FR2847224A1 - Two-wheeled single-track vehicle has main components and rider positioned to give lowest possible centre of gravity and incorporates dynamic lateral supports - Google Patents

Abstract

The vehicle (1), motorised or not and having two in-line wheels (3) of the same or different sizes, has its main components - engine (10), battery, fuel tank, brakes and exhaust system (12), as well as its driver, passenger and luggage - positioned to give the lowest possible centre of gravity. The rider's seat (17A) is protected by a rear safety frame (18), and the machine is fitted with dynamic thrust points in the form of skids, spheres or rollers (20) on both sides to provide lateral stability.

Description

The present invention relates to two-wheeled vehicles,

  monotraces, preferably motorized.

  Traditionally these types of vehicles are generically called "two wheels", and more particularly according to their sizes and their powers, motorcycles, or scooters or mopeds.

  Coming straight from the bicycle, which had its balance bike ancestor, these vehicles give the user a standard position on horseback, where the saddle placed relatively high, means that the feet are always much lower than the seat cushion; the feet, depending on the style of driving, sport or tourism, are substantially perpendicular to the knee or slightly behind or in front of the tip of the knee; but still far from the rear or front wheel axles.

  This position astride the engine (or its accessories: battery, air filter ...) creates a high center of gravity

square.

  In this traditional type of configuration, the use of lateral stabilizing rollers would require a large width of the V formed by the line of the main wheels and the support of the stabilizers in a curve. This is why being far too bulky, unsightly and even dangerous, this type of device is currently only used on vehicles intended for road-holding tests by test pilots of motorcycle or tire manufacturers on private tracks, closed. In any event, this type of device (stabilizing wheels) in no way determines the conditions of

design of these vehicles.

  A Swiss manufacturer, markets a completely faired motorcycle which uses stabilizing rollers allowing the stopping and starting of the said motorcycle; without having to take out at least one leg to dismount. The said casters retracting completely (like that of an airliner) as soon as the speed

reaches that of a pedestrian.

  In no case, two traditional or fully shrouded wheels, the driver may not voluntarily and deliberately, come and place his vehicle on at least one third dynamic fulcrum, especially when negotiating a turn at high speed, in optimum conditions. adhesions inducing a considerable angle of inclination of the vehicle.

_2L.

  Therefore, no vehicle provides preventive (passive) and active security for the driver and his potential passenger against the risk of losing control of his two wheels, especially when cornering.

  The vehicle according to the invention makes it possible to remedy this lack of passive and active safety, it indeed comprises, according to a first characteristic, a global center of gravity (CoG), material (machine more possibly baggage contained or stowed according to spaces or defined recommendations) and body (pilot and possible passenger) optimized to be as low as ground clearance allows. By ground clearance (which induces the V of accommodation) I mean and

  I hear the necessary free distance under the machine (tires aside) so as not to strike or rub an obstacle in a straight line (climb a sidewalk for example), but also and above all, the necessary free distance (margin included) on the sides of the machine coming face to face 15 with the road when the latter is inclined to negotiate a turn, at an angle defined as maximum (angle of adhesion limit) according to a type of tire retained on a clean and dry type of road (bitumen or asphalt or concrete ...).

  To minimize the height of the overall center of gravity (CoG) relative to the ground, and among other things in a given wheelbase depending on the type of vehicle you want to achieve (competition, sport, tourism, utility, etc.) ), a maximum of elements and especially and in priority the heaviest (user (s), engine (s), battery (s), fuel tank ...) will approach their lateral projecting parts 25 as close as possible to two planes (Pd3 and Pg3) defined by the maximum tilt angles (adhesion limit angle) considered (Id and Ig) preferentially identical and increased by a safety margin, variable according to the types of use These two planes (Pd3, Pg3 ) form a V whose tip is coincident 30 (or almost) with the ground and with the vertical longitudinal median plane (Pi) of said vehicle. This V is tangent in (Za and Zb) to the right and left faces of the front and rear tires (Figure 1OA) Knowing that the equilibrium of a two wheels inclined in a curve is governed (fig. 4) by the equality of the moments : Px = Fc.y, or:

  P: is the overall weight of the machine plus user (s), applied to the (CoG).

  x: is the horizontal distance from the CoG to the point of contact of the wheels (Za) or (Zb)

Fc: is the centrifugal force.

  -3 'y: is the vertical distance from the CoG to the point of contact of the tires (Za)

or (Zb).

  It appears that the speed of passage in curve is proportional to the tangent of the inclination (Tg Id or Tg Ig). It is therefore the quality of the tires chosen and recommended which determines the ground clearance V and consequently the position of the various elements such as engine (s), seat (s)

  . which, safety margin included will come tangent with the V of accommodation ... DTD: For the example Id and Ig in tourism and utility will have a value 1o of approximately 45, in sport of approximately 500 and in competition of approximately 55. In these conditions of optimization of lowering of the global center of gravity, at least third lateral support points (at least one on the right and at least one on the left) will operate in a voluntary, deliberately chosen and desired manner, or on the contrary in involuntary and therefore back-up ways, in constant ways (fixed by construction, or fixed after chosen adjustment) or episodic or occasional, in contact with the road (according to a defined pressure) or at constant or non-constant distance from said road ( preferably controlled and controlled by sensor (s) and control means (s)) to allow voluntary control of the angle by this third dynamic bearing point, and / or to prevent and secure losses of adhesion and therefore loss of control of the vehicle, in particular when negotiating a turn whatever it is, and whatever the grip conditions.

  The analysis of the results of competitions (Grands Prix) motorcycles and sidecar (as long as they raced the same day, on the same circuit and under identical conditions (dry ground)), demonstrates the superiority of sidecars at the level of the speed of the curve, this being mainly due to better stability, better balance in

limit adhesion situation.

