FR2813087A1 - Unit recovering atmospheric moisture from vapor or mist state employs hygroscopic salts for absorption, in combination with solar still for release - Google Patents

Unit recovering atmospheric moisture from vapor or mist state employs hygroscopic salts for absorption, in combination with solar still for release Download PDF

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Publication number
FR2813087A1
FR2813087A1 FR0010703A FR0010703A FR2813087A1 FR 2813087 A1 FR2813087 A1 FR 2813087A1 FR 0010703 A FR0010703 A FR 0010703A FR 0010703 A FR0010703 A FR 0010703A FR 2813087 A1 FR2813087 A1 FR 2813087A1
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water
solar still
absorption
oven
vapor
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FR0010703A
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FR2813087B1 (en
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Jacques Pierre Beauzamy
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
    • E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
    • E03B3/28—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from humid air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
    • C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
    • C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
    • Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
    • Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Water, Waste Water Or Sewage (AREA)

Abstract

Reversible absorption properties of compounds for liquid- or vapor phase water are exploited. Lithium bromide, lithium chloride, calcium bromide and calcium chloride are examples of suitable compounds absorbing water from the vapor- or liquid state. A solar still releases the water absorbed. Preferred Features: The solar still comprises an oven (3) with a fabric band (1) recirculating continuously or intermittently between its interior and the ambient air. The band is impregnated with an absorbent chemical composition, e.g. one listed above. Absorption is continuous, and takes place simultaneously with water production. Operation alternatively follows the diurnal cycle, with absorption at night and water production during the day. The unit is orientated to face the sun, following its relative motion by manual or automatic means. An equatorial mounting is used. Fabric advance is manually- or automatically controlled, as a function of the oven temperature. The solar still has a condenser cooled by ambient air. It is alternatively cooled by water, seawater, brackish water or polluted water.

Description

<Desc/Clms Page number 1>
La présente invention concerne un dispositif permettant de récupérer à l'état liquide une partie de l'eau présente dans l'atmosphère sous forme de vapeur ou de brouillard. <Desc / Clms Page number 1>
The present invention relates to a device for recovering in the liquid state part of the water present in the atmosphere in the form of vapor or mist.

La vapeur d'eau présente dans l'atmosphère provient principalement de l'évaporation à partir des océans et autres plans d'eau, ainsi qu'à partir des zones pourvues de végétation. Dans certaines régions, sous l'effet des courants ascendants, la vapeur d'eau atteint des altitudes où elle peut se condenser et former des nuages, qui précipitent en pluie. Water vapor in the atmosphere comes mainly from evaporation from the oceans and other bodies of water, as well as from areas with vegetation. In certain regions, under the influence of updrafts, water vapor reaches altitudes where it can condense and form clouds, which precipitate in rain.

Dans les zones arides et désertiques, la vapeur d'eau, qui est d'ailleurs souvent loin de la saturation, ne peut rejoindre l'altitude permettant la condensation, et les pluies sont rares. In arid and desert areas, water vapor, which is often far from saturation, cannot reach the altitude allowing condensation, and rains are rare.

Le dispositif suivant l'invention fixe la vapeur d'eau présente dans l'atmosphère au voisinage du sol, dans les régions chaudes, y compris celles arides ou désertiques et la restitue sous forme liquide directement utilisable pour la consommation humaine, animale, ou autres applications. The device according to the invention fixes the water vapor present in the atmosphere in the vicinity of the ground, in hot regions, including arid or desert regions and returns it in liquid form directly usable for human, animal, or other consumption. applications.

Le dispositif suivant l'invention réalise à la fois la fonction de captation de la vapeur d'eau grâce au phénomène d'absorption, et la fonction de distillation sous l'action de l'énergie solaire. The device according to the invention performs both the function of capturing water vapor thanks to the absorption phenomenon, and the function of distillation under the action of solar energy.

La fonction de captation de vapeur d'eau utilise la capacité d'absorption d'eau que présentent certains composés chimiques, halogénures d'alcalins ou alcalinoterreux tels par exemple le bromure de lithium, le chlorure de lithium, le bromure de calcium, ou le chlorure de calcium. The water vapor capture function uses the water absorption capacity of certain chemical compounds, alkali or alkaline earth halides such as for example lithium bromide, lithium chloride, calcium bromide, or calcium chloride.

