FR3028598A1 - LOW CONSUMPTION OR POSITIVE ENERGY BUILDING AND METHOD OF CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN THIS BUILDING - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for regulating the temperature and relative humidity of the air in a building, comprising: - heating or cooling the interior of the building by thermal radiation from the ceilings (30) and / or the walls (16) of the building; at least some parts of the building, such ceilings and walls (16) each comprising a closed space (34, 42) filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the ceiling or wall and separated from the corresponding room by a panel (36, 44) capable of transmitting thermal radiation, means (38) for heating or cooling the air of this space and means (40) for circulating air in a closed loop in this space, extracting stale air from at least some parts and passing it into a space (24) delimited between inner and outer walls of at least one north wall (16) of the building to reduce heat flow through this wall, and then reject the stale air outside the building.

Description

The invention relates to a low-energy or positive-energy building, for example a dwelling or other type of building, an agricultural building, a building with low energy or positive energy, and a method for regulating the temperature and relative humidity in the building. commercial, industrial, office or other, and a method of controlling the temperature and relative humidity in this building. We are currently looking for simple and effective ways to regulate the temperature in buildings by consuming a minimum of non-renewable energy (buildings with low consumption or positive energy) while respecting the regulations in force which imposes a permanent ventilation in the buildings, with an extraction of a stale air flow from certain rooms such as kitchens, bathrooms and toilets, and an introduction of an equal flow of fresh air outside.

The present invention aims to meet this need. To this end, it proposes a method of regulating the temperature and the relative humidity of the air in a building, including a stale air extraction of certain parts of the building and an introduction of fresh air into the building, characterized in that it consists in: - heating or cooling the interior of the building by thermal radiation from ceilings and / or vertical walls of at least some parts of the building, - passing the stale air extracted from the building into a space delimited between the inner and outer walls of at least one north wall of the building to reduce heat flow through this wall, and then reject the stale air outside the building. Advantageously, the stale air circulation space in the aforementioned wall is cleaned between two thicknesses of thermally insulating material, in order to further reduce heat losses through this wall. The passage of stale air in the north wall and advantageously 3028598 2 in the east and west walls can reduce by 80 to 90% the thermal losses through the walls and therefore correspondingly reduce the energy consumption for the wall. heating the building while preserving the comfort of the people in the building. It has furthermore been found that the heating of a room by radiating walls and ceilings provides with the air temperature in the room of 19 ° C. the same feeling of comfort as the heating of the room. ° C by wall radiators of a conventional type. Lowering the air temperature in the rooms significantly reduces the energy consumption for building heating. According to another characteristic of the invention, there is provided in the ceilings and in at least some walls of the building parts, a closed space filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the ceiling or the wall and separated from the corresponding piece by a panel 15 capable of transmitting heat radiation, the air is heated or cooled in this space and is circulated in this space in a closed loop. For example, it is possible to heat the air in the closed spaces of the ceilings at around 25-35 or 40 ° C during the winter or in cold weather, and to cool it down to about 20 ° C during the summer or in hot weather. heating or cooling respectively of the building parts. In winter, the air inside the rooms is kept at around 19 ° C, for example, and the temperature felt is the average of the ceiling temperature and the air temperature, about 22-26 ° C. . In summer, if the fresh air introduced into the rooms is at about 30 ° C., the temperature felt in the rooms is about 25 ° C. when the temperature of the closed spaces of the walls and ceilings is about 20 ° C. vs. The heating of the air in these closed spaces can be achieved by means of electrical resistances or by means of a coil or a water-air heat exchanger supplied with hot water from the means for producing hot water sanitary building, which are 3028598 3 advantageously type solar heating. The cooling of the air in the aforementioned spaces can be achieved by means of the same coil or the same heat exchanger, which is then supplied with cold water. The invention also proposes to supply water from a sanitary cold water network with a water-air heat exchanger heated by a renewable energy source such as for example that at least one solar collector installed on the roof of the building, to pass the outside air in this heat exchanger to give it a temperature corresponding substantially to that desired in the building, and 10 then introduce fresh air into the building. The invention also provides, if necessary, to heat the outside fresh air in the water-air heat exchanger to a temperature higher than that desired in the building, then to humidify the fresh air to give it a temperature and a hygrometry predetermined and then introduce it into the building, the temperature of the fresh air then being 19 ° C and its hygrometry 40 to 55%, for an optimal feeling of comfort in the building. For example, new air can be humidified by passing this air over water or into a mist of water droplets or through a porous wet membrane. According to other characteristics of the invention, the method also consists in supplying the heat exchanger with hot water from a heat accumulator heated by a renewable energy source such as for example that at least one solar collector installed on the roof of the building, and to supply a domestic hot water tank from the heat accumulator. In summer or in hot weather, the method according to the invention consists, alternatively, in supplying the water-air heat exchanger in cold sanitary water to cool the fresh air to be introduced into the building.

