FR3049819A1 - HORSE IRON COMPRISING AN ABRASION AND SHOCK-RESISTANT COATING - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a horseshoe whose surface of the metal substrate intended to come into contact with the ground is coated with an abrasion resistant coating layer, characterized in that the coating layer comprises nickel ( a) in the form of an alloy with at least one element selected from cobalt, chromium, aluminum and yttrium; or (b) containing inclusions of at least one ceramic material; or (c) in the form of an alloy with at least one element selected from cobalt, chromium, aluminum and yttrium, said alloy containing inclusions of at least one ceramic material.

Description

HORSE IRON COMPRISING AN ABRASION AND SHOCK-RESISTANT COATING

The present invention relates to a horseshoe comprising a coating resistant to abrasion, in particular to abrasive wear, and also resistant to impact.

Japanese patent JP10127219 discloses a method of reinforcing an aluminum horseshoe with respect to the wear caused by the soil by the electrochemical application of a surface layer of alumina of which the hardness is greater than that of aluminum. JP2002 / 186395 also describes a liquid electrochemistry process for depositing on the surface of an aluminum horseshoe layers designed to improve the wear resistance thereof. WO8808866 discloses a method capable of enhancing the wear resistance of light-weight horseshoes by fixing ceramic particles of high hardness, such as carbides, on the horseshoe areas subjected to high stresses by laser-assisted fusion. . CN2211701 also describes the increase in the life of horseshoes by surface application of high hardness particles, such as tungsten carbide particles, boron nitride, diamond.

The applicants have sought to obtain horseshoes having a good wear resistance associated with good impact resistance, in particular for use under heavy stress (competition, training, ...) ·

Their research has allowed them to achieve particularly effective coating compositions for this purpose, the lifetime of horseshoes according to the invention being extended very significantly, with consequences, on the one hand, the reduction of the Frequency of change of fitting, thus improving the well-being of the horse and reducing the arduous work of the farrier, and, on the other hand, the possibility of using saddles of lower thickness, therefore lighter , generally less expensive, because of the reduction of material. The invention therefore firstly relates to a horseshoe whose surface of the metal substrate intended to come into contact with the ground is coated with an abrasion resistant coating layer, characterized in that the layer of coating comprises or consists of nickel (a) in the form of an alloy with at least one element selected from cobalt, chromium, aluminum and yttrium; or (b) containing inclusions of at least one ceramic material; or (c) in the form of an alloy with at least one element selected from cobalt, chromium, aluminum and yttrium, said alloy containing inclusions of at least one ceramic material.

The horseshoe according to the invention can be of any type, open or closed.

The metal substrate can be chosen from among the aluminum substrates, in particular in the form of aluminum alloys with at least one element chosen in particular from copper and magnesium, and the substrates made of steel or stainless steel, such as steels 304 and 316 (American standards).

The ceramic material is in particular chosen from WC; Tic; B4C; Cr3C2; AI2O3; mixtures of Al 2 O 3 with ZrO 2 and / or TiO 2 as well as their eutectics; Zr02 undoped or doped with at least one of CaO, MgO, CeO 2 and Y 2 O 3.

The nickel or nickel alloy advantageously represents at least 50% by weight of said coating layer.

According to a first particular embodiment of the horseshoe according to the present invention, the coating layer is a layer of nickel or said nickel alloy containing inclusions of said ceramic material or materials, which in particular have a dimension corresponding to the diameter of the equivalent sphere which is between 1 and 20 μm, in particular between 5 and 10 μm.

According to a second particular embodiment of the horseshoe according to the present invention the coating layer is a layer based on agglomerates fused together with grains of nickel or said nickel alloy and inclusions of said ceramic material or materials. said agglomerates having a size corresponding to the diameter of the equivalent sphere which is between 10 and 200 μm, in particular between 20 and 60 μm.

Moreover, the coating layer may also be a nickel alloy having the following formulation:

NiaCObCrcAldYe where a = 50 - complement to 100; b = 0-50; c = 0-50; d = 0 - 50; and e = 0-50, with the proviso that at least one of b, c, d and e is other than 0; a, b, c, d and e representing the mass percentages, being in particular Ni73Cr22, sAlo, 6Y3.6 ·

It can be noted that, in this formulation, the nickel can be completely replaced by cobalt.

