FR3098994A1 - Photovoltaic cell laminate and associated manufacturing process - Google Patents

Abstract

The subject of the present invention is a laminate (1) of photovoltaic cells comprising at least: a layer of photovoltaic cells (3) interconnected, and a front layer (5) and a rear layer (7) for encapsulating the layer of photovoltaic cells (3), said front (5) and rear (7) encapsulation layers taking the layer of photovoltaic cells (3) sandwich, characterized in that the front encapsulation layer (5) and the rear encapsulation layer (7) each comprise an encapsulation resin (53, 73) based on polymethyl methacrylate and a fabric of glass fibers (51 , 71) Figure to be published with abstract: Fig. 2

Description

Laminate of photovoltaic cells and associated method of manufacture

The present invention relates to the field of photovoltaic modules. More particularly, the present invention relates to laminated photovoltaic modules. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing such a laminate constituting the photovoltaic module.

Due to the reduction in the stock of fossil fuels and the increase in pollution generated by the consumption of these fossil fuels, we are turning more and more towards renewable energy resources and the consumption of energy in a logic of sustainable development. This trend naturally leads to favoring renewable energies such as solar energy. It is now conventional to install photovoltaic panels, in particular on the roofs of companies, public buildings, or simply on the roofs of private homes to supply energy to the equipment of the home in question.

The composition of the photovoltaic modules must be thin enough to limit their weight and their size, which makes it possible, for example, to embark them on a vehicle, to be integrated into the structure of a vehicle, or to be integrated into light structures. of buildings. In order to adapt to very different places and to operate while being subjected to climatic aggressions, vibrations and mechanical stresses in general over long periods, sometimes more than twenty years. The modules must thus have a sufficiently strong structure while being light. To solve these constraints, it is known to encapsulate photovoltaic cells in encapsulation layers comprising a polymerizable resin in order to ensure the connection between the different layers making up the photovoltaic module without the usual glass plate for standard modules which makes the photovoltaic module heavier. In this way, the photovoltaic cells are protected both from a mechanical point of view and from external conditions, air, water and ultraviolet radiation.

In addition, the shape of the support can vary significantly, and in particular have a curved receiving surface. It is therefore necessary to be able to adapt the shape of the photovoltaic module to that of the support. In general, when designing and manufacturing an encapsulated photovoltaic module, also called a laminate, the aim is to ensure that the photovoltaic module has all of the following properties:
minimum thickness,
lightness,
deformability,
flexibility,
translucency,
sealing,
reliability,
robustness.

However, it has been observed that the resins of the ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) or epoxy type, used to encapsulate the photovoltaic cells of the laminate, tend to yellow due to their exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which decreases the conversion yields of the laminate over time, in particular when these resins form a layer before encapsulation, that is to say the layer of the laminate intended to be traversed first by the light rays of the sun.

Documents US 2013/0133726, US 9312425, US 9035172, and WO 2014/081999 disclose the use of an encapsulation resin of the polyolefin type. These documents specify that the polyolefins do not turn yellow as they are exposed to ultraviolet radiation, which makes it possible in particular to prevent losses in conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic modules.

The lamination of different layers of resins and cells is also known to create flexible and light laminated photovoltaic modules. The document EP3403826A1 describes for example a lamination process.

During lamination and then during use, compatibility issues between the different materials may arise. These compatibility problems lead to long-term separations in the layers, which can end up rendering the module inoperative by water infiltration.

The aim of the present invention is to at least partially overcome the drawbacks of the prior art set out above, by proposing a laminate whose conversion yields and integrity do not deteriorate over time.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing such a laminate.

In order to at least partially achieve at least one of the aforementioned objectives, the subject of the present invention is a laminate of photovoltaic cells comprising at least:
a layer of photovoltaic cells connected together, and
a front layer and a rear encapsulation layer of the photovoltaic cell layer, said front and rear encapsulation layers sandwiching the photovoltaic cell layer,
the front encapsulation layer and the rear encapsulation layer comprising an encapsulation resin based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and a fabric of glass fibers.

The use of a PMMA-based encapsulation resin for both the front layer and the rear encapsulation layer makes it possible to obtain a stable photovoltaic module due to the compatibility of the resins. PMMA is also stable, and has, in its so-called "crystal" form, high transparency.

The laminate according to the present invention may also have one or more of the following characteristics taken alone or in combination.

