FR2871871A1 - Flexible pipe e.g. cooling circuit, connecting device for rigid internal pipe, has passage section reducer provided as traversing tubular body, where body includes external radial units such as fixed stud for expansion of connecting zone - Google Patents
Flexible pipe e.g. cooling circuit, connecting device for rigid internal pipe, has passage section reducer provided as traversing tubular body, where body includes external radial units such as fixed stud for expansion of connecting zone Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FR2871871A1 FR2871871A1 FR0406573A FR0406573A FR2871871A1 FR 2871871 A1 FR2871871 A1 FR 2871871A1 FR 0406573 A FR0406573 A FR 0406573A FR 0406573 A FR0406573 A FR 0406573A FR 2871871 A1 FR2871871 A1 FR 2871871A1
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- France
- Prior art keywords
- pipe
- flexible pipe
- tubing
- rigid internal
- rigid
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L33/00—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses
- F16L33/20—Undivided rings, sleeves or like members contracted on the hose or expanded in the hose by means of tools; Arrangements using such members
- F16L33/207—Undivided rings, sleeves or like members contracted on the hose or expanded in the hose by means of tools; Arrangements using such members only a sleeve being contracted on the hose
- F16L33/2071—Undivided rings, sleeves or like members contracted on the hose or expanded in the hose by means of tools; Arrangements using such members only a sleeve being contracted on the hose the sleeve being a separate connecting member
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L33/00—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses
- F16L33/003—Arrangements for connecting hoses to rigid members; Rigid hose connectors, i.e. single members engaging both hoses comprising elements arranged in the hose walls
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L55/00—Devices or appurtenances for use in, or in connection with, pipes or pipe systems
- F16L55/02—Energy absorbers; Noise absorbers
- F16L55/027—Throttle passages
Abstract
Description
2871871 12871871 1
Perfectionnement à un dispositif de raccordement et/ou de branchement de canalisation souple sur une tubulure interne rigide La présente invention concerne un perfectionnement à un dispositif de raccordement et/ou de branchement de canalisation souple, notamment de circuit de refroidissement pour moteur thermique, sur une tubulure interne rigide, ladite canalisation souple étant emmanchée sur la tubulure interne rigide. The present invention relates to an improvement to a device for connecting and / or connecting a flexible pipe, in particular a cooling circuit for a heat engine, on a pipe or a pipe. rigid internal tubing, said flexible pipe being fitted on the rigid internal tubing.
De tels arrangements de connexion de tuyaux souples sont bien connus à ceux versés dans cet art. Des exemples de ces connexions sont notamment décrits dans le brevet EP-A-0.506.017, le brevet US-A-5.411.300 ou bien encore le brevet EP-A-0.243.216. Such flexible hose connection arrangements are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples of these connections are described in particular in EP-A-0,506,017, US-A-5,411,300 or even EP-A-0,243,216.
Ces dispositifs de raccordement et/ou de branchement peuvent être installés sur un grand nombre de circuits de fluide, en particulier les circuits de fluide destinés à la liaison de différents matériels ou organes moteurs dans le cas des véhicules. Ainsi, de tels dispositifs de raccordement peuvent être installés sur les circuits qui s'étendent entre radiateur, aérotherme et moteur du véhicule. Ces circuits, dans lesquels peut circuler de l'eau à une température élevée, sont généralement constitués de canalisations souples en caoutchouc emmanchées sur des tubulures internes rigides qui peuvent affecter la forme d'éléments en T, en Y, ou la forme simple de manchons ou bien encore être constituées par des embouts de boîtier. Sur ces circuits, il est parfois nécessaire de réduire la section de passage des conduites lorsque le débit est trop important. These connection and / or connection devices can be installed on a large number of fluid circuits, in particular the fluid circuits intended for the connection of different equipment or drive members in the case of vehicles. Thus, such connecting devices can be installed on circuits that extend between radiator, heater and vehicle engine. These circuits, in which water can circulate at an elevated temperature, generally consist of flexible rubber lines fitted on rigid internal tubings which can affect the shape of T-shaped elements, in Y, or the simple form of sleeves. or else be constituted by housing end caps. On these circuits, it is sometimes necessary to reduce the section of passage of the pipes when the flow is too important.