According to a particular characteristic of the horseshoe according to the invention, the surface of the substrate on which the coating layer is applied has an average roughness of 1 to 30 μm, in particular 8 to 25 μm, as measured by the method. contact profilometry.

The coating layer has a thickness in particular of between 10 and 1000 μm, in particular between 50 and 500 μm.

The outer face of the coating layer may have an average roughness of between 5 and 30 μm, as measured by the contact profilometry method. This roughness, thanks to which the horse presents the slightest risk of slipping, comes from the process of elaboration.

The horseshoe according to the present invention may have a Taber index expressed in mg.lOOOtr less than 700, in particular from 30 to 230. It may have a hardness of 150 to 2500 HV, in particular from 600 to 1200 HV. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a horseshoe as defined above, characterized in that, on a horseshoe whose size is or has been adapted to the horse shoe to shoe, forming, on the surface intended to come into contact with the ground, the thermal spray coating layer of melt or semi-melted particles of a composition corresponding to that of the coating to be formed, said projection on the substrate being carried out in at least one pass until the desired coating layer thickness, in particular from 10 to 1000 μm, in particular from 50 to 500 μm, is obtained.

Thermal spraying refers to deposition techniques consisting in spraying the filler material in a molten or semi-melted state at high speed (> 100 ms on the substrate, in particular the following techniques: flame projection, for example flame-wire or cord, flame-powder, the flame being a flame produced by an acetylene-oxygen or propane-oxygen mixture, high velocity flame projection (HVOF "high velocity oxy fuel"), the flame being in particular produced by a kerosene / oxygen pressure mixture; cold spray; and plasma projection produced by dissociation and ionization of a gas introduced into a short-circuit electric arc. - the arc-wire projection from an electric arc established between two wires - the detonation gun projection produced by a fuel-oxidant mixture and detonated powder, and - the projecting the material onto a steel substrate followed by heating at a high temperature for diffusion of the material into the substrate.

By way of example, it can be mentioned that a pass can make it possible to form a thickness of 5 to 10 μm.

Before the formation of the coating layer, it is advantageous to roughen the face of the horseshoe for receiving said coating layer, in particular by sandblasting, for example with corundum, or by sanding with an abrasive medium , until the desired average roughness, in particular 5 to 30 μm, as measured by contact profilometry is obtained.

The surface of the horseshoe substrate after sanding must be free of dust or organic compounds.

According to a first embodiment of the process according to the present invention, particles of molten or semi-melted material are sprayed from a powder by supersonic flame projection (HVOF) with: a particle speed of 400 at 800 ms ^^; and a particle temperature of 600 to 2000 ° C.

The projection distance is generally of the order of 0.1-0.3 m.

According to a second embodiment of the process according to the present invention, particles of molten or semi-melted material are sprayed from two wires between which a continuous short-circuit electric arc (Arc-Fil) is established, with a particle velocity of 150 to 400 ms -1; and a particle temperature of 1500 to 2500 ° C.

The following Examples illustrate the present invention without however limiting its scope. Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawing each represent a scanning electron micrograph of a section of the coating of Examples 1 and 2, respectively.

In these Examples, the methods used for the characterization of the coating layers of horseshoes were as follows:

Roughness

The outer face of a coating layer must have sufficient roughness so that the horse does not slip.

Roughness was measured directly using a MITUTOYO brand roughness meter.

Hardness

The hardness of a coating layer makes it possible to express the mechanical characteristics, representative of the impact and wear resistance of the horseshoe comprising such a coating layer.

In the Examples, the hardness measured was HV hardness (Vickers), determined using a PRESI microdurometer, with a load of 100 g applied for 15 seconds (HV 0, l-15s) on the cross-section. of the coating layer.

Wear Wear has been characterized in two ways: by Taber abrasion (1) and by tests with iron horses, in conditions of use (2). (1) Abrasion Taber

The material used was a Taber circular abraser. The protocol used in the tests is shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1

The abrasion results of a coating layer, expressed as Taber indices (mg.lOOOtr), were compared with the abrasion of an outer surface of the horseshoe uncoated with the coating layer according to the invention. (2) Horse tests

We weighed the horseshoe with its coating layer before shoeing the horse for the first time with this iron (initial mass).