The encapsulation resin may have a Newtonian viscosity greater than 10,000 Pa.s at 140°C.

The encapsulation resin may have a volume resistivity of between 14.10 ¹⁵ Ω.cm and 16.10 ¹⁵ Ω.cm.

Optionally, the polymethyl methacrylate can have a Shore D measurement scale hardness of between 60 and 70.

Alternatively or in addition, polymethyl methacrylate can have a tensile strength of between 48 and 76 MPa.

The glass fiber fabric of the back layer or of the front encapsulation layer may have a fiber density of between 50 g/m² and 600 g/m², and in particular of between 100 g/m² and 300 g/m².

The glass fibers making up the fabric of glass fibers have a diameter of between 0.01 mm and 0.1 mm.

The front encapsulation layer may have a transmittance greater than or equal to 80%, preferably greater than 90%, for wavelengths between 315 nm and 1200 nm.

The laminate may comprise a rear sheet placed in contact with the rear encapsulation layer, said rear sheet comprising one or more layers.

At least one layer of the backsheet can include a hydrophobic polymer.

The hydrophobic polymer can be a fluoropolymer chosen from polyvinylidene fluorides (PVDF), polyvinyl fluorides (PVF), polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylenes (ETFE).

The hydrophobic polymer can be chosen from polypropylenes (PP), polyphenylene sulphides (PPS), polyesters, polycarbonates, polyphenylene oxides (PPO), polyethylene terephthalates (PET), polyurethanes, acrylics, or silicones.

The laminate may have a transparent front layer placed in contact with the front encapsulation layer, said front layer being configured to give the laminate anti-fouling properties and/or anti-reflective properties and/or hydrophobic properties.

The front layer can be formed by a film or a varnish.

The front layer may comprise a layer of polyvinylidene fluorides (PVDF) or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), ETFE, PTFE, PVF, PET or others.

The present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a laminate as defined above, the method comprising the following steps:
preparation of a stack of layers comprising at least:
a front encapsulation layer, comprising an encapsulation resin based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and a glass fiber fabric,
a layer of photovoltaic cells, and
a rear encapsulation layer, comprising an encapsulation resin based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and a glass fiber fabric,
introduction of the stack of layers into a lamination chamber of a lamination oven,
vacuum drawing, in order to suck the air inside the lamination chamber and between the different layers of the stack,
compression of the stack of layers in order to form the laminate,
heating of the lamination chamber to a predetermined temperature in order to trigger the melting of the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA),
ventilation of the lamination chamber, and
extraction of the laminate from the lamination chamber.

The manufacturing method may further comprise one or more of the following characteristics taken alone or in combination.

According to a particular embodiment, the fabric of glass fibers of the front and/or rear encapsulation layer can be impregnated with the encapsulation resin during a pre-impregnation step prior to the step of preparing the the stacking of layers.

According to a particular embodiment, the front and/or rear encapsulation layer may comprise at least one sheet of encapsulation resin comprising polymethyl methacrylate, and a fabric of glass fibers, the sheet of encapsulation resin and the fabric of glass fibers being stacked during the step of preparing a stack.

In one aspect, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) front sheet may be laminated with the layer stack during the step of compressing the layer stack.

According to a variant, the front layer of polyvinylidene fluorides (PVDF) can be placed on the front encapsulation layer after the step of extracting the laminate from the lamination chamber by spraying or applying a varnish.

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear more clearly on reading the following description, given by way of illustrative and non-limiting example, and the appended drawings, among which:

is a schematic representation from above of a laminate,

is a schematic cross-sectional representation of the laminate of Figure 1 according to a particular embodiment,

is a schematic cross-sectional representation of the laminate of Figure 1 according to a variant,

is a schematic cross-sectional representation of the laminate of Figure 1 according to another variant, and

is a schematic representation of a flowchart illustrating various stages of a manufacturing process for the laminate of Figure 1.

Identical elements in the various figures bear the same reference numerals.

The following achievements are examples. Although the description refers to one or more embodiments, this does not necessarily mean that each reference is to the same embodiment, or that the features apply only to a single embodiment. Simple features of different embodiments may also be combined and/or interchanged to provide other embodiments.

In the following description, certain elements or parameters can be indexed, such as for example first element or second element as well as first parameter and second parameter, or again first criterion and second criterion, etc. In this case, it is a simple indexing to differentiate and name elements that are close but not identical and one can easily interchange such names without departing from the scope of the present description. Nor does this indexing imply an order in time to assess this or that criterion.