Jusqu'à présent, la réduction de passage s'opère par introduction d'un insert à l'intérieur de la canalisation souple et maintien de cet insert à l'intérieur de la canalisation souple par l'intermédiaire d'un collier périphérique externe s'étendant autour de ladite canalisation comme l'illustre la figure 1 relative à l'état de la technique. Il en résulte un temps de pose important de cet insert et un coût de l'ensemble relativement élevé. Until now, the passage reduction is effected by introducing an insert into the flexible pipe and holding this insert inside the flexible pipe via an outer peripheral collar. extending around said pipe as illustrated in Figure 1 relating to the state of the art. This results in a significant exposure time of this insert and a relatively high cost of the assembly.
s Lorsque la tubulure interne est du type comprenant une canalisation principale et un piquage de la conduite principale, il est parfois nécessaire de forcer le fluide à s'écouler à travers ledit piquage. Dans ce cas, il est possible de positionner le réducteur de section de passage au niveau du plan de joint de la conduite principale comme l'illustre la figure 2 de l'état de la technique. La lo tubulure doit donc être réalisée en deux parties et le plan de joint s'étendre au niveau du réducteur de section de passage qui peut alors être moulé d'une seule pièce avec la conduite. Cette contrainte de fabrication ne peut pas toujours être respectée comme l'illustre la figure 3 de l'état de la technique dans laquelle la forme complexe de la conduite principale empêche la présence d'un is réducteur au niveau du plan de joint. Dans ce cas, il est difficile, voire impossible, de réduire la section de passage de la conduite principale. When the internal tubing is of the type comprising a main line and a main line tap, it is sometimes necessary to force the fluid to flow through said stitching. In this case, it is possible to position the cross section reducer at the joint plane of the main pipe as shown in Figure 2 of the state of the art. The tubing must therefore be made in two parts and the joint plane extend at the passage section reducer which can then be molded in one piece with the pipe. This manufacturing constraint can not always be respected as illustrated in FIG. 3 of the state of the art in which the complex shape of the main pipe prevents the presence of a reducing agent at the joint plane. In this case, it is difficult or impossible to reduce the cross section of the main pipe.
Un but de la présente invention est donc de proposer un dispositif de raccordement et/ou de branchement de canalisation souple dont la conception permet de réduire la section de passage de la tubulure interne rigide sur laquelle la canalisation souple est rapportée quelles que soient la forme et l'architecture de cette tubulure interne rigide. An object of the present invention is therefore to provide a device for connecting and / or connecting flexible pipe whose design reduces the cross section of the rigid internal pipe on which the flexible pipe is reported regardless of the shape and the architecture of this rigid internal tubing.
Un autre but de la présente invention est de proposer un dispositif de raccordement et/ou de branchement de canalisation souple dont la conception permet, à faible coût, de positionner un réducteur de section de passage sur le circuit sans nécessiter la présence de pièce de fixation supplémentaire. Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for connecting and / or connecting flexible pipe whose design allows, at low cost, to position a cross section reducer on the circuit without requiring the presence of fasteners additional.
A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un dispositif de raccordement et/ou de branchement de canalisation souple, notamment de circuit de refroidissement pour moteur thermique, sur une tubulure interne rigide, ladite canalisation souple étant emmanchée sur la tubulure interne rigide, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre, dans la zone d'emmanchement entre canalisation et tubulure, un réducteur de section de passage se présentant sous forme d'un corps tubulaire traversant, emmanché à l'entrée de la tubulure interne rigide, le corps tubulaire étant muni à sa périphérie d'organes radiaux externes, tels que des plots, bossages, barrettes, crans servant à l'expansion radiale de la zone d'emmanchement de la tubulure interne et de la canalisation souple en vue d'une immobilisation axiale du réducteur à l'entrée de la zone d'emmanchement. For this purpose, the subject of the invention is a device for connecting and / or connecting a flexible pipe, in particular a cooling circuit for a heat engine, to a rigid internal pipe, said flexible pipe being fitted on the rigid inner pipe, characterized in that it further comprises, in the fitting zone between pipe and tubing, a passage section reducer in the form of a tubular through body, fitted at the inlet of the rigid internal tubular, the body tubular being provided at its periphery with external radial members, such as studs, bosses, strips, notches for radial expansion of the fitting zone of the internal tubing and the flexible pipe for axial immobilization reducer at the entrance to the fitting area.
Grâce à la position du réducteur de section de passage dans la zone d'emmanchement entre canalisation et tubulure et à la présence d'organes radiaux externes sur ledit réducteur, un organe de fixation supplémentaire pour le maintien en position dudit réducteur n'est plus nécessaire. Due to the position of the cross-section reducer in the fitting zone between pipe and tubing and to the presence of external radial members on said reducer, an additional fixing member for holding said gearbox in position is no longer necessary .