  It is largely this observation which has led the present invention to produce vehicles which are mainly "two wheels" in a straight line and sidecars when cornering, in particular when the said vehicles approach or reach the limit angle d adhesion, what

  whatever the turn and the grip conditions.

  The vehicle according to the invention may use engines

  traditional, or particularly studied according to the invention.

_ 4u

  The vehicle according to the invention will benefit from a one-piece bodywork and / or from fixed or mobile protective hoop (s) particularly studied according to the invention.

  According to particular embodiments, the third dynamic support points ("PAD") will be: - in competition and to meet the regulations of motorcycle racing - Sliding pads, or free spheres in rotation, suspended or not in order to do not constitute a third 10 lateral retention point in a curve. The vocation of these

  third support points aims to replace the driver's knees as a third support point (Nb: drivers today have knee pads fitted with "SLIDER") but also possibly to retain the vehicle on the angle, during recoveries brutal grip which "catapults>" the driver outside the turn in a spectacular fashion, but even more often dangerous and traumatic.

  - in sport, tourism or utility: wheels (casters) of small diameter, suspended or not, driving or not,

  (self) directing or not, brakable or not.

  The attached drawings illustrate the invention:

  Nb: The third support point is named in the text "PAD" for: Dynamic Support Point.

  In general, elements, identical or

  identical functions will have the same references. The symbolized pilot is of medium size (about 1.75 m).

  Figures 1 to 21 show according to the invention an embodiment where the driver is seated in a vehicle (machine) according to

  the invention in a position similar to that of a kart driver.

  Figures 22 to 35 show according to the invention an embodiment where the driver is on his knees in a vehicle (machine) according to the invention in a position similar to that of a competition sidecar driver (basset hound).

  A vehicle (1) according to the invention, travels on a road (A) controlled by a pilot (B) of medium size (about 1.75 m). This vehicle (1) is a two-wheel single-track, its front wheel (2) steering (and possibly driving) is mainly equipped with a system of

  braking. Scooter type wheels from 10 to 14 inches are perfectly suitable for example. This front wheel (2) is carried by a front fork (4) ensuring or not a suspension. This fork (4) will be traditional or single-arm.

  Directly or not integral with the fork (4) a handlebar (7) is most often carrying comfort handles and control members such as accelerator handle, front brake lever and rear brake lever or clutch . Said handlebar (7) is generally attached to a bracket (6) which preferably will be adjustable in length, or movable relative to the upper triple tree (5) of fork (4), in a direction of movement (G) (Fig. 2) which allows the handlebars to be moved forward or backward (7), but also, preferentially, this longitudinal displacement (G) will be accompanied by a displacement in height, this to allow small pilots to retreat and lower the handlebars (7), i5 and large riders to move forward and raise the handlebars (7) in one

  preferably only one maneuver.

  Preferably quick clamping means (13) will guarantee

  speed and security in this maneuver.

  Advantageously, the fork (4) will optionally have a means for adjusting the caster and / or the caster angle and / or the wheelbase; in particular for competition or rental vehicles (1).

  A frame (8) (or chassis) which can act as a fuel tank for example by means of a filler cap (9), will preferably be perimeter in the horizontal longitudinal plane in order to constitute a bumper if protection is sought. driver optimum (B).

  Said frame (8) will preferably be simple, light and rigid in the case of a sport / competition vocation. It can be reduced to its simplest expression, if the engine (10) has been particularly designed to be directly carrying the rear axle and / or the front axle. And / or the "PAD" (20) and (21).

  The engine (s) (10) (thermal and / or electric, in the case of a hybrid motorization for example) preferably incorporates 35 clutch and automatic (or torque converter) or mechanical gearbox with several reports. At the outlet of the gearbox, at least one final transmission (11) (chain or belt or shaft cooperates with a driving pinion and a receiving crown) links the motor (s) to at least one of the wheels (2) and / or (3) For reasons of ground clearance, among other things, the final drive can be done via at least one intermediate shaft. The most prominent elements in width will define the height of the motor opposite

the desired ground clearance.

  Depending on the circumstances, the geometry, the type of motor (10) or for any other need, the chain or belt line (the stretched strand in particular) or the shaft line may therefore be direct in a single segment or indirect in several segments, in the same plane or not (intermediate shaft or not) parallel (s) or not between them and / or to the plane (Pi) in particular to be able to pass on the side of the pilot (B), or under the pilot (B).

  The receiving crown of the final transmission (11) is directly or indirectly integral with a carrier shaft of the rear wheel (3). This rear wheel (3) is rotatably mounted on bearings arranged on either side of the vertical longitudinal median plane (in a straight line)

  (Pi) of the vehicle (1); or on bearings placed on the same side, thus authorizing an automotive type cantilever mounting.

  This rear wheel (3) will most often be fitted with a system

  braking, it can be suspended or not.

  According to the invention, in the case of a heat engine (10), the exhaust system (12) which is a fairly light element with relatively low density, will advantageously be placed relatively high, thus freeing up space in part. low to accommodate higher density (or heavier) elements. Particular attention will therefore be paid to the protection of said exhaust (12), with regard to users (burns, etc.).

  The pilot (B) whether seated or on his knees, will have his feet 30 held, either by foot rests / toe clips (16) supporting when he sits perfectly his heels, which will preferably be slightly in front of the 'front wheel axle, either when it is on its knees by the particularly ergonomic rear ends of the gutters (16) which straddle the rear wheel (3) longitudinally and in which the lower legs rest (knees, shins, ankles). The tiptoe may be behind, or above, or in front of the rear wheel axle (3), mainly depending on whether the wheel 7.

  rear either suspended or not and / or more or less significant wheelbase value.