The invention also proposes a low energy or positive energy building, comprising means for extracting exhaust air from certain parts of the building and means for introducing fresh air into the building, characterized in that it comprises ceilings and / or vertical heating walls low temperature or cooling in at least some parts of the building, and means 5 for passing the stale air extracted from the building in a space delimited between inner and outer walls d at least one north wall of the building, this space opening out of the building. This passage space of the extracted exhaust air is preferably formed between two thicknesses of thermally insulating material.

Advantageously, air heating means are provided at the entrance to the stale air passage space, essentially to maintain the temperature of the air above the dew point at the outlet of this space. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the heating and cooling ceilings and vertical walls of the building parts comprise a closed space filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the wall or partition and separated from the corresponding part by a panel capable of transmitting heat radiation, means for heating or cooling the air of this space and closed loop air circulation means in this space. The means for heating or cooling the air in the closed space comprise a coil or a heat exchanger supplied with hot or cold water, and / or electrical resistance heating means.

According to another characteristic of the invention, a water-air heat exchanger is supplied with water from a sanitary cold water network and outside fresh air and heated by a renewable energy source such as for example at least one solar collector installed on the roof of the building, and is connected to the means for introducing fresh air into the building, to heat or cool the fresh air to be introduced into the building.

Advantageously, a thermal accumulator heated by a renewable energy source, such as for example that at least one solar collector installed on the roof of the building, supplies hot water to the aforementioned exchanger and is connected to a storage tank. hot water.

The heat accumulator and the water-air heat exchanger are part of a domestic hot water production device and are connected to or integrated into a domestic hot water tank. In a particular embodiment of the invention, at least one photovoltaic sensor and a solar greenhouse sensor are installed on the roof of the building and connected to the heat accumulator and to the above-mentioned water-air heat exchanger. for heating sanitary water. The electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic sensor can be used in the building or sold to an electric power distribution network.

In general, the invention makes it possible to regulate the temperature and the relative humidity of the air inside a building throughout the year, and to cover all the thermal losses in the building, consuming a very small amount, if any, of non-renewable energy.