L'invention sera bien comprise à la lecture de la description suivante d'exemples de réalisation, en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels: les figures 1 à 3 représentent l'état de la technique; la figure 4 représente une vue en coupe d'un dispositif de raccordement conforme à l'invention; la figure 5 représente une vue en perspective d'un réducteur de section de passage conforme à l'invention; la figure 6 représente une vue en coupe transversale de la zone 25 d'emmanchement entre canalisation et tubulure du dispositif représenté à la figure 4; la figure 7 représente une vue en coupe, à l'état non assemblé, d'un autre mode de réalisation d'un dispositif de raccordement conforme à 30 l'invention; la figure 8 représente une vue en coupe du dispositif de la figure 7 en position assemblée des éléments le constituant et la figure 9 représente une vue en perspective du réducteur de section de passage du dispositif représenté aux figures 7 et 8. The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of exemplary embodiments, with reference to the appended drawings in which: FIGS. 1 to 3 represent the state of the art; Figure 4 shows a sectional view of a connecting device according to the invention; FIG. 5 represents a perspective view of a reduction section reducer according to the invention; Figure 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the fitting zone between pipe and tubing of the device shown in Figure 4; Figure 7 shows a sectional view, in the unassembled state, of another embodiment of a connection device according to the invention; FIG. 8 represents a sectional view of the device of FIG. 7 in the assembled position of the elements constituting it and FIG. 9 represents a perspective view of the passage section reducer of the device represented in FIGS. 7 and 8.
Comme mentionné ci-dessus, le dispositif 1, objet de l'invention, est destiné à s permettre le raccordement et/ou le branchement de canalisation 3 souple sur une tubulure 2 interne rigide, ladite canalisation 3 souple étant emmanchée sur la tubulure 2 interne rigide. Canalisation et tubulure peuvent constituer les éléments d'un circuit, tel qu'un circuit de refroidissement pour moteur thermique, ou tout autre circuit de circulation de fluide. La tubulure 2 interne lo rigide peut affecter un grand nombre de formes, telles que la forme d'un embout en T ou en Y, la forme d'un manchon, la forme d'un boîtier avec embout ou autre. As mentioned above, the device 1, object of the invention, is intended to allow the connection and / or the connection of flexible pipe 3 on a rigid internal pipe 2, said flexible pipe 3 being fitted on the inner pipe 2 rigid. Pipe and tubing may constitute the elements of a circuit, such as a cooling circuit for a heat engine, or any other fluid circulation circuit. The rigid internal tubing 2 can affect a large number of shapes, such as the shape of a T-shaped or Y-shaped ferrule, the shape of a sleeve, the shape of a housing with ferrule or other.
Ce dispositif comporte, dans la zone d'emmanchement entre la canalisation 3 et la tubulure 2 interne rigide, un réducteur 4 de section de passage. Ce réducteur 4 de section de passage se présente sous forme d'un corps tubulaire traversant emmanché à l'entrée de la tubulure 2 interne rigide. Ce corps tubulaire est muni à sa périphérie d'organes 5 radiaux externes qui, dans les exemples représentés, sont constitués par des bossages. Toutefois, à titre d'organe équivalent, des plots, barrettes ou crans auraient pu être réalisés. Ces organes 5 radiaux externes servent à l'expansion radiale de la zone d'emmanchement de la tubulure 2 interne et de la canalisation 3 souple pour permettre une immobilisation axiale du réducteur 4 à l'entrée de la zone d'emmanchement. This device comprises, in the zone of fitting between the pipe 3 and the rigid internal pipe 2, a reducer 4 of passage section. This reducer 4 passage section is in the form of a tubular through body fitted to the inlet of the rigid inner tubular 2. This tubular body is provided at its periphery with external radial members 5 which, in the examples shown, consist of bosses. However, as an equivalent member, pads, bars or notches could have been made. These external radial members serve for the radial expansion of the fitting zone of the internal tubing 2 and the flexible pipe 3 to allow axial immobilization of the reducer 4 at the inlet of the fitting zone.