La fonction de distillation est réalisée par un distillateur comportant un four solaire et un condenseur séparé. La figure 1 représente en coupe le dispositif selon l'invention. Les flèches schématisent des rayons du soleil. Le dispositif suivant l'invention comporte une longue bande de tissu (1). La bande de tissu (1) est sans fin, c'est-à- dire que ses deux extrémités ont été cousues ensemble. Le tissu est imprégné de produit absorbant (bromure de lithium, chlorure de lithium, bromure de calcium, ou chlorure de calcium). La bande de tissu (1) est tendue entre le rouleau (2) situé à l'intérieur du four solaire (3) et les rouleaux (4) situés à l'extérieur. La bande de tissu (1) traverse l'une des parois du four solaire (3) au travers des fentes (5) et (6). The distillation function is carried out by a distiller comprising a solar oven and a separate condenser. Figure 1 shows in section the device according to the invention. The arrows schematize rays of the sun. The device according to the invention comprises a long strip of fabric (1). The strip of fabric (1) is endless, that is to say that its two ends have been sewn together. The fabric is impregnated with an absorbent product (lithium bromide, lithium chloride, calcium bromide, or calcium chloride). The strip of fabric (1) is stretched between the roller (2) located inside the solar oven (3) and the rollers (4) located outside. The strip of fabric (1) passes through one of the walls of the solar oven (3) through the slots (5) and (6).

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Le four solaire (3) comporte des parois inférieure (7) et latérales (8) thermiquement isolées, et une face supérieure plane (9) réalisée en vitrage isolant thermique.  The solar oven (3) has thermally insulated lower (7) and side (8) walls, and a flat upper face (9) made of thermal insulating glazing.

Le four solaire (3) comporte un orifice (10) permettant à la vapeur d'eau de s'échapper et de pénétrer dans le condenseur (11). The solar oven (3) has an orifice (10) allowing the water vapor to escape and enter the condenser (11).

L'ensemble des matériaux constituant le four solaire (3) sont choisis pour résister à une température supérieure à 150 C en permanence ainsi qu'aux chocs thermiques. All the materials constituting the solar oven (3) are chosen to withstand a temperature above 150 C permanently as well as thermal shocks.

Le condenseur (11) est situé à l'arrière du four solaire (3). Le condenseur (11) offre une surface d'échange thermique avec l'air importante pour permettre son refroidissement. De plus, la face avant (12) du condenseur (11) réfléchit les rayons du soleil pour empêcher l'échauffement par rayonnement du condenseur (11). The condenser (11) is located at the rear of the solar oven (3). The condenser (11) provides a large heat exchange surface with the air to allow its cooling. In addition, the front face (12) of the condenser (11) reflects the sun's rays to prevent heating by radiation of the condenser (11).

Avantageusement, le condenseur (11) est orienté par rapport au four solaire (3) de façon à ce que sa face avant (12) réfléchisse les rayons du soleil vers le four solaire (3). Advantageously, the condenser (11) is oriented relative to the solar oven (3) so that its front face (12) reflects the rays of the sun towards the solar oven (3).

Selon un mode particulier de réalisation, le condenseur (11) est formé d'un parallélépipède d'acier inoxydable, dont les côtés latéraux ont une faible surface, et dont les faces avant et arrière ont une surface importante. According to a particular embodiment, the condenser (11) is formed of a parallelepiped of stainless steel, the lateral sides of which have a small surface, and the front and rear faces of which have a large surface.

Le condenseur (11) est entièrement fermé à l'exception de l'orifice (10) communicant avec le four solaire (3) et de l'orifice (13), situé à la partie inférieure du condenseur (11). Par l'orifice (13) s'écoule l'eau produite. The condenser (11) is completely closed except for the orifice (10) communicating with the solar oven (3) and the orifice (13), located at the bottom of the condenser (11). Through the orifice (13) flows the produced water.

La partie de la bande de tissu (1) qui se trouve à l'extérieur, en contact avec l'air ambiant, fixe la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique. Cette réaction est exothermique, et la chaleur dégagée doit être évacuée par l'air ambiant, car la pression de vapeur d'eau maximum au contact avec le produit absorbant dépend de la température. La nécessité d'évacuer cette chaleur impose d'avoir une surface de contact avec l'air importante. La surface optimale dépend de la température de l'air et de la vitesse du vent, qui sont variables, et dépendent en particulier de l'endroit où l'appareil est installé. A titre indicatif, la surface de tissu à l'extérieur de l'appareil peut être choisie égale à la surface de tissu à l'intérieur de l'appareil. The part of the fabric strip (1) which is outside, in contact with the ambient air, fixes the atmospheric water vapor. This reaction is exothermic, and the heat given off must be removed by the ambient air, because the maximum water vapor pressure in contact with the absorbent product depends on the temperature. The need to dissipate this heat requires having a large contact surface with air. The optimal surface depends on the variable air temperature and wind speed, and in particular depends on where the device is installed. As an indication, the surface of tissue outside the apparatus can be chosen equal to the surface of tissue inside the apparatus.