  In either case the support of the foot (heel) or the instep will preferably be adjustable at least in the direction of

  - the length. If necessary, the footrests (16) or the ends of the gutters (16) will be articulated to allow the operation of a gear selector and / or a rear and / or front brake pedal.

  When the vehicle (1) is in the driver (1) seated configuration, i0 a front bumper (15) will complete the protection provided by the

perimeter frame (8).

  When the vehicle (1) is intended to accommodate a driver (B) in a seated position, a seat (17A) preferably of bucket type substantially identical to those used in karting will be mounted fixed or possibly movable and adjustable, at least in the direction of the length.

  In general and to standardize the construction, it is the normal extra large "XL" model which will be used as a reference to define the seat height of the seat (17A) coming close or almost tangent with the 20 V of guard at floor (accommodation) defined. Centered as close as possible to the plane (PI), said seat (17A) will preferably have the motor (10) positioned in front of it, substantially between the thighs and the pilot's knees (B).

  When the vehicle (1) is intended to accommodate a driver (B) in the kneeling position, a saddle (17B) preferably equipped with a backrest, will most often overlap the upper front part of the rear tire (3). Axis as close as possible to the plane (Pi), said saddle (17B) will preferably have the motor (10) positioned in front of it, substantially under the thorax and the forearms of the pilot (B). In this position, as before, it is a pilot (B) (and / or his passenger) of size "XL" who will determine the points of tangency (or almost) of the knees and / or feet with the guard V on the ground (accommodation).

  The use of a small motor (10) which can be accommodated behind or under the seat (1 7A) or (1 7B) or more particularly in the rim of the rear wheel (3) (or possibly in the rim of the front wheel (2)), is also an object of the said invention, since the aim sought is identical; reminder: Optimize the height of the center of _8

  global gravity (CoG) so that it is as low as possible, in order to allow the possible use of the third support point "PAD" in the best possible conditions of size, efficiency, aesthetics and therefore design but also and above all security.

  For vehicles (1) intended particularly for the general public,

  protections such as safety bar (s) (18) fixed (s) or removable (s) and possibly mobile bar (s) (19) furnished with absorbent elements (foam) will end up "caging" the pilot (B) opposite the perimeter frame (8).

  In association or not with these safety devices which keep the pilot as well as possible (B) out of the risk of impact in the event of a collision or loss of control and which are; a perimeter frame (8), a fixed hoop (18), a movable hoop (preferably liftable to allow seating or in the saddle), a seat belt per user, front bumpers

  (15) (lateral and rear, if any), the vehicle (1) may be equipped with a body (32) open or closed, total or partial, monobloc or assembled, possibly with moving parts, in particular to follow the possible movements of the "PAD".

  This bodywork (32) particularly suitable for competition or sport or leisure or tourism or utility use, will fair all (except the area of contact of the front (2) and rear (3) tires with the ground.

  (A)) or part of the "PAD" (20) and (21); the projecting parts, protruding in width from this body (32) will receive according to the invention, advantageously indicators and / or mirrors and / or lighting and / or signaling means and / or small (s) storage box (es) ...

  (The support means, also called dynamic support point "PAD" and which are at least one on the right (20) and one on the left (21) 30 could also be called "anti-fall system on the angle" (or cornering), or even anti-loss control on angle system, which would give in English "anti-lost control on angle system" which could be abbreviated as "ALCA system").

  This parenthesis does not have the essential purpose of protection by name, but rather to emphasize the advantages of the vehicles according to the invention: making two wheels safer and less dangerous, especially when they are motorized.

  The invention which aims to optimize the lowering of the center of gravity in particular by new driving positions for a two-wheeler and by a systematic search for the different elements making up a two-wheeler, to bring the overall center of gravity into the lowest in the ground clearance V (accommodation), will make it possible to enhance the image of two-wheeled vehicles more and to encourage a larger segment of the population to become users who are confident, secure and protected. This protection is as well against the risks of falls as against the bad weather, since the reduction io of the overall height, to its achievable minimum promotes a

roof body.

  According to the invention the "PAD" can be of different natures or forms and function in different ways, depending on the desired result and the degree of sophistication and therefore of cost accepted.

  a) The "PAD" (20), (21) are quite simply sliders made of slippery material (Teflon or silicone for example) mounted fixed or in rotation directly on elements of the frame (8) for example.

  b) The "PAD" (20), (21) are free spheres in rotation, for example by a mounting supported on three tangential bearings (30) (fig. 14 20 to 18). A device (31) for the flange (fig. 15) or for the fingers (fig. 14-16-17-18) keeps the sphere flat on its three tangential bearings (30).

  c) The "PAD" (20), (21) are small wheels (inflatable or not), they can be: Free to rotate on their axes And / or drive synchronized with at least one of the main wheels (2 ) or (3) And / or brakable simultaneously or not, independently or not of the main wheels (2) and / or (3) And / or free in direction (idle wheels)

  And / or limited in direction by possibly adjustable stops.

  And / or controlled in direction proportionally or not opposite the front steering wheel (2).

  Whatever their natures, their forms, their functions, the "PAD" have holding means (fixings), which are preferably: a) either directly on the frame -10 b) or on arms (22) on the right and (23) on the left or plates (29) fig.20-21, more or less articulated and / or formed (profiles) in order to meet the requirements for bypassing elements; for example engine (10), exhaust (12), transmission (11) ..., and to the trajectory requirements limiting or accompanying the angle (Id) or

  (Ig) cornered and therefore sought after in the movement of the so-called "PAD"; for example trajectory in an arc of a circle (pendulum), or longitudinal or transverse or rectilinear (ramp) or in spline <set (s) of rods.).