The horse thus shod followed a weekly exercise program defined as follows: - 25 km of trotting, the horse being hitched to a sulky; and - 3 hours of walker per week.

After two months, the horseshoe was removed and weighed (Mass 2 months) and the same was done after 6 months (Mass 6 months). The wear of the horseshoe is expressed by the difference between these masses and the initial mass.

Example 1 (a) Preparation of the horseshoe

A horseshoe made of aluminum alloy AU4G (new designation 2017A) has been adapted to the shoe of a horse shoe: aluminum 95% by mass, 4% by mass of copper, 1% by mass of magnesium.

Sandblasting of the horseshoe was done on one of its faces. For this, we took in hand the horseshoe and sandblasted this face to the gun at 0.4 MPa (4 bar) with white corundum 99.9% of which had a particle size of 0.600 to 0.425 mm, until to obtain an average roughness of 25 μm (as measured by the rugosimeter), allowing good adhesion of the coating layer on this face of the horseshoe. (b) Coating of the horseshoe

In the nozzle of a WORKAJET brand supersonic flame projection apparatus (HVOF), an agglomerated powder of WC-Ni with a particle size of between 20 and 60 μm, directly purchased from the company OERLIKON and having the following composition, was introduced. for 100% by weight: 85% by weight of Ni with a particle size of about 5 μm; and - 15% by weight of WC with a particle size of the order of 5 μm.

The following parameters were chosen for the HVOF: particle velocity of 600 m.sup.-2; and - particle temperature of 1800 ° C.

The horseshoe was weighed to be coated prior to depositing the WC-Ni layer. Then, the horseshoe was placed vertically, its roughened face by sandblasting being disposed in front of the spray gun and 0.2 meter of it. A quantity of WC-Ni was uniformly sprayed in a sufficient number of passes to obtain a deposit of a thickness of 100 μm. We waited for the complete cooling of the horseshoe thus coated, then we weighed it to deduce the mass of the deposit and, knowing the latter, the density of the deposit and the surface of the face of the iron to be coated (surface total of the iron face minus the surface of the screw holes or grooves), it was possible to confirm that the thickness of the deposit was 100 μm.

In Figure 1 of the accompanying drawing, it can be seen that the aluminum alloy substrate is coated with the WC-Ni layer with the coating resin required for microscope viewing. The Pai to Pas annotations are indicative of the thickness of the coating layer. (c) Evaluation of the coated horseshoe

The characteristics of the horseshoe with its WC-Ni coating layer were then evaluated: - Average roughness: 8 pm

It was found that the iron horse did not slip. - Hardness: 1200 HV. - Wear: (1) Abrasion Taber: as shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2

It can be seen that the Taber index is significantly improved for the WC-Ni layer. (2) Horse test

Initial mass: 94.4 g

Mass 2 months: 91.9 g

Mass 6 months: 85.4 g

These results show that the coating layer is remarkably adapted to the application because it was not necessary to change the horseshoe even after 6 months, compared to the four to six weeks in the case of horseshoes currently used.

Example 2 (a) Preparation of the horseshoe

We have adapted a horseshoe in 316L stainless steel (American standard) or 1.4404 (European standard) to the horse shoe.

Sandblasting of the horseshoe was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that white corundum was used, 99.9% of which had a particle size of 1,000 to 1,410 mm, until a average roughness of 25 μm (as measured by the roughness meter) allowing good adhesion of the coating layer on this face of the horseshoe. (b) Coating of the horseshoe

A Ni73Cr22, sAlo, 6Y3,6 wire purchased from OERLIKON was used for the TAFA 9000 brand Arc-Fil projection to be melted.

The following parameters were chosen for the Arc-

Thread: - particle velocity of 250 m.s ^^; and melting temperature of 1800 ° C.

The horseshoe to be coated was weighed prior to depositing the layer of Ni73Cr22, SalI, 6Y3.6. Then, the surface of the horseshoe roughened by sandblasting was uniformly sprayed. amount of Ni73Cr22, sAlo, 6Y3,6 in a sufficient number of passes to obtain a deposit of a thickness of 350 .mu.m. Complete cooling of the horseshoe thus coated was then expected and then weighed to confirm the thickness of the coating as in Example 1.