La partie de la bande de tissu (1) qui se trouve à The part of the fabric strip (1) which is located

<Desc/Clms Page number 3><Desc / Clms Page number 3>

l'intérieur du four solaire (3) est portée à une température, supérieure à 100 C, qui impose au composé absorbant de rejeter sous forme de vapeur l'eau qu'il a fixée. Cette vaporisation nécessite un apport d'énergie qui est fourni par le soleil. La vapeur d'eau produite s'échappe du four par l'orifice (10) communicant avec le condenseur (11).  the interior of the solar oven (3) is brought to a temperature, higher than 100 ° C., which requires the absorbent compound to reject in the form of vapor the water which it has fixed. This vaporization requires an energy supply which is supplied by the sun. The steam produced escapes from the oven through the orifice (10) communicating with the condenser (11).

Dans le condenseur (11), l'eau passe de l'état vapeur à l'état liquide, en dissipant dans l'air ambiant l'énergie associée. In the condenser (11), the water passes from the vapor state to the liquid state, by dissipating in the ambient air the associated energy.

L'orifice (13) permet de recueillir dans un récipient l'eau liquide produite. The orifice (13) allows the liquid water produced to be collected in a container.

La bande de tissu (1) peut être entraînée manuellement ou automatiquement, de façon continue ou discontinue. Dans chacun de ces cas, l'avance doit être suffisamment rapide pour que le four solaire (3) soit approvisionné en matériau absorbant chargé d'eau. The fabric strip (1) can be driven manually or automatically, continuously or discontinuously. In each of these cases, the advance must be fast enough for the solar oven (3) to be supplied with absorbent material loaded with water.

Avantageusement, on peut utiliser la température comme indicateur de la présence d'une quantité suffisante d'absorbant chargé d'eau à l'intérieur du four. En effet, quand il n'y a plus d'eau à l'état liquide dans le four solaire (3), et que celui-ci est exposé au soleil, sa température augmente. Au contraire, tant qu'il y a encore de l'eau à vaporiser, l'énergie solaire sert à vaporiser l'eau et limite la montée en température. Advantageously, the temperature can be used as an indicator of the presence of a sufficient quantity of absorbent loaded with water inside the oven. In fact, when there is no longer any water in the liquid state in the solar oven (3), and the latter is exposed to the sun, its temperature increases. On the contrary, as long as there is still water to vaporize, solar energy is used to vaporize the water and limits the rise in temperature.

Selon un mode de fonctionnement particulier, la phase de captation d'eau a lieu la nuit et la phase de restitution de l'eau a lieu le jour. Ce mode de fonctionnement peut être envisagé dans les régions où la température de l'air est particulièrement élevée le jour, et la pression partielle de vapeur d'eau particulièrement basse. According to a particular operating mode, the water collection phase takes place at night and the water release phase takes place during the day. This operating mode can be envisaged in regions where the air temperature is particularly high during the day, and the partial pressure of water vapor is particularly low.

Selon un autre mode de fonctionnement, la captation d'eau et la restitution ont lieu de façon continue pendant la journée. Avantageusement, la face inférieure (7) du four peut être réalisée dans un matériau de très forte chaleur massique, de façon à accumuler de la chaleur lorsque l'appareil est exposé au rayonnement solaire. Dans ce cas, la distillation peut se poursuivre en l'absence de soleil. According to another operating mode, water collection and restitution take place continuously during the day. Advantageously, the underside (7) of the oven can be made of a material with very high specific heat, so as to accumulate heat when the device is exposed to solar radiation. In this case, the distillation can continue in the absence of sun.

Avantageusement, le four solaire (3) peut être orienté de façon que sa face supérieure reste normale aux rayons solaires Advantageously, the solar oven (3) can be oriented so that its upper face remains normal to the sun's rays.

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incidents. Le four solaire est alors supporté par une monture équatoriale. Le mouvement de suivi du soleil est effectué de façon manuelle ou automatique, de façon similaire au mouvement d'un téléscope. Le condenseur (11) reste solidaire du four solaire (3) pendant le mouvement.  incidents. The solar oven is then supported by an equatorial mount. The sun tracking movement is done manually or automatically, similar to the movement of a telescope. The condenser (11) remains integral with the solar furnace (3) during the movement.