  Whether the method of fixing the "PAD" is direct on the frame or by means of arms, the "PAD" may possibly be mobile and adjustable longitudinally (R) fig.2 in order to modify the shape of the support polygons (Za / 20 / Zb) fig. 10 B and (Za / 21 / Zb) and therefore to be able to play on the dynamic support qualities of the so-called

"PAD" (20) and (21).

  Whatever the type of arm (22) and (23) or of plate (29), the mobility of the "PAD" is controlled humanly by a more or less rapid blocking system on the desired setting, and / or controlled automatically by at at least one detection means (angle and / or centrifugal force sensor (s)) which orders according to an established program (data processing) to at least one control means (electric and / or mechanical and / or pneumatic motor and / or hydraulic) the lifting or lowering movement of the "PAD".

  Depending on the control means (s), at least one means of transmission (25) of the control means (s) may be

  necessary (sprockets, chain (s) or toothed belt (s) for example).

  Whatever the type of arm (22) and (23) or of plate (29) the "PAD" can be suspended either directly by the bending of the arms (22), (23), or by a damping system in a hinge pin 30, either by interposition between the "PAD" (20) or (21) and its arm (22) or (23) with a suspension link (24) on the right and (25) on the left provided of a damping element (26) of the "ROSTA" type for example.

  The advantage of a shock absorber (elastic element) of type 35 "ROSTA", especially when the "PAD" is a caster (20) (21) is that it can perform three functions, since it is active in all three planes cardinals.

  - Vertical longitudinal plane: absorption and damping by its radial movement, of the shocks encountered by the "PAD" in its longitudinal trajectory.

  - Horizontal transverse plane: by this movement the "ROSTA" allows the self direction of the "PAD" according to the radius of the turn, the "PAD" can thus naturally and without opposition of strong resistance of the "ROSTA" automatically find its trajectory and in particular to orient yourself towards the outside of the turn (

  therefore opposite to the direction of the front wheel (2)).

  - Front plane: by this movement of the "ROSTA" the "PAD" has an optimum contact surface with the ground (A). Nb preferably according to the invention the arms (22), (23) or the plates (29) or the suspension system (26), and therefore the "PAD" will have: - compression displacement stops (and possibly expansion ) - steering stops, because indeed the sketch of trajectory 20 of a "PAD" in curve shows that for minimum acceptable, realistic turning radii of approximately 5 meters and for a vehicle (1) equipped with a wheelbase of about 1.20 meters, the angle necessary for the "PAD" to fit perfectly into the sketch of trajectories 25 is about 30 opposite the steering angle of the

front wheel (2).

  Steering stops of the "PAD" casters about 3 of the axis in no way prevent self-steering, but guarantee lateral restraint limiting the skidding of the vehicle (1), which is one of the aims

research.

  According to a first preferred embodiment (FIGS. 1 to 13), the vehicle (1) after having defined or chosen: - a wheelbase approximately 1.20 meters corresponding to the desired use, namely a leisure vehicle intended to be rented to the public on go-kart tracks (indoor or outdoor)

  - a geometry of the front axle: caster, caster angle.

  - a type of wheel: -12 - front wheel (2) of a scooter; 10 inch rim - scooter type rear wheel (3); rim with a diameter

13 inches.

  s - a type of tire, the coefficient of grip of which allows you to safely take an angle of inclination (Id), (lg) of 500. (suspension (26) in abutment) - A safety margin of 5 additional La retained ground clearance is therefore 550, it emerges (fig.lOA)

  that the V of ground clearance and therefore of material and bodily (Pd3 / Pg3) accommodation is 350 on either side of the plane (PI) or 70 in all (since preferentially the planes (Pd3) and (Pg3) are symmetrical with respect to the plane (Pi)).

  The largest seat selected (XL) not shown, (the one that

  is represented is a medium (M) for pilot (B) of average size and weight (1.75 meters / 70 kg)) is positioned tangential (or almost) at V (Pd3 / Pg3).

  The motor (10) will come tangent (or almost) with (Pd3) and (Pg3)

  even if it means being slightly off center.

  A perimeter frame (8) optimizes pilot protection (B), low center of gravity, ground clearance, maintains mechanical elements ...

  A central beam of the frame (8) connects the steering column 25 to the rear wheel shaft bearing (s) (3). Preferably, it acts as a fuel tank thanks to a filling cap (9). The transmission (11) for reasons of fairly wide engine output uses an intermediate shaft which makes it possible to register the transmission line (11) in the V (Pd3 / Pg3) despite a ratio of

significant reduction.

  A handlebar adjustable in position (Gi) fig. 2 for example and / or toe clips (16) with notches of multiple heels (not shown) ensure good ergonomics for the pilot (B).

  Safety and protection devices: fixed bar (18),

  movable roll bar (19) preferably locked by an immobilizer system if it is not locked, and a front bumper (15) completes the protection of the pilot (B).

  -13 The relatively light element exhaust pipe (12) is positioned behind the bucket seat (17A), above the rear wheel (3). In this embodiment the "PAD" (20) and (21) are solid bandage rollers with a diameter of 125 mm for a width

  of 45 mm in plastic materials or adherent rubbers.

  These "PAD" are mounted suspended at the end of rods

suspension (24), (25).

  The other end of the rods (24), (25) is provided with a damping element of the "ROSTA" type anchored for its fixed part to an arm (22) on the right and (23) on the left.

  The arms (22) and (23) are arms oscillating around axes (33) fig. 8 rotating on plates (34) fixed directly or not to the beam of the frame (8).

  The arm (22) but also (23) is constituted in its central part

  bottom of a square tube driven in rotation by the axis (33) which is also square.

  The square end of the arm (22) and (23) can slide (R) fig.2

  to be fixed adjusted on the axis (33).