Le réducteur 4 de section de passage comporte encore, au droit des organes 5 radiaux externes, un épaulement 6 continu prenant appui sur l'extrémité distale de la tubulure 2 interne rigide. Cet épaulement circonférentiel externe assure une immobilisation axiale du réducteur 4 de section de passage dans une direction à l'état emmanché dans ladite tubulure 2 interne rigide. The reducer 4 passage section further comprises, in line with the outer radial members 5, a continuous shoulder 6 bearing on the distal end of the rigid inner tubing 2. This outer circumferential shoulder ensures axial immobilization of the passage section reducer 4 in a direction in the state fitted in said rigid internal tubing 2.
L'extrémité de la tubulure 2 interne rigide peut affecter la forme d'une olive 7 de raccordement qui facilite la retenue de la canalisation 3 souple emmanchée sur la tubulure 2 interne rigide. The end of the rigid internal tubing 2 can affect the shape of an olive 7 connection which facilitates the retention of the flexible pipe 3 fitted on the rigid internal tubing 2.
Il peut être en outre prévu, au droit de la zone d'emmanchement entre canalisation 3 et tubulure 2, un élément 9 d'enveloppement externe, tel qu'un collier ou un élément surmoulé, qui sert au maintien de la canalisation 3 souple sur la tubulure 2 interne rigide. Ainsi, olive et organes 5 radiaux participent à la déformation de la canalisation souple pour créer un renflement de la canalisation souple qui favorise l'immobilisation axiale de l'ensemble formé de la canalisation 3 souple, de la tubulure 2 interne rigide et du réducteur 4 de section de passage dans la zone d'emmanchement. It can also be provided, in line with the fitting zone between the pipe 3 and the pipe 2, an external wrapping element 9, such as a collar or an overmoulded element, which serves to hold the flexible pipe 3 on the rigid internal tubing 2. Thus, olive and radial members participate in the deformation of the flexible pipe to create a bulge of the flexible pipe which promotes the axial immobilization of the assembly formed of the flexible pipe 3, the rigid internal pipe 2 and the reducer 4 passage section in the fitting area.
Dans les exemples représentés aux figures 4 à 6, qui illustrent un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, les organes 5 radiaux sont moulés d'une seule pièce avec le corps tubulaire du réducteur 4 de section de passage et prennent naissance au niveau de l'épaulement 6 continu du réducteur 4. Ces organes 5 sont réalisés sous forme de bossages de forme ovoïde qui s'étendent sur une partie de la longueur du corps tubulaire. Ces bossages sont répartis à intervalle sur la périphérie dudit corps et sont ici représentés au nombre de trois, séparés l'un de l'autre de 120 . In the examples shown in FIGS. 4 to 6, which illustrate a first embodiment of the invention, the radial members are molded in one piece with the tubular body of the passage section reducer 4 and originate at the level of the shoulder 6 continuous gear reducer 4. These bodies 5 are made in the form of bosses of ovoid shape which extend over a portion of the length of the tubular body. These bosses are distributed at intervals on the periphery of said body and are here represented in number of three, separated from each other by 120.
Les figures 7 à 9 illustrent un autre mode de réalisation du dispositif de raccordement dans lequel la tubulure 2 interne rigide est constituée d'une conduite 2A principale et d'au moins un piquage 2B sur ladite conduite 2A. Le réducteur 4 est positionnable sur un piquage 2B de la tubulure 2 interne rigide et comporte un prolongement axial en forme de doigt 8 concave s'étendant de la zone d'emmanchement jusque dans la conduite 2A principale de la tubulure 2 rigide pour en limiter la section de passage. La face concave du doigt 8 est orientée face au courant véhiculé par la conduite 2A principale de la tubulure 2 interne rigide comme l'illustre la figure 8 où le sens du courant a été représenté par la flèche S de manière à contraindre une partie du fluide à s'écouler dans le piquage 2B. Ce réducteur 4 de section de passage comporte, de manière analogue à ce qui a été décrit ci- dessus, un épaulement 6 continu prenant appui sur l'extrémité distale de la tubulure 2 interne rigide lors de l'emmanchement du réducteur 4 de section de passage sur le piquage de la tubulure 2 interne rigide ainsi que des organes 5 radiaux externes réalisés sous forme de bossages destinés à permettre l'expansion radiale de la zone d'emmanchement de la tubulure 2 interne et de la canalisation 3 souple pour assurer une immobilisation axiale du réducteur 4 à l'entrée de la zone d'emmanchement. FIGS. 7 to 9 illustrate another embodiment of the connection device in which the rigid internal tubing 2 consists of a main pipe 2A and at least one branch 2B on said pipe 2A. The gearbox 4 is positionable on a tapping 2B of the rigid internal tubing 2 and has a concave finger-shaped axial extension extending from the fitting zone into the main pipe 2A of the rigid tubing 2 to limit it. passage section. The concave face of the finger 8 is oriented facing the current conveyed by the main pipe 2A of the rigid internal pipe 2 as shown in FIG. 8, where the direction of the current has been represented by the arrow S so as to constrain a part of the fluid to flow in the quilting 2B. This reducer 4 of passage section comprises, in a similar manner to that described above, a continuous shoulder 6 bearing on the distal end of the rigid inner tubing 2 during the fitting of the reducer section 4 of passage on the tapping of the rigid internal tubing 2 as well as external radial members 5 made in the form of bosses intended to allow the radial expansion of the fitting zone of the internal tubing 2 and the flexible pipe 3 to ensure immobilization axial of the gearbox 4 at the entrance of the fitting zone.