In the following description, the term "front layer" means the surface of the laminate first exposed to the sun's rays in the installed state of the laminate. Similarly, the term "rear layer" in the following description means the layer opposite the front layer, that is to say the surface which is last impacted by the sun's rays during their passage through the laminate at the installed state of the laminate.

On the other hand, with reference to Figures 2 to 4, the different layers making up a laminate 1 are spaced from each other. This representation is only made to better identify the different layers. In the delivered state of laminate 1, the different layers shown are in contact with each other. In particular, layers of resin and fabric of glass fibers are represented as separate layers, however, in the laminated state the layers of resin impregnate the layers of glass fibers, and are therefore merged.

Referring to Figures 1 to 4, there is shown a laminate 1 of photovoltaic cells. The laminate 1 comprises at least one layer of photovoltaic cells 3 connected to each other and a front layer 5 and a rear layer 7 for encapsulating the layer of photovoltaic cells 3. The front 5 and rear 7 encapsulation layers take the layer of photovoltaic cells 3 in sandwich.

The layer of photovoltaic cells 3 can be composed of photovoltaic cells in silicon, such as for example in monocrystalline or multicrystalline silicon, or else in thin layers. Alternatively, other types of photovoltaic cells can also be used to form this layer of photovoltaic cells 3, such as for example organic photovoltaic cells.

The front encapsulation layer 5 comprises at least a first encapsulation resin 53. In order for the laminate 1 to have good conversion yields, the front encapsulation layer 5 has a transmittance greater than or equal to 80%, preferably greater than at 90%, for wavelengths between 315 nm and 1200 nm. Indeed, it is necessary for this front encapsulation layer 5 to have a high transmittance for certain wavelengths of the solar spectrum, and in particular the useful part of the solar spectrum for the photovoltaic conversion, so as not to harm the conversion efficiencies. of laminate 1.

The first encapsulation resin 53 comprises a resin based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) impregnating a fabric of glass fibers 51.

More particularly, the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) of the front layer or first encapsulation layer can be chosen from polymethyl methacrylates of the “crystal” type with high transparency.

The polymethyl methacrylate is advantageously added with additives so as to have a hardness on the Shore D measurement scale of between 60 and 70. According to the definition of the ISO 868 standards. Such a hardness for the PMMA makes it possible to protect the photovoltaic cells 3 from shocks or impacts that the latter may have to undergo once this laminate 1 has been installed or even during transport or storage of this laminate 1.

Furthermore, the polymethyl methacrylate of the first encapsulation resin 53 has a tensile strength of between 48 and 76 MPa and a tensile elongation greater than 10%. Such tensile properties allow the front encapsulation layer 5 to be deformable and to confer flexibility properties on the laminate 1, as is developed in more detail later.

On the other hand, the rear encapsulation layer 7 comprises at least one fabric of glass fibers 71 and a second encapsulation resin 73 based on polymethyl methacrylate.

The polymethyl methacrylate of the second encapsulation resin 73 can be chosen for properties other than its transparency, and in particular for better resistance to deformation, less weight, better chemical stability, better resistance to infiltration of water.

Furthermore, the first 53 and the second 73 encapsulation resins may have a Newtonian viscosity greater than 10,000 Pa.s at 140°C. The viscosity value is an important criterion for the performance and reliability of the laminate 1. Indeed, if the latter is too high, the first 53 and the second 73 encapsulation resin will not be able to easily diffuse into the fibers of the fabric. of glass fibers 51, 71 or even between the photovoltaic cells and therefore ensure the transparency of the rear encapsulation layer 7, or even the contact with the photovoltaic cells 3, which could be detrimental to the integrity of the laminate 1.

On the other hand, the first 53 and second 73 encapsulation resins have a volume resistivity of at least 10 ¹⁵ Ω.cm, in particular between 14.10 ¹⁵ Ω.cm and 16.10 ¹⁵ Ω.cm. These first 53 and second 73 encapsulation resins therefore correspond to insulators. In fact, to prevent short circuits between the different photovoltaic cells of the layer of photovoltaic cells 3, it is necessary for the first 53 and second 73 encapsulation resins to be insulators because they are in contact with the photovoltaic cells 3 of the laminate 1.