  The axes (33) are integral with: - An adjustment system, immobilizing the arms (22) and

  (23) on a chosen tilt angle value.

  - Or are integral with a control means (27) piloted by a means of detection (sensor (s)) of angles and / or of centrifugal force, preferably integrated in the

  control means (27) and / or ground pressure (A).

  - Or the axes (33) are one, in this case the arms (22) and (23) preferably constitute a single element, a sort of pendulum, which turns under centrifugal force 30 and / or the thrust of the inner wheel in contact with the ground (A) could cause the outer wheel to cause the inner wheel to rise and / or vice versa. The axle (33) being equipped with a mechanical and / or electronic system aimed at detecting an abnormally rapid movement 35 (due to a skid in particular) of ascent of the inner wheel, this detection would block the axle (33) temporarily on its position to limit the angle -44b

  taken and therefore to limit by effect induces the loss of control of the vehicle (1).

  This assembly system (27) which is at least one means for detecting angle (sensor (s)) and / or centrifugal force (sensor (s)) and / or soil pressure (A) on the "PAD" (sensor (s)), will pilot through a computer program at least one control means which will act on at least one of the "PAD". According to the invention, other situations controlled by said system (27) are possible and does not constitute a list below.

0o exhaustive.

  Fig. 9: ignition off (engine stopped therefore)

  - the "PAD" (20) or (21) is lowered on the side stand.

  - the "PAD" (21) is raised in abutment to limit the size. Not shown: ignition off the "PAD" (20) and (21) are

lowered in the center stand.

  Fig. 10 A: running, in a straight line the "PAD" (20) and (21)

  are lifted in abutment to limit the size.

  Fig. 1i1: when running at the start of the curve (on the right for example) the interior "PAD" (20) follows at a distance (or in slight contact) the ground (A), 20 the "PAD" (21) symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to on the plane (PI) lowers almost to intervene in the event of a more or less unexpected slip of the vehicle (1), which would cause the immobilization of the arm

  (22) to prevent the vehicle (1) from "collapsing" to the side.

  Fig. 12: or else the "PAD" would remain in its picked up position as long

  that a skid is not detected by the system (27).

  Fig. 13: on the other hand, a sudden resumption of grip with risk of violent tilting of the vehicle (1) will be prevented by the "PAD" (21) which will have lowered itself to the ground (A) at the same time or not. Sudden movements and / or excessive pressure on one or the other "PAD" having disappeared, the order to unlock the arms (22) and

  (23) would be given by the system (27).

  Figure 13 highlights the crushing of the right suspension (26), in fact the right link (24) is horizontal while the left link (25) is inclined since the "PAD" wheel (21) does not

not touch the ground (A).

  According to a variant of the model described above, and illustrated in fig. 20 and 21, the suspension links (24) and (25) are secured to plates (29) provided with stops (35) preferably adjustable. The -15 plates (29) fixed to the frame can rotate to adjust and fix the height of the "PAD" at will, as shown in fig. 21 or the "PAD" (20) is set higher than the "PAD" (21), a particular situation not impossible but above all illustrated to express the difference in height of the right and left "PAD". In the same way as previously the plates (29) could

  be controlled by the system (27).

  According to another variant fig. 14 to 18 more intended for sport or competition use, the frame (8) is reduced to its simplest io expression, the foot rests (16) are mobile supports which maintain both the heel while by allowing a rotational movement (tilting) around an axis (36) to actuate a gear selector (S) or a rear brake pedal (F).

  A system of automatic pedal and shoes with "cleats" type 15 bike would also be perfectly suited to maintain the

pilot's feet.

  Preferably the said foot rests (16) or their supports

  (37) are movable in length (L) and locked on a chosen setting, by at least one more or less rapid clamping means (14).

  In this variant the "PAD" are spheres (20) and (21) free to rotate on three bearings (30) and retained by fingers

  (31) to remain in tangential contact with the bearings (30).

  In this variant the system (27) can be separated or be integrated into the damping elements (26) and to the transmission means 25 (28) of the control means (27). It could for example be a kind of screw or hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders which would be controlled by the system (27) which could therefore be integrated into the cylinder element.

  Advantageously, this type of jack would provide the suspension (24)

and (25).

  According to another preferred embodiment and with requirements similar to those stated for the previous embodiment, with the major difference that this time the pilot

(B) is on his knees (figs. 22 to 35).

  In this embodiment the "PAD" (20) and (21) are preferably small inflatable wheels, quite wide and fixed directly on the frame, preferably on a tube having a V or U shape open so that the angle of the branches is -16

  equal to the defined ground clearance angle (Pd2 / Pg2). which is therefore the maximum angle of inclination, at the travel stop of the "PAD" or when the "PAD" have no suspension.

  As this type of vehicle is intended to run on perfectly flat tracks, the safety margin between the V of the limit angle of inclination and the V of the accommodation is reduced to the strict minimum. The bodywork (32) illustrated for this embodiment shows to what extent (fig. 22 -24-2830-32 for example), the invention opens up new avenues in design for a two-wheeler. The integration of the "PAD" (20) and (21) to the bodywork (32) shows all the advantage of the invention which aims to optimize so that the overall center of gravity (CoG) is as low as possible. which authorizes an extremely reduced "lane" (overall width) of "PAD" and therefore perfectly consistent with the vocation of a two

it's wheels can be bulky.

  For example, the overall width of the vehicles according to the invention is not more important than a BMW motorcycle with a Flat-Twin engine (about 0.80 m) but with better ground clearance, therefore an increased possibility. to take the angle.