The invention will be better understood and other characteristics, details and advantages thereof will appear more clearly on reading the description which follows, given by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a building 25 according to the invention; FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of part of FIG. 1; - Figure 3 shows an alternative embodiment; FIG. 4 represents a VERON diagram; FIG. 5 represents a sun exposure curve of a solar collector; - Figure 6 schematically shows a variant of the exchanger, due to the accumulator and the hot water tank. FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows a vertical sectional view of a building 10, for example a dwelling or office building, or still a commercial, industrial, agricultural or other building, which comprises exterior walls 12 and a roof 14, the outer walls comprising a carrier wall 16 and a thermal insulation 18 which is located either inside or outside the building with respect to the supporting wall 16. The carrying walls 16 are made with current products 10 such as bricks, blocks, stones, cellular concrete panels, etc. The thermal insulations 18 are formed of panels of thermally insulating material reported on the inner or outer face of the walls 16 and cover all the surfaces of the walls with the exception of openings (windows, doors, ...). The building is equipped with known means of extracting stale air from certain rooms such as the kitchen, bathrooms, toilets ("wet" rooms), these means being of the type VMC (controlled mechanical ventilation) which allow extracting from these parts an air flow rate of approximately 150 m 3 / h for a living space of the order of 100 to 130 m 2, in accordance with the regulations in force, these known means being diagrammatically represented by a fan 20 in the figures. According to the invention, the extracted exhaust air flow 22 is passed through a space 24 formed in the thermal insulation 18 of at least the wall 12 of the building which is oriented to the north, the "north" wall being on the one hand, the one that is the coldest in winter and, on the other hand, the one that generally includes the least openings. The space 24 is preferably formed substantially in the middle of the thickness of the thermal insulation 18 and extends over substantially the entire surface of the thermal insulation. For example, the space 24 has an area of 20 to 30m2 and a thickness of about 3cm and is between two thicknesses of about 5cm of insulating material. It opens to the outside of the building, for example through an outlet mouth 26 in the lower or upper part of the wall. A heating element 28, for example electrical resistance, is mounted at the entrance to the space 24, to avoid condensation of water 5 in this space in very cold weather, as will be explained in more detail in the following . Exhaust stale air passage spaces 24 may be formed in the thermal insulations 18 of other walls of the building, particularly in the east and west facing walls, with the south wall being the warmest and the warmest. generally comprising the most openings, the total flow of exhaust air then being shared between the spaces 24 of the different walls, possibly depending on the temperatures of the walls. The invention also proposes that at least some walls and walls or vertical walls of the building parts be heated at low temperature or cooling and radiate heat inward or absorb heat from within the rooms for their use. heating or cooling. For this, the ceiling 30 of each room to be heated comprises on its upper face a thermal insulation 32 and in the lower part a closed space 34 which is separated from the room to be heated or cooled by a panel 36 substantially transparent to thermal radiation, such as for example a plate of plaster-based material, the space 34 extending over the entire surface of the ceiling and having a thickness of a few centimeters. In particular, the space 34 may be formed by a false ceiling of a conventional type which is fixed on the ceiling 30 and in which electrical cables and ventilation ducts may be accommodated, the panel 36 may also be equipped with integrated lighting elements. A heating element 38, for example an electrical resistor, is mounted in the space 34, as is a means 40 for circulating the air contained in this space, such as, for example, a low-noise and low-noise tangential fan 3028598 power consumption. The heating of the air in the closed space 34 at a temperature of the order of 25 to 35 or 40 ° C and its circulation in a closed loop in this space make it possible to heat the room by thermal radiation through the 5 panel 36 by consuming very little electrical energy. Alternatively, the element 38 is a coil for the passage of hot water or cold water supplied by the sanitary water network of the building, or an element of a water-air heat exchanger supplied with water by this network. . This element can also be installed outside the closed space 34 and connect it to this space by means of air circulation ducts. At least some of the vertical walls delimiting the room may be equipped as the ceiling 30 for heating or cooling by radiation. As best seen in FIG. 2, a wall 16 of a part may comprise on its inner face a closed space 42 which is separated from the part by a panel 44 that is substantially transparent to thermal radiation such as a plate of plaster base, the space 42 extending over the entire surface of the wall 16 with the exception of openings in the wall, and having a thickness of a few centimeters. A heating means 46, for example electrical resistance, and / or cooling of the type described above, is mounted in the space 42, and a means 48 for circulating the air such as a fan tangential for example. In cold weather, the heat radiation of the ceiling 30 and the walls 16 provides a good feeling of comfort in the room, without the need to heat the room air above about 19 ° C. The building according to the invention may also comprise means for regulating the temperature and the hygrometry of the fresh air which is introduced into the building in replacement of the extracted exhaust air.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, these means comprise a water-air heat exchanger 50, a thermal accumulator 52 and a sanitary hot water tank 54 of a volume of 2001 for example. The heat accumulator is a water tank with a volume of 50 to 100 liters, for example, connected to the exchanger 50 and the tank 54. A sanitary cold water distribution network 56 is connected by a solenoid valve 58. at the exchanger 50 and the accumulator 52. A fresh air inlet 60 is connected by a fan 62 to an air inlet of the exchanger 50, the air outlet 64 of which is connected by heating means 66 and humidifying means 68 to means 70 for distribution of the fresh air in the rooms of the building 10.