In Figure 2, it can be seen that the stainless steel substrate is coated with the

Ni73Cr22, sAIq, 6Y3,6 (presence of lamellae), with the coating resin necessary for visualization under the microscope. Annotations Pa2 a Pas are indicative of the thickness (the measure Pai was not retained because not significant). (c) Evaluation of the horseshoe

The characteristics of the horseshoe with its Ni73Cr22,8Alo, 6Y3,6 coating layer were then evaluated: - Average roughness: 25 pm

It was found that the iron horse did not slip. - Hardness: 600 HV. - Wear: (1) Abrasion Taber: as shown in Table 3 below.

Table 3

It can be seen that the Taber index is improved, the wear being divided by three. (2) Horse test

Initial mass: 94.4 g Mass 2 months: 88.8 g

Claims (12)

1 - Horseshoe whose surface of the metal substrate intended to come into contact with the ground is coated with an abrasion-resistant coating layer, characterized in that the coating layer comprises nickel (a) in the form of an alloy with at least one element selected from cobalt, chromium, aluminum and yttrium; or (b) containing inclusions of at least one ceramic material; or (c) in the form of an alloy with at least one element selected from cobalt, chromium, aluminum and yttrium, said alloy containing inclusions of at least one ceramic material. 2 - horseshoe according to claim 1, characterized in that the ceramic material is selected from WC; TiC; B4C; Cr3C2; AI2O3; mixtures of Al 2 O 3 with ZrO 2 and / or TiO 2 as well as their eutectics; ZrO 2 undoped or doped with at least one of CaO, MgO, CeO 2 and Y 2 O 3. 3 - horseshoe according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the nickel or the nickel alloy is at least 50% by weight of said coating layer. 4 - horseshoe according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the coating layer is a layer of nickel or said nickel alloy containing inclusions of said ceramic material or said, which in particular have a corresponding dimension at the equivalent diameter of the sphere which is between 1 and 20 pm, in particular between 5 and 10 pm. 5 - horseshoe according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the coating layer is a layer based on agglomerates fused together grains of nickel or said alloy of nickel and inclusions of said or said ceramic materials, said agglomerates having a size corresponding to the diameter of the equivalent sphere which is between 10 and 200 μm, in particular between 20 and 60 μm. 6 - horseshoe according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the coating layer is a nickel alloy having the following formulation: NiaCObCrcAldYe where a = 50 - complement to 100; b = 0-50; c = 0-500; d = 0 - 50; and e = 0-50, with the proviso that at least one of b, c, d and e is other than 0; a, b, c, d and e representing the mass percentages, being in particular Ni73Cr22.8Alo, 6Y3.6 · 7 - horseshoe according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the surface of the substrate on which is applied the coating layer has an average roughness of 1 to 30 pm, in particular 8 to 25 pm. as measured by the contact depth method. 8 - horseshoe according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the coating layer has a thickness of between 10 and 1000 pm, in particular between 50 and 500 pm. 9 - horseshoe according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the outer face of the coating layer has an average roughness of between 5 and 30 pm, as measured by the contact profilometry method. 10 - A method of manufacturing a horseshoe as defined in one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, on a horseshoe whose size is or has been adapted to the shoe of the horse to shoe, forming on the face intended to come into contact with the ground, the thermal spray coating layer of melt or semi-melted particles of a composition corresponding to that of the coating to be formed, said projection on the substrate being carried out in at least one pass until the desired coating layer thickness, in particular from 10 to 1000 μm, in particular from 50 to 500 μm, is obtained. 11 - Process according to claim 10, characterized in that before the formation of the coating layer, it roughens the face of the horseshoe for receiving said coating layer, in particular by sanding or sanding, to obtain the desired average roughness, in particular from 5 to 30 μm, as measured by contact profilometry. 12 - Method according to one of claims 10 or 11, characterized in that one carries out the projection of particles of molten or semi-melted material from a powder by supersonic flame projection (HVOF) with: - a particle velocity of 400 to 800 ms -1; and a particle temperature of 600 to 2000 ° C., or that the projection of melt or semi-melted particles from two wires between which a short-circuit electric arc is generated, with a particle velocity of 150 to 400 ms -1; and a particle temperature of 1500 to 2500 ° C.