Furthermore, the fabrics of glass fibers 51, 71 of the front and rear encapsulation layers 5, 7 have a fiber density of between 50 g/m² and 600 g/m², and in particular of between 100 g/m² and 300 gsm. The density of the fabric of glass fibers allows the encapsulation resins 53, 73 to diffuse through this fabric of glass fibers 51, 71 during the manufacturing process of this laminate 1 and also to protect the layer of photovoltaic cells 3 possible shocks, impacts, or even deformations that it could undergo during the transport of the laminate 1, its installation or even during its operation as this laminate 1 is intended to be installed outdoors. Thus, this fabric of glass fibers 51, 71 ensures the physical integrity of the laminate 1 over time.

This fabric of glass fibers 51, 71 can for example be made of E-type glass, ECR-type glass, or even AR-type glass. These different glasses have good resistance to heat and chemical attack, good thermal stability and satisfactory tensile and compressive strength properties to allow their use as a component of laminate 1.

On the other hand, the glass fibers making up the fabric of glass fibers 51, 71 can have a diameter of between 0.01 mm and 0.1 mm. According to the particular embodiment of FIG. 5, the front encapsulation layer 5 may comprise at least one fabric of glass fibers 51. This fabric of glass fibers 51 of the front encapsulation layer 5 may have the same properties physico-chemical as the fabric of glass fibers 71 of the rear encapsulation layer 7 described above. Furthermore, the presence of this fiberglass fabric 51 also contributes to improving the resistance of this laminate 1 to the impacts that the latter may have to undergo when it is installed, for example, on the roof of a building.

With reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, the front 5 and rear 7 encapsulation layers have a thickness that can be between 0.05 mm and 3 mm. Such a thickness of the front 5 and rear 7 encapsulation layers makes it possible to obtain a thin laminate 1, which in particular makes it possible to limit the costs associated with its storage or even its transport.

Furthermore, the various constituent elements of this laminate 1 have light masses, which makes it possible to obtain a laminate 1 of low mass, typically less than or equal to 5 kg/m². For example, for a laminate 1 having a length of 1200 mm and a width of 526 mm, such a laminate 1 has a mass of 3.16 kg which represents a mass per unit area of 5.00 kg/m², or still for a laminate having a length of 2030 mm and a width of 800 mm such a laminate 1 has a mass of 6.9 kg which represents a mass per unit area of 4.24 kg/m².

In addition, such a laminate 1 has flexibility properties which also make it possible to facilitate its transport as well as its installation. Here, flexible means an element which, when applying a certain radius of curvature, does not lose its physical integrity or its electrical performance. More particularly, a flexible element here is an element which does not crack when a certain radius of curvature is applied to it, and more particularly within the meaning of the present description the element must withstand a radius of curvature of 100 cm without damage.

According to the particular embodiment of Figure 2, the laminate 1 has only the front layer 5 and the rear encapsulation layer 7 encapsulating the layer of photovoltaic cells 3.

According to a variant shown with reference to FIG. 3, the laminate 1 may comprise a transparent front layer 11, either in the form of an additional layer applied during lamination, or in the form of a layer of varnish applied or sprayed on the front surface (Opposed to the cells 3) of the layer before encapsulation 5, after the lamination.

The term “transparent” here means that this front layer 11 has a transmittance greater than or equal to 80%, preferably greater than or equal to 90%, for wavelengths between 315 nm and 1200 nm.

The front layer 11 may in particular comprise a layer of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), the miscibility of which with polymethyl methacrylate is high. The front layer 11 is configured to give the laminate anti-fouling properties and/or optical properties including anti-reflective and/or hydrophobic properties.

According to a variant shown with reference to FIG. 4, the laminate 1 may comprise a rear sheet 9 placed in contact with the rear encapsulation layer 7. The rear sheet 9 may comprise one or more layers.

The front layer 11 and the back sheet 9 can give the laminate 1 additional properties or reinforce some of the properties of the first 53 and second 73 encapsulation resins.

For example, at least one layer of the rear sheet 9 can comprise a hydrophobic polymer in order to improve the resistance to humidity of the laminate 1. This hydrophobic polymer can be a fluorinated polymer chosen from polyvinylidene fluorides (PVDF), polyvinyl fluorides (PVF), polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylenes (ETFE), or else be chosen from polypropylenes (PP), polyphenylene sulphides (PPS), polyesters, polycarbonates, polyphenylene oxides ( PPO), polyethylene terephthalates (PET), polyurethanes, acrylics, or silicones.

Furthermore, according to a variant not shown here, the laminate 1 may have the rear sheet 9 and the front layer 11.

With reference to the various particular embodiments represented with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the presence of the rear sheet 9 or else of the front layer 11 does not alter the flexibility properties of the laminate 1. In addition, this rear sheet 9 or even this front layer 11 are thin, which makes it possible, among other things, to keep a laminate 1 whose thickness can remain less than 5 mm and also having a mass less than or equal to 5 kg/m² for a laminate having dimensions as stated previously.

Referring to Figure 5, there is shown a flowchart schematically a manufacturing process 100 of the laminate 1 described above.

The manufacturing method 100 includes a step E1 of preparing a stack of layers comprising at least a front encapsulation layer 5, a photovoltaic cell layer 3, and a rear encapsulation layer 7 as described previously.

The manufacturing process 100 then implements a step E2 of introducing the stack of layers into a lamination chamber of a lamination oven, then a step of drawing under vacuum E3, in order to suck the air inside. inside the lamination chamber and between the different layers of the stack. This step of drawing under vacuum E3 can for example be carried out using a vacuum pump. At the end of this vacuum drawing step E3, the pressure inside the lamination chamber may be less than 20 mbar, and in particular of the order of 1 mbar.

The evacuation of the air from inside the lamination chamber makes it possible in particular to prevent the formation of bubbles in the first 53 and second 73 encapsulation resins during their polymerization reaction. This step of drawing under vacuum E3 can be pre-heated in order to more quickly degas the volatile compounds of the laminate 1. When such a pre-heating is carried out, the temperature inside the chamber of lamination remains below the polymerization temperature of the first 53 and second 73 encapsulation resins. For example, the temperature inside the lamination chamber during this pre-heating step can be around 50°C.

Once this pressure has been reached inside the lamination chamber, the manufacturing process 100 implements a step of compression E4 of the stack of layers in order to form the laminate 1. To do this, the lamination chamber may have a movable plate configured to compress the stack of layers.

Once this pressure has been applied to the stack of layers, the manufacturing method 100 implements a step E5 of heating the lamination chamber to a predetermined temperature in order to allow triggering of a melting of the first 53 and the second 73 encapsulation resins. This predetermined temperature corresponds to the polymerization temperature of the chosen encapsulation resin(s). Furthermore, during this heating step E5, the vacuum pump is kept in operation so as to suck in the fumes and vapors which could be produced during the polymerization reaction of the first 53 and second 73 encapsulation resins .

After a predetermined period, for example of the order of 5 minutes, the vacuum pump is stopped and the method implements a ventilation step E6 of the lamination chamber, then an extraction step E7 of the laminate 1 obtained from the lamination chamber.

According to a particular embodiment and optionally, the fabric of glass fibers 71 of the rear encapsulation layer 7, and/or the fabric of glass fibers 51 of the front encapsulation layer 5, can be impregnated respectively with the second encapsulation resin 73 or the first encapsulation resin 53. To do this, the manufacturing process 100 can include a pre-impregnation step E0 prior to the preparation step E1 of the stack of layers. Indeed, it may be possible to have fiberglass fabrics 51, 71 already impregnated with the first 53 or the second 73 encapsulation resin. Thus, it is possible to reduce the time required to carry out this manufacturing process 100.

The rear sheet 9 and/or the front layer 11 can be laminated with the stack of layers during the compression step E4 of the stack of layers when the constituent materials of the rear sheet 9 or of the front layer 11 have melting temperatures sufficient to withstand the heating step E5 of the stack of layers, or even so that these constituent materials do not undergo thermal degradation linked to this heating step E5.

For this, the stack of layers may further comprise the rear sheet 9 placed in contact with the rear encapsulation layer 7 so that the rear encapsulation layer 7 is sandwiched between the rear sheet 9 and the layer of photovoltaic cells 3, or else the stack of layers may also comprise the front layer 11 placed in contact with the front encapsulation layer 5 so that the front encapsulation layer 5 is sandwiched between the front layer 11 and the layer of photovoltaic cells 3.