The water of the exchanger 50 and that of the accumulator 52 are heated by solar collectors installed on the roof 14 of the building and comprising for example a photovoltaic panel 72 and a solar panel greenhouse 74, the photovoltaic panel 72 generating electrical energy that can be used in the building or sold to a distribution network. The panels 72 and 74 are equipped with cooling circuits 76, 78 in which circulates a suitable coolant such as glycol water for example and which are connected to the exchanger 50 and the accumulator 52 by a switching circuit. 80 controlled by the sunshine curve of the panels shown in Figure 5.

This curve corresponds to the variation of the thermal energy E captured by the panels 72 and 74 during a day, this energy depending on the orientation of the panels. When it has a maximum value for example in the middle of the day, which corresponds to a maximum temperature of the coolant, it is transmitted to the accumulator 52. When the energy collected is lower, which corresponds to a temperature less If the heat transfer fluid is high, it is transmitted to the heat exchanger 50. A photovoltaic panel 72 having a surface area of one square meter and exposed to a maximum of about 1 kW of light produces about 200 watts of electrical power and about 500 watts of thermal power. more than 80% can be recovered by means of a suitable heat transfer fluid. A greenhouse panel 74 with a surface area of one square meter exposed to a maximum of about 1kW of sunlight produces about 700W of thermal power from which more than 80% can be recovered by means of a suitable heat transfer fluid.

The operation is as follows: In winter or in cold weather, the sanitary cold water from the network 56 is sent by the valve 58 into the heat accumulator 52 where it is heated to a temperature of the order of 40 to 60 ° C by the thermal energy sensed by the panels 72 and 74. Part of the water of the accumulator 52 is sent by a pump 82 into the exchanger 50 for heating the fresh air captured at the outside 60 and then returns to the accumulator 52 which supplies the tank 54 with domestic hot water, the latter being preferably equipped with a supplementary heating electric heater to meet the needs in case of large sampling of hot water, the temperature of the water in the flask 54 being for example between 60 and 65 ° C. Fresh air introduced at 70 in the rooms of the building is at a temperature of about 19-20 ° C and has a humidity of between 30 and 55%. Its temperature is regulated by the admission of hot water into the exchanger 50, the pump 82 being able to work in all or nothing. If necessary, the temperature of the fresh air can be increased thanks to the heating means 66 and its hygrometry can be increased thanks to the humidifier 68, this humidification of the air resulting in its cooling as is evident from the VERON diagram. of Figure 4.