Grâce à cette solution, la tubulure 2 interne rigide peut être réalisée avec un plan de joint disposé en un emplacement quelconque de ladite pièce, ce plan de joint n'ayant aucune incidence sur la réalisation du réducteur de section de passage. Il en résulte une simplification de la réalisation de telles tubulures. With this solution, the rigid internal tubing 2 can be made with a joint plane disposed at any location in said part, this joint plane having no effect on the realization of the passage section reducer. This results in a simplification of the realization of such tubings.
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0406573A FR2871871B1 (en) | 2004-06-17 | 2004-06-17 | IMPROVEMENT TO A DEVICE FOR CONNECTING AND / OR CONNECTING FLEXIBLE PIPING TO A RIGID INTERNAL TUBING |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0406573A FR2871871B1 (en) | 2004-06-17 | 2004-06-17 | IMPROVEMENT TO A DEVICE FOR CONNECTING AND / OR CONNECTING FLEXIBLE PIPING TO A RIGID INTERNAL TUBING |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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FR2871871A1 true FR2871871A1 (en) | 2005-12-23 |
FR2871871B1 FR2871871B1 (en) | 2008-02-15 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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FR0406573A Expired - Fee Related FR2871871B1 (en) | 2004-06-17 | 2004-06-17 | IMPROVEMENT TO A DEVICE FOR CONNECTING AND / OR CONNECTING FLEXIBLE PIPING TO A RIGID INTERNAL TUBING |
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FR (1) | FR2871871B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4293269A1 (en) * | 2022-06-13 | 2023-12-20 | Witzenmann GmbH | Fluid distribution system and method for producing a fluid distribution system |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101922169A (en) * | 2010-08-19 | 2010-12-22 | 沈仁泰 | Bib tap water consumption device for saving water |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE335363A (en) * | ||||
EP0243216A1 (en) | 1986-03-20 | 1987-10-28 | Caoutchouc Manufacture Et Plastiques | A branching device and/or a connection for flexible pipings |
EP0506017A2 (en) | 1991-03-25 | 1992-09-30 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Hose coupling structure |
US5411300A (en) | 1993-03-16 | 1995-05-02 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Hose connecting assembly |
US6119728A (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 2000-09-19 | Aeroquip Corporation | Assembly for reduction of pulsations and vibrations in a hose |
US20030070718A1 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-04-17 | Benham Roger A. | Fluid diversion apparatus |
EP1304277A2 (en) * | 2001-10-17 | 2003-04-23 | Kia Motors Corporation | Power steering system with noise reduction |
-
2004
- 2004-06-17 FR FR0406573A patent/FR2871871B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE335363A (en) * | ||||
EP0243216A1 (en) | 1986-03-20 | 1987-10-28 | Caoutchouc Manufacture Et Plastiques | A branching device and/or a connection for flexible pipings |
EP0506017A2 (en) | 1991-03-25 | 1992-09-30 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Hose coupling structure |
US5411300A (en) | 1993-03-16 | 1995-05-02 | Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. | Hose connecting assembly |
US6119728A (en) * | 1998-04-01 | 2000-09-19 | Aeroquip Corporation | Assembly for reduction of pulsations and vibrations in a hose |
US20030070718A1 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-04-17 | Benham Roger A. | Fluid diversion apparatus |
EP1304277A2 (en) * | 2001-10-17 | 2003-04-23 | Kia Motors Corporation | Power steering system with noise reduction |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4293269A1 (en) * | 2022-06-13 | 2023-12-20 | Witzenmann GmbH | Fluid distribution system and method for producing a fluid distribution system |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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FR2871871B1 (en) | 2008-02-15 |
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