Avantageusement, le four peut être chauffé non pas seulement directement par le rayonnement solaire incident sur sa face supérieure, par réflexion sur le condenseur (11) mais aussi indirectement par circulation d'un fluide caloporteur, ce fluide étant lui-même chauffé par le rayonnement solaire. Le fluide caloporteur est par exemple de l'huile, végétale ou minérale. Advantageously, the oven can be heated not only directly by the incident solar radiation on its upper face, by reflection on the condenser (11) but also indirectly by circulation of a heat-transfer fluid, this fluid itself being heated by the radiation. solar. The heat transfer fluid is for example oil, vegetable or mineral.

Avantageusement, selon un mode particulier de réalisation, le condenseur(11) peut être refroidi par circulation d'eau, eau de mer, eau saumâtre, ou eau polluée impropre à la consommation. Advantageously, according to a particular embodiment, the condenser (11) can be cooled by circulation of water, sea water, brackish water, or polluted water unfit for consumption.

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Claims (10)

REVENDICATIONS 1) Dispositif permettant de récupérer de l'eau présente dans l'atmosphère à l'état de vapeur, ou de brouillard, caractérisé en ce qu'il utilise les propriétés d'absorption réversible de l'eau, à l'état vapeur ou liquide, de certains composés chimiques tels par exemple le bromure de lithium, le chlorure de lithium, le bromure de calcium, ou le chlorure de calcium, ainsi que la capacité d'un distillateur solaire de libérer l'eau fixée par ces composés. 1) Device for recovering water present in the atmosphere in the vapor state, or mist, characterized in that it uses the reversible absorption properties of water, in the vapor state or liquid, of certain chemical compounds such as for example lithium bromide, lithium chloride, calcium bromide, or calcium chloride, as well as the capacity of a solar still to release the water fixed by these compounds. 2) Dispositif selon la revendication 1 comportant un distillateur solaire équipé d'un four caractérisé en ce que, entre l'intérieur de ce four et l'air ambiant circule de façon continue ou intermittente une bande de tissu imprégné d'un composé chimique absorbant, tel que le bromure de lithium, le chlorure de lithium, le bromure de calcium, ou le chlorure de calcium.2) Device according to claim 1 comprising a solar still equipped with an oven characterized in that, between the interior of this oven and the ambient air circulates continuously or intermittently a strip of fabric impregnated with an absorbent chemical compound , such as lithium bromide, lithium chloride, calcium bromide, or calcium chloride. 3) Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que son fonctionnement est continu, l'absorption de vapeur d'eau atmosphérique ayant lieu simultanément avec production d'eau.3) Device according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that its operation is continuous, the absorption of atmospheric water vapor taking place simultaneously with production of water. 4) Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que son fonctionnement suit le cycle jour / nuit, l'absorption d'eau atmosphérique ayant lieu la nuit et la production d'eau ayant lieu le jour.4) Device according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that its operation follows the day / night cycle, the absorption of atmospheric water taking place at night and the production of water taking place during the day. 5) Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2, 3 ou 4, caractérisé en ce que l'appareil peut être orienté vers le soleil, et suivre le mouvement relatif du soleil de façon manuelle ou automatisée.5) Device according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the device can be oriented towards the sun, and follow the relative movement of the sun manually or automatically. 6) Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2, 3, ou 4, caractérisé en ce que l'appareil peut être orienté vers le soleil, et suivre le mouvement relatif du soleil de façon manuelle ou automatisée grâce à une monture équatoriale.6) Device according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, or 4, characterized in that the device can be oriented towards the sun, and follow the relative movement of the sun manually or automatically thanks to an equatorial mount . 7) Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ou 6, caractérisé en ce que l'avance du tissu est commandée manuellement, en fonction de la température du four.7) Device according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, characterized in that the advance of the fabric is controlled manually, depending on the temperature of the oven. 8) Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ou 6, caractérisé en ce que l'avance du tissu est  8) Device according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, characterized in that the advance of the fabric is <Desc/Clms Page number 6><Desc / Clms Page number 6> commandée automatiquement, en fonction de la température du four. controlled automatically, depending on the oven temperature. 9) Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce que le distillateur solaire comporte un condenseur refroidi par l'air ambiant.9) Device according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, characterized in that the solar still comprises a condenser cooled by the ambient air. 10) Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ou 8, caractérisé en ce que le distillateur solaire comporte un condenseur refroidi par eau, eau de mer, eau saumâtre, ou eau polluée.10) Device according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, characterized in that the solar still comprises a condenser cooled by water, sea water, brackish water, or water polluted.
FR0010703A 2000-08-18 2000-08-18 DEVICE FOR RECOVERING WATER PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE STATE OF VAPOR OR MIST Expired - Fee Related FR2813087B1 (en)

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