The exhaust air is extracted at a temperature of about 19 ° C and circulates in the space 24 for a reduction of about 80 to 90% of the heat losses through the wall. The heating means 28 makes it possible, if necessary, to maintain its temperature at the outlet above the dew point (which is, for example, 7 ° C. in the case of a stale air taken at 19 ° C. with a relative humidity of 45%. approximately, as shown in Figure 4). For an outside temperature of -5 ° C., the temperature of the outer face of the load-bearing wall 16 is approximately 17 ° C. and that of its inner face is close to 19 ° C., the heat flows through the wall 16 , and therefore the thermal losses through this wall in very cold weather, are reduced by 80 to 90%, which results in a reduction of the total energy consumption for heating of about 16 to 20% in a building of the low consumption type. It can also be seen that without the space 24 for the passage of polluted air situated in the middle of the thermal insulation 18, the temperature of the external face of the wall 16 would be much lower and the thermal losses through the wall 16 would be much more important. Heating the room is provided mainly by the radiating ceiling 30, 34, 36 through the hot air circulating in the closed space 34 at a temperature between 25 and 35 or 40 ° C. If the temperature of the air in the space 42 extending inside the wall 16 is greater than about 19 ° C., this space 42 radiates heat towards the interior of the room and participates in the heating of the room. it. Thanks to the radiating ceiling, it suffices that one maintains a temperature in the room of about 19 ° C. to feel a good feeling of comfort, comparable to that which one would obtain with a temperature of at least 23 ° C. in the room with a classic heating system with wall heaters. The set of means diagrammatically shown in FIG. 1 makes it possible to ensure the heating of the building in cold weather and the production of domestic hot water in sufficient quantity with a non-renewable energy consumption that is zero or almost zero. With a solar panel area of no more than 12m2, the building produces more energy than it consumes and is of the "positive" type (BEPOS or positive energy building). In summer or in hot weather, fresh air introduced into the building 30 in compensation for the extracted exhaust air flow, may have a temperature above 25 ° C and a low hygrometry of less than 30%. This fresh air 3028598 12 can be cooled in the exchanger 50 when it is fed by the solenoid valve 58 in cold water at a temperature of about 1820 ° C. Fresh air can thus be introduced into the building at a temperature below 25 ° C and with a hygrometry higher than 35%. If necessary, the humidifier 68 can lower the temperature of the fresh air and increase its hygrometry. The preheated water leaving the exchanger 50 is fed into the heat accumulator 52 to be heated to a temperature between 40 and 60 ° C and is then fed into the domestic hot water tank 54 where it is stored at a temperature of about 60 to 65 ° C. Advantageously, presence or intrusion sensors can be used to control the radiating ceilings and walls, because of their short response time, and to reduce or increase the extracted stale air flow as a function of the number of persons present. in the different rooms of the building. In the variant embodiment of FIG. 3, the thermal insulation 18 is placed on the inner face of the carrier wall 16 of the north wall and has a space 24 for the passage of polluted air in its middle, this passage opening into 25 outside the building. A closed space 42 is formed by a panel 44 of staple material for example on the insulation 18, inside the room. Heating and cooling means 46 and a fan 48 are mounted in the space 42. In general, the configuration is that of FIG. 2 and differs only in the provision of the insulation 18 between the wall 16 and the closed space 42. The operation and the advantages are those already described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. In the variant embodiment of FIG. 6, the exchanger 50, the accumulator 52 and the balloon 54 of FIG. storage of domestic hot water are integrated in the same balloon 86 with three stages, the exchanger 50 being down, the accumulator 52 in the middle and the balloon 54 at the top. The fresh air introduction circuit 30 is schematized at 88 and comprises a coil housed in the heat exchanger 50. The heat transfer fluid circuits 76, 78 connected to the solar panels 72, 74 comprise coils housed in the heat exchanger stage. 50 and in the accumulator stage 52, the coolant 5 flowing in the coil of the exchanger stage 50 when its temperature is between 20 and 40 ° C for example, and in the coil of the accumulator stage 52 when its temperature is between 40 and 60 ° C for example. An auxiliary heater 90 is mounted in the storage stage 54.

Alternatively, other types of solar collectors or other heat sources (e.g. geothermal or heat recovery or possibly heat pump) may be used to heat the water of the stages 50, 52, 54. In the foregoing description, it is intended to treat fresh air introduced into the building to warm it to about 19 ° C in cold weather and to cool it in hot weather. However, it is possible to introduce fresh air into the building without changing its temperature or heating it to a temperature below 19 ° C in cold weather, when ceilings and walls or vertical walls of rooms radiate enough energy 20 thermal, the air of the closed spaces of the ceilings, walls or vertical walls of the rooms being heated to 30-40 ° C for example, the mode of operation chosen being the one that consumes the least non-renewable energy.