  To summarize or to perfect the description:

  According to the invention, land vehicles (1), motorized (10) or not with two wheels of identical or different sizes, monotrace, suspended or not, equipped with at least one braking system, the front wheel (2) being preferably steerable (and possibly 25 drive) constitutes a first dynamic support point (Za), the rear wheel (3) being preferably drive (and possibly drive) constitutes a second dynamic support point (Zb), these vehicles are characterized : In that the maximum of material elements (for example: 30 engine (s) (10), battery (s), fuel tank, brake (s), exhaust system (12), (functionally indivisible) constituting the vehicle (1) proper (but also possibly luggage) and corporal (s) pilot (B) (but also possibly passenger), are preferably ordered according to a hierarchy, going from the heaviest to the lightest in order to preferentially define ent a location priority (from the heaviest to the lightest) in the arrangement of said vehicle (1); Thus, their centers of gravity are as low as the hierarchy of weights allows, - 17 vehicle construction geometry (in particular the wheelbase) and the ground clearance necessary, particularly for turning inclined to the limit of stalling (skidding) without risk of catching the ground (A) (road); in optimum grip conditions according to recommended tires (2) and (3) and a dry and clean road (A) (asphalt, bitumen, concrete ...). In that the pilot (B) rests mainly, seated in a seat (17A) preferably bucket type; the said seat (17A) is in its widest version (XL) tangential or almost to the V (Pd3 / Pg3) 1o of ground clearance and preferentially located (and primarily if the pilot is heavier than the engine (10)) just behind said motor (10), (The pilot (B) could also be just in front of and / or above a particularly small and compact motor (10)), (the pilot (B) could have the (s) ) motor (s) in front and / or behind him (thermal 15 and / or electric for example) housed in the front rim (2) and / or rear (3)) The pilot's gluteal support (17 A) is between the wheels (2) and

  (3), substantially at the height of the center of gravity of the engine (10); for a pilot (B) of medium height (approximately 1.75 m), the legs of said pilot (B), at knee height pass above and on each side of the engine (10), the feet of the pilot ( B) passing on either side of a front fork (4), with the heels substantially at the height of the gluteal support and slightly in front of the axis of the front wheel (2), the hands hold a handlebar (7) (or a steering wheel) positioned substantially above and slightly behind the pilot's knees (B), the machine (1) and pilot (B) (seated passenger option) assembly constitutes a pair which optimizes the maximum reduction in the height of the overall center of gravity (CoG) with the ground (A).

  In that the driver (B) rests partially, astride a saddle (17B) preferably provided with a backrest and which (the driver (B) 30 and / or his passenger) more or less overhangs the rear wheel (3 ), the pilot (B) also partly resting on the front end of the legs going from the knees to the instep (possibly tiptoe). These parts of the legs (knees, shins, ankles) are substantially horizontal, preferably slightly bent forward, the point of the knees being substantially at the height of the center of gravity of the motor (10) (which can also occupy any position described in claim 2) and behind said motor (10) preferably. The hands hold a handlebar (7) (of the bracelet type for example) possibly adjustable in ergonomics and fixed more or less directly to the fork (4). The possible passenger can also be kneeling behind the pilot (B) substantially in shape, with the said pilot (B) or sitting behind the pilot (B) with the buttocks above the calves of the pilot (B) and his legs forward, in a position quite similar to that of the pilot (B) of the preceding claim, the pilot assembly (B) and its passenger therefore substantially forming an X. The machine (1) and pilot (B) assembly ( and possibly passenger, kneeling or sitting behind the pilot (B)) constitutes a binomial which optimizes as much as possible the reduction in the height of the center of gravity (CoG) with the ground A. In that the transmission line (11) (strand stretched for a chain or belt line, or tree line) is made up of a 15 or more segment (s) located in one or more planes parallel (s) or not to the plane (Pi) and / or between them. This in order to allow the possible circumvention of the seat (s) (17A) and / or (17B), while respecting the search for optimization of the height of the center of gravity as low as possible (CoG), without harming the guard at

essential soil.

  In that a system can allow said vehicle (1) to have (constantly or occasionally or occasionally) at least a third dynamic support point "PAD" (at least one on the right and at least one on the left ) when it is banked in a turn. These 25 third dynamic fulcrum, right "PAD" (20) and left "PAD" (21) depending on the orientation of the turn, together with the dynamic fulcrums (Za) and (Zb) of the front wheels (2 ) and rear (3) with the ground (A), a support polygon (Za / 20 / Zb) on the right or (Za / 21 / Zb) on the left in which the global center of gravity 30 (CdG) is inscribed of the vehicle (1) and user (s) whatever the angle taken by the

  vehicle (1), regardless of the turn negotiated by the driver (B).

  In that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21)

  are slidable pads.

  In that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21)

  are free spheres in rotation.

  In that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21)

are wheels (casters).

  -.19. In that the wheels (20) and (21) are free in rotation and in direction. - In that the wheels (20) and (21) are free in rotation and in direction, but limited in directional movement (adjustable or not) symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to their longitudinal axis. In that the wheels (20) and (21) are motorized preferably synchronized with the driving wheel (3) (or (2) possibly) and / or controlled in the direction to more or less respect a sketch of trajectory which means that the said rollers (20) and (21) are oriented slightly towards the outside of the negotiated turn; and / or braked

  preferentially synchronized with the rear wheel (3).

  In that the "PAD" (20) and (21) are preferably suspended by connecting rods (24), (25) integrating elastic elements (26) of the "ROSTA" type allowing, in addition, possibilities of suspension, by swiveling perfect support of said wheels (20) and

  (21) with the ground (A) and perfect self-steering according to the profile of the road and the radius of the negotiated turn.

  In that the "PAD" (20) and (21) directly or through their supports, arms (22) and (23) or plate (29) 20 can be moved along substantially the longitudinal axis (1) in order to satisfy the best balance of the machine (1) when it is supported on one of its "PAD" (20) or (21).

