |
NL6900368A NL6900368A (en) | 1968-01-19 | 1969-01-09 | |
BE726673D BE726673A (en) | 1968-01-19 | 1969-01-09 | |
DE19691901648 DE1901648A1 (en) | 1968-01-19 | 1969-01-14 | Catalyst and process for the disproportionation of olefins |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB302568 | 1968-01-19 | ||
GB9468/68A GB1205677A (en) | 1968-01-19 | 1968-01-19 | Disproportionation of olefines |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB1205677A true GB1205677A (en) | 1970-09-16 |
Family
ID=26237943
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB9468/68A Expired GB1205677A (en) | 1968-01-19 | 1968-01-19 | Disproportionation of olefines |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
BE (1) | BE726673A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1901648A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR1600597A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1205677A (en) |
NL (1) | NL6900368A (en) |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3728415A (en) * | 1971-03-25 | 1973-04-17 | Petro Tex Chem Corp | Production of n-butenes from ethylene |
EP0016852A1 (en) * | 1976-05-21 | 1980-10-15 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for producing C2-C4 hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen |
US4419527A (en) | 1982-07-29 | 1983-12-06 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4419526A (en) | 1982-07-29 | 1983-12-06 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4439626A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-03-27 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4439627A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-03-27 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4439628A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-03-27 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4440968A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-04-03 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4440967A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-04-03 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4448894A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-05-15 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4474897A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-10-02 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst useable in a reverse disproportionation process |
US4487849A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-12-11 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst for the reverse disproportionation process |
US4490477A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-12-25 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4511672A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1985-04-16 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4514519A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1985-04-30 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4996386A (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1991-02-26 | Shell Oil Company | Concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of olefins |
EP0442159A1 (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1991-08-21 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of olefins |
US5087780A (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1992-02-11 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Hydroisomerization process |
US5120896A (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1992-06-09 | Shell Oil Company | Concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of olefins |
US5243120A (en) * | 1991-10-30 | 1993-09-07 | Shell Oil Company | Process for the production of olefins |
US5321163A (en) * | 1993-09-09 | 1994-06-14 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Multi-purpose catalytic distillation column and eterification process using same |
US7977522B2 (en) | 2005-03-03 | 2011-07-12 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Process of producing olefins |
WO2020076590A1 (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2020-04-16 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Catalysts that include metal oxide co-catalysts for the production of propylene |
WO2020076589A1 (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2020-04-16 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Catalysts that include metal oxide co-catalysts for the production of propylene |
US10919822B2 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2021-02-16 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Dual catalyst processes and systems for propylene production |
US10934231B2 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2021-03-02 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Multiple-stage catalyst systems and processes for propene production |
US11242297B2 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2022-02-08 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Multiple-stage catalyst system for self-metathesis with controlled isomerization and cracking |
US11339332B2 (en) | 2020-01-29 | 2022-05-24 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and processes integrating fluidized catalytic cracking with metathesis for producing olefins |
US11572516B2 (en) | 2020-03-26 | 2023-02-07 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and processes integrating steam cracking with dual catalyst metathesis for producing olefins |
US11845705B2 (en) | 2021-08-17 | 2023-12-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Processes integrating hydrocarbon cracking with metathesis for producing propene |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2909381C2 (en) * | 1979-03-09 | 1984-02-02 | Dzeržinskij filial gosudarstvennogo naučno-issledovatel'skogo i proektnogo instituta azotnoj promyšlennosti i produktov organičeskogo sinteza, Dzeržinsk, Gor'kovskaja oblast' | Use of a metal oxide mixture as a catalyst for the carbonylation of aromatic nitro compounds |
EP0231401B1 (en) * | 1984-06-29 | 1992-09-09 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Ruthenium-rhenium-titania catalysts, and use thereof for fischer-tropsch synthesis |
GB8705564D0 (en) * | 1987-03-10 | 1987-04-15 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Chemical process |
-
1968
- 1968-01-19 GB GB9468/68A patent/GB1205677A/en not_active Expired
- 1968-12-30 FR FR1600597D patent/FR1600597A/fr not_active Expired