Claims (15)

REVENDICATIONS1. A method for regulating the temperature and relative humidity of the air in a building, comprising extracting stale air from certain parts of the building and introducing outside air into the building, characterized in that consists of: - heating or cooling the interior of the building by thermal radiation from the ceilings (30) and / or the walls (16) or vertical walls of at least some parts of the building, - passing the stale air extracted from the building in a space (24) delimited between inner and outer walls of at least one north wall (18) of the building to reduce heat flow through the wall, and then reject the stale air outside the building. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists in providing, in the ceilings (30) and in at least some of the walls (16) or vertical walls of the building parts, a closed space (34, 42 ) filled with air extending over substantially the entire surface of the ceiling, wall or wall and separated from the corresponding room by a panel (36, 44) capable of transmitting thermal radiation, heating or cooling the air of this space and to circulate it in this closed loop space. 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it consists in supplying water from a sanitary cold water network (56) a water-air heat exchanger (50) heated by a source of water. renewable energy such as for example that at least one solar collector (72, 74) installed on the roof of the building, to pass the fresh air outside in this heat exchanger (50) to give it a temperature corresponding substantially to that desired in the building, and then introduce fresh air into the building. 4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that it consists in supplying hot water heat exchanger (50) from a heat accumulator (52) heated by a renewable energy source such as by for example, at least one solar collector (72, 74) installed on the roof of the building, and supplying a tank (54) with domestic hot water from the heat accumulator (52). 5 5. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it consists in sparing the space (24) of the flow of stale air in the aforementioned wall between two thicknesses of thermally insulating material (18). 6. Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it consists in maintaining above the dew point the temperature of the exhaust air at the outlet of the space (24) above. 7. Method according to one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that it consists in heating the fresh air outside in the water-air heat exchanger (50) to a temperature higher than that desired in the building, then 15 to humidify the fresh air to give it a predetermined temperature and hygrometry and then to introduce it into the building. 8. A method according to all of claims 2 and 3, characterized in that it consists of summer or in hot weather to cool the interior of the building by cooling the air of closed spaces (34, 42) 20 ceilings and or the vertical walls of the rooms or supplying the water-air heat exchanger (50) with sanitary cold water to cool the fresh air to be introduced into the building. 9. A low-energy or positive-energy building, comprising means for extracting stale air from certain parts of the building and means for introducing fresh air into the building, characterized in that it includes ceilings. (30) and / or walls (16) or vertical walls heating or cooling in at least some parts of the building, and means (20) for passing the exhaust air extracted from the building into a space (24) delimited between internal and external wall of at least one north wall (16) of the building, this space (24) opening out of the building. 3028598 16 10. Building according to claim 9, characterized in that means (28) for heating air are provided at the entrance to the space (24) for stale air passage. Building according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the ceilings (30) and / or at least some of the walls (16) or vertical walls of the building parts comprise a closed space (42) filled with air. extending over substantially the entire surface of the ceiling or wall and separated from the corresponding part by a panel (36, 44) capable of transmitting thermal radiation, means (38, 46) for heating or cooling the air of this space and means (40, 48) air circulation closed loop in this space. 12. Building according to claim 11, characterized in that the means (38, 46) for heating or cooling the air comprise a coil or a heat exchanger supplied with hot or cold water and / or heating means. with electrical resistance. 13. Building according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that it comprises a water-air heat exchanger (50) supplied with water from a sanitary cold water network (56) and air nine outside and heated by a renewable energy source such as at least one solar collector 72, 74) installed on the roof of the building, the heat exchanger (50) being connected to the means (60, 62). introduction of fresh air into the building. Building according to claim 13, characterized in that a heat accumulator (52) heated by a renewable energy source such as for example that at least one solar collector (72, 74) installed on the roof of the building, supplies the aforementioned exchanger (50) with hot water and is connected to a hot water storage tank (54). 15. Building according to claim 14, characterized in that the heat accumulator (52) and the water-air heat exchanger (50) are integrated with the tank (54) for storing hot water.