  In that the "PAD" (20) and (21) are movable in height symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the longitudinal plane (PI) the "PAD" (20) and (21) can therefore be ordered together or

  individually according to the desired result.

  In that at least one angle detection means (inclination and / or centrifugal force sensor (s)) and / or soil pressure (A) on the "PAD", act (s) according to a program establishes on at least one control means (27) (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical) and at least one transmission means (28) on the control means (27) to meet the desired action requirements of the PADs "(20) and / or (21). The "PAD" (20) and (21) will act constantly with a determined contact pressure with the ground (A); or 35 maintains the desired distance from the ground (A) depending on the angle

  tilt, or the situation (vehicle (1) stationary or in motion).

  In that an open or closed bodywork (32), partial or total, monobloc or multi-room, articulated or not particularly -20 suitable for use in sport or competition or leisure, or tourism or utilities will cover everything (except the contact area front and rear tires with the ground (A)) or part of the "PAD" (20) and (21); the parts extending in width from this bodywork (32) will advantageously receive indicators and / or rear view mirrors and / or lighting and / or signaling means and / or small storage compartment (s).

  In that the foot rests (16) or the rear ends of the gutters (16) are movable in the direction of movement of the foot so as to allow the control of a speed selector preferably on the left and the control on the right of the rear brake preferentially.

  In that a safety system, fixed roll bar (18) and movable roll bar (19) and possibly seat belt (s) keep the pilot (B) and possibly his passenger as well as possible,

  out of the risk of impact in the event of a collision, or loss of control.

  In that said vehicle adapts best to the driver's morphology (B) in particular by a handlebar (7) adjustable in height and / or in length and possibly in width; and / or by footrests (16) also adjustable in length and / or in height, and possibly also in width, and / or a seat (17A) or a saddle (17B) adjustable in length and / or in height and / or possibly also in width.

  In that the frame (8) (or chassis) will, depending on the perimeter, be used horizontally, therefore bearing and protective, and may possibly act as a fuel tank preferentially in its central part, or else this said frame (8) will be reduced to its simplest expression by the use of a motor specifically intended to carry the front axle and / or the rear axle and / or the "PAD" (20) and (21) directly or by

  through their supports (22-23-24-25-26).

  The vehicles according to the invention are intended to be "two

  "safe, secure, aesthetic and functional" wheels.

-21

Claims (16)

  1) Land vehicles (1), motorized (10) or not with two wheels of identical or different sizes, monotrace, suspended or not, equipped with at least one braking system, the front wheel (2) being preferably steered (and possibly driving) constitutes a first dynamic bearing point (Za), the rear wheel (3) being preferentially driving (and possibly steering) constitutes a second dynamic bearing point (Zb), characterized in that the maximum 1o of material elements (for example: engine (s) (10), battery (s), fuel tank, brake (s), exhaust system (12), (functionally indivisible) constituting the vehicle   (1) proper (but also possibly luggage) and corporal (s) pilot (B) (but also possibly passenger), are preferably ordered according to a hierarchy, going from the heaviest to the lightest in order to preferentially define a priority d 'location (heavier to lighter) in the arrangement of said vehicle (1); Thus their centers of gravity are as low as the hierarchy of weights allows, the construction geometry of the vehicle (in particular the wheelbase) and the ground clearance necessary, particularly for turning inclined to the limit of stalling (skidding) without risk to hang the ground (A) (road); in optimum grip conditions according to recommended tires (2) and (3) and a dry and clean road (A) (asphalt, bitumen, concrete ...).   2) Vehicle according to claim (1) characterized in that the driver (B) rests mainly, seated in a seat (17A) preferably bucket type; the said seat (17A) is in its widest version (XL) tangential or almost to the V (Pd3 / Pg3) of ground clearance and preferentially located (and primarily if the pilot is heavier than the engine (10)) just behind said motor (10), (The pilot (B) could also be just in front of and / or above a particularly small and compact motor (10)), (the pilot (B) could have the (s) ) motor (s) in front and / or behind him (thermal and / or electric for example) housed in the front rim (2) and / or rear (3)) The driver's buttock support 35 (17 A) is between the wheels (2) and (3), substantially at the height of the center of gravity of the engine (10); for a pilot (B) of average size (approximately 1.75 m), the legs of said pilot (B), at knee height pass above and on each side of the engine -22 (10), the feet of the pilot (B) passing on either side of a front fork (4), with the heels substantially at the height of the gluteal support and slightly in front of the axis of the front wheel (2), the hands hold a handlebars (7) (or a steering wheel) positioned appreciably above and slightly behind the pilot's knees (B), the machine (1) and pilot (B) assembly (possibly more passenger) seated constitutes a pair which optimizes the maximum reduction in the height of the overall center of gravity (CoG) with the ground (A).   3) vehicle (1) according to claim (1) characterized in that the driver (B) rests partially, astride a saddle (17B) preferably provided with a backrest and which (the driver (B) and / or its passenger) more or less overhangs the rear wheel (3), the driver (B) also partly resting on the front end of the legs going from the knees to the instep (possibly tiptoe).   These parts of the legs (knees, shins, ankles) are substantially horizontal, preferably slightly bent forward, the point of the knees being substantially at the height of the center of gravity of the engine (10) (which can also occupy any position described in claim 2) and behind said motor (10) preferably.   The hands hold a handlebar (7) (of the bracelet type for example) possibly adjustable in ergonomics and fixed more or less directly to the fork (4). The prospective passenger can also be on his knee behind the pilot (B) substantially in shape, with the said pilot (B) or seated behind the pilot (B) with the buttocks above the pilot's calves (B) and his legs forward, in a position quite similar to that of the pilot (B) of the preceding claim, the pilot assembly (B) and its passenger therefore substantially forming an X. The machine (1) and pilot (B) assembly (and possibly passenger, 30 knees or seated behind the pilot (B)) constitutes a binomial which optimizes the reduction of the height of the center of gravity (CoG) with the ground A as much as possible. 4) Vehicles according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 characterized in that the transmission line (11) (stretched strand for a chain or belt line, or shaft line) consists of one or more segment (s) located in one or more planes parallel (s) or not to the plane (Pi) and / or between them. This in order to allow the possible bypass of the seat (s) (17A) and / or (17B), in the -23   respect for the search for optimization of the height of the center of gravity (CdG) as low as possible, without detriment to the ground clearance essential.   ) Vehicles (1) according to claims 1 or 2 or 3, characterized   in that a system can allow said vehicle (1) to have (constantly or occasionally or occasionally) at least a third dynamic support point "PAD" (at least one on the right and at least one on the left ) when it is banked in a turn. These third dynamic support point, "PAD" right (20) and "PAD" io left (21) according to the orientation of the turn constitutes with the dynamic support points (Za) and (Zb) of the front wheels (2 ) and rear (3) with the ground (A), a support polygon (Za / 20 / Zb) on the right or (Za / 21 / Zb) on the left in which the global center of gravity (CoG) of the vehicle (1) and user (s) whatever the angle taken by the   vehicle (1), regardless of the turn negotiated by the driver (B).   6) Vehicles (1) according to claim (5) characterized in that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are pads of slippery material.   7) Vehicles (1) according to claim (5) characterized in that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are spheres free in rotation.   8) Vehicles (1) according to claim (5) characterized in that these third points "PAD" (20) and "PAD" (21) are wheels (casters).   9) Vehicles (1) according to claim (8) characterized in that   the wheels (20) and (21) are free in rotation and in direction.   ) Vehicles (1) according to claim (8) characterized in that the wheels (20) and (21) are free in rotation and in direction, but limited in directional movement (adjustable or not) so   symmetrical or asymmetrical about their longitudinal axis.   11) Vehicles (1) according to claim (8) characterized in that the wheels (20) and (21) are motorized preferably synchronized with the drive wheel (3) (or (2) possibly) and / or controlled in the direction to more or less respect a sketch of trajectory which means that said rollers (20) and (21) are oriented slightly towards the outside of the negotiated turn; and / or braked preferably synchronized with the rear wheel (3). -24   12) Vehicles (1) according to any one of claims 5 to 10 characterized in that the "PAD" (20) and (21) are preferably suspended by rods (24), (25) integrating elastic elements (26 ) of the "ROSTA" type allowing, in addition to the possibilities of suspension, by swiveling perfect support of the said wheels (20) and   (21) with the ground (A) and perfect self-steering according to the profile of the road and the radius of the negotiated turn.   13) Vehicles (1) according to any one of claims 5 to 11 characterized in that the "PAD" (20) and (21) directly or by io through their supports, arms (22) and (23) or plate (29) can be moved along substantially the longitudinal axis (1) in order to satisfy the best balance of the machine (1) when it is supported on one of its "PAD" (20) or (21 ).   14) Vehicles (1) according to any one of claims 5 to 15 -12 characterized in that the "PAD" (20) and (21) are movable in height symmetrically or asymmetrically with respect to the longitudinal plane (PI) the "PAD" (20) and (21) can therefore be ordered together or individually depending on the desired result. 15) Vehicles (1) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that at least one angle detection means (inclination and / or centrifugal force sensor (s)) and / or soil pressure (A) on the "PAD", act (s) according to a program established on at least one control means (27) (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical) and at least one transmission means (28) of the control means (27 ) to meet the desired action requirements of the "PAD" (20) and / or (21). The "PAD" (20) and (21) will act constantly with a determined contact pressure with the ground (A); or maintains the desired distance from the ground (A) depending on the angle of inclination, or the situation (vehicle (1) stationary or in motion).   16) Vehicles (1) according to claim 5 characterized in that a body (32) open or closed, partial or total, monobloc or multi-room, articulated or not particularly suitable for use in sport or competition or leisure, or tourism or utilities will fair all (except the area of contact of the front and rear tires 35 with the ground (A)) or part of the "PAD" (20) and (21); the parts extending in width from this bodywork (32) will advantageously receive indicators and / or mirrors and / or   e 25 means of lighting and / or signaling and / or of small storage chest (s).   17) Vehicle (1) according to claims 2 or 3 characterized in that the footrests (16) or the rear ends of the gutters (16)   are movable in the direction of movement of the foot in order to allow the control of a speed selector preferably on the left and the control on the right of the rear brake preferentially.   18) Vehicle (1) according to claims 2 or 3 and 16 characterized in that a safety system, fixed hoop (18) and movable hoop (19) 1o and possibly seat belt (s) keep the driver (B) and possibly his passenger as well as possible, out of the risk of impact in the event of a collision, or loss of control.   19) Vehicle (1) according to claims 2 or 3 characterized in that said vehicle adapts best to the morphology of the driver (B)   * in particular by a handlebar (7) adjustable in height and / or in length and possibly in width; and / or by foot rests (16) also adjustable in length and / or in height, and possibly also in width, and / or a seat (17A) or a saddle (17B) adjustable in length and / or in height and / or possibly also in width.   20) Vehicle (1) according to claims 2 or 3 characterized in that   that the frame (8) (or chassis) will, depending on the perimeter, be used horizontally, therefore bearing and protective and possibly may act as a fuel tank preferentially in its central part, or else this said frame (8), will be reduced to its simpler expression by the use of a motor specifically intended to carry the front axle and / or the rear axle and / or "PAD" (20) and   (21) directly or through their supports (22-23-2425-26).