-
1969
- 1969-01-09 NL NL6900368A patent/NL6900368A/xx unknown
- 1969-01-09 BE BE726673D patent/BE726673A/xx unknown
- 1969-01-14 DE DE19691901648 patent/DE1901648A1/en active Pending
Cited By (37)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3728415A (en) * | 1971-03-25 | 1973-04-17 | Petro Tex Chem Corp | Production of n-butenes from ethylene |
EP0016852A1 (en) * | 1976-05-21 | 1980-10-15 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for producing C2-C4 hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen |
US4419527A (en) | 1982-07-29 | 1983-12-06 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4419526A (en) | 1982-07-29 | 1983-12-06 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4439626A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-03-27 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4439627A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-03-27 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4439628A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-03-27 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4440968A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-04-03 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4440967A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-04-03 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4448894A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-05-15 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4474897A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-10-02 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst useable in a reverse disproportionation process |
US4487849A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-12-11 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst for the reverse disproportionation process |
US4490477A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1984-12-25 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4511672A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1985-04-16 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US4514519A (en) * | 1982-07-29 | 1985-04-30 | Monsanto Company | Catalyst and reverse disproportionation process |
US5087780A (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1992-02-11 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Hydroisomerization process |
EP0442159A1 (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1991-08-21 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | Concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of olefins |
US5043520A (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1991-08-27 | Shell Oil Company | Concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of olefins |
US4996386A (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1991-02-26 | Shell Oil Company | Concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of olefins |
US5120896A (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1992-06-09 | Shell Oil Company | Concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of olefins |
US5243120A (en) * | 1991-10-30 | 1993-09-07 | Shell Oil Company | Process for the production of olefins |
US5321163A (en) * | 1993-09-09 | 1994-06-14 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Multi-purpose catalytic distillation column and eterification process using same |
US7977522B2 (en) | 2005-03-03 | 2011-07-12 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Process of producing olefins |
US10934231B2 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2021-03-02 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Multiple-stage catalyst systems and processes for propene production |
US11242297B2 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2022-02-08 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Multiple-stage catalyst system for self-metathesis with controlled isomerization and cracking |
US10919822B2 (en) | 2017-01-20 | 2021-02-16 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Dual catalyst processes and systems for propylene production |
US11242300B2 (en) | 2018-10-10 | 2022-02-08 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Catalyst systems that include metal co-catalysts for the production of propylene |
US10961171B2 (en) | 2018-10-10 | 2021-03-30 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Catalysts systems that include metal co-catalysts for the production of propylene |
CN112839734A (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2021-05-25 | 沙特阿拉伯石油公司 | Catalyst comprising metal oxide promoter for propylene production |
WO2020076590A1 (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2020-04-16 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Catalysts that include metal oxide co-catalysts for the production of propylene |
WO2020076589A1 (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2020-04-16 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Catalysts that include metal oxide co-catalysts for the production of propylene |
US11242299B2 (en) | 2018-10-10 | 2022-02-08 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Catalyst systems that include metal oxide co-catalysts for the production of propylene |
CN112839734B (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2024-06-04 | 沙特阿拉伯石油公司 | Catalyst comprising a metal oxide promoter for propylene production |
US11339332B2 (en) | 2020-01-29 | 2022-05-24 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and processes integrating fluidized catalytic cracking with metathesis for producing olefins |
US11572516B2 (en) | 2020-03-26 | 2023-02-07 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and processes integrating steam cracking with dual catalyst metathesis for producing olefins |
US11939540B2 (en) | 2020-03-26 | 2024-03-26 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and processes integrating steam cracking with dual catalyst metathesis for producing olefins |
US11845705B2 (en) | 2021-08-17 | 2023-12-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Processes integrating hydrocarbon cracking with metathesis for producing propene |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NL6900368A (en) | 1969-07-22 |
DE1901648A1 (en) | 1969-11-13 |
FR1600597A (en) | 1970-07-27 |
BE726673A (en) | 1969-07-09 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PS | Patent sealed | ||
PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |