FR2476212A1 - STARTING DEVICE FOR ELECTRONIC INJECTION SYSTEMS, PARTICULARLY FOR DIESEL ENGINES - Google Patents

Abstract

THIS COMPLETE STARTING DEVICE FOR ELECTRONIC INJECTION SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO DEMOCRATIC GERMANY PATENTS N 120508 AND 126669 TO OBTAIN AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL BEHAVIOR, AS A FUNCTION OF THE ENGINE TEMPERATURE, SUITABLE FOR THE DIESEL ENGINE REQUIREMENTS DURING STARTING. THE BEGINNING OF THE INJECTION IS EARLIER AS THE TEMPERATURE AND THE ROTATION SPEED ARE LOWER. AT NORMAL OR OPERATING TEMPERATURE AND AT IDLE SPEED, A CONSTANT END OF INJECTION IS RESTORED. TO THIS EFFECT, A TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE COMPARATOR DEVICE, IN PLACE OF THE PRODUCT VOLTAGE, FOR THE TRIGGERING OF THE BEGINNING OF THE INJECTION; A LIMITATION OF THE MAXIMUM DURATION OF INJECTION AND, THEREFORE, OF THE MAXIMUM QUANTITY OF INJECTION IS ENSURED, IN THE CASE WHERE THE REFERENCE VOLTAGE DOES NOT ALREADY CAUSE THE END OF THE INJECTION BY MEANS OF THE COMPARISON DEVICE.

Description

! The invention relates to a device for the automatic control of the

  amount of fuel injected into

  starting conditions for electro-injection systems

nique of internal combustion engines, in particular diesel engines. This device is designed for a particular type of

electronic injection systems, presenting the characteristics

  following ques: - It includes a multiplier which multiplies a tension depending on the rotation speed of the crankshaft and a tension depending on the load situation to give a tension-product. In a comparator device, the pulse determining the injection time is triggered and interrupted at the moments when a tension which is derived from the crankshaft and which decreases in the direction of rotation as a function of the angle of rotation over the whole extent of the range of infection is respectively

  equal to the product voltage and to a reference voltage.

The principle of the type thus defined of electronic injection systems is described in 2the patent of Democratic Germany

n1 120 508.

  An injection system of the kind defined above, intended to be developed by the invention, has been described in German Democratic Patents Nos. 120,508 and 126,669 and was therefore

  previously known. But the imperatives are not taken into account.

  of the start-up process in the embodiments

described there.

  It has also already been proposed, by the patent application in Federal Germany No. 2,728,414, to provide a device

  systems for electronically controlled injection systems

nique for internal combustion engines with external ignition

  laughing. This starting device prolongs the excitation of the electromagnetic injection valves as a function of the temperature of the coolant of the internal combustion engine. The prolonged excitation is reduced as a function of the time or the speed of rotation. Under these conditions, the quantity

  of fuel for enrichment at start-up is preferably

  constant in a lower temperature range and it

  is reduced as the temperature increases.

Furthermore, it has already been proposed, by the request of

Patent in Federal Germany No. 2,743,991, to provide for a period

of particular operation at start-up with electronically controlled injection systems, preferably for internal combustion engines with external ignition. During the start-up period, which is triggered by the start-up operation or by other typical starting parameters, there is a large variation in the amount of fuel depending on the temperature, due to the fact that the injection pulses are

strongly prolonged in time, to a corresponding extent

dante. When the starting conditions disappear, the starting period ends and the automatic control is carried out under normal operating conditions. Therefore, the

  variation in the quantity of injection as a function of the temperature

  erasure is strongly limited, to the extent corresponding to the influence actually exerted by the latter on the

engine operation.

  For