Alternatively, the back sheet 9 can be placed on the back encapsulation layer 7 during a step of depositing the back layer E8 after the step E7 of extracting the flexible laminate 1 from the lamination chamber, or else the front layer 11 can be placed on the front encapsulation layer 5 during a step of depositing the front layer E8′ after the step E7 of extracting the flexible laminate 1 from the lamination chamber.

Similarly, a sheet corresponding to the front layer 11 can be placed on the layer of resin 53 and/or glass fiber fabric 51 corresponding to the front encapsulation layer 5, on the side opposite the cells 3 thereof. this.

According to this alternative, the steps of depositing the rear layer E8 or the front layer E8' can be carried out after the step E7 of extracting the flexible laminate 1 from the lamination chamber by one of the following techniques: dipping, printing, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, coating, or bonding.

The front layer 11 can in particular be applied, as specified above, by spraying or application in the form of a layer of PVDF varnish after lamination.

The particular embodiments described above are given by way of non-limiting illustration. Indeed, it is quite possible for those skilled in the art to modify the thickness of the front 5 and rear 7 encapsulation layers without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Thus, obtaining a laminate 1 whose conversion yield losses are prevented and whose physical integrity over time is ensured is possible.

Claims (12)

Laminate (1) of photovoltaic cells comprising at least:
a layer of photovoltaic cells (3) interconnected, and
a front layer (5) and a rear layer (7) for encapsulating the layer of photovoltaic cells (3), said front (5) and rear (7) encapsulation layers taking the layer of photovoltaic cells (3) sandwich,
characterized in that the front encapsulation layer (5) and the rear encapsulation layer (7) each comprise an encapsulation resin (53, 73) based on polymethyl methacrylate and a fabric of glass fibers (51 , 71). Laminate (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the first encapsulation resin (53) has a Newtonian viscosity greater than 10,000 Pa.s at 140°C. Laminate (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first encapsulation resin (53) has a volume resistivity of at least 10 ¹⁵ Ω.cm. Laminate (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first encapsulation resin (53) has a transmittance greater than or equal to 80%, preferably greater than 90%, for the wavelengths included between 315 nm and 1200 nm. Laminate (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fabric of glass fibers (51, 71) of the front (5) and rear (7) encapsulation layers has a fiber density of between 50 g/m² and 600 g/m², and in particular between 100 g/m² and 300 g/m². Laminate (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it further comprises a transparent front layer (11) placed on the front encapsulation layer (5) on the side opposite the photovoltaic cells (3), configured to give the laminate anti-fouling properties and/or anti-reflective properties and/or hydrophobic properties. Laminate (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the front layer (11) comprises a layer of polyvinylidene fluoride Laminate (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it further comprises a rear sheet (9) placed in contact with the rear encapsulation layer, the said rear sheet (9) comprising one or more . Laminate (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that at least one layer of the rear sheet (9) comprises a hydrophobic polymer. Method of manufacturing (100) a laminate (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
preparation (E1) of a stack of layers comprising at least:
a front encapsulation layer (5), comprising at least a first encapsulation resin (53) comprising polymethyl methacrylate, and a fabric of glass fibers (51),
a layer of photovoltaic cells (3), and
a back encapsulation layer (7), comprising a second encapsulation resin (73) comprising polymethyl methacrylate, and a fabric of glass fibers (71),
introduction (E2) of the stack of layers into a lamination chamber of a lamination oven,
vacuum drawing (E3), in order to suck the air inside the lamination chamber and between the different layers of the stack,
compression (E4) of the stack of layers,
heating (E5) of the lamination chamber to a predetermined temperature in order to allow triggering of a polymerization reaction of the first (53) and of the second (73) encapsulation resins,
ventilation (E6) of the lamination chamber, and
extraction (E7) of the laminate (1) from the lamination chamber. Manufacturing process (100) according to claim 10, characterized in that the fabric of glass fibers (51, 71) of the front or rear encapsulation layer (5, 7) is impregnated with the second encapsulation resin ( 73) during a pre-impregnation step (E0) prior to the preparation step (E1) of the stack of layers. Manufacturing process (100) according to claim 10, characterized in that the front and/or rear encapsulation layer (5, 7) comprises at least one sheet of encapsulation resin (53, 73) comprising poly(methacrylate) of methyl, and a fabric of glass fibers (51, 71), the encapsulating resin sheet (53, 73) and the fabric of glass fibers (51, 71) being stacked during the preparation step (E1 ) of a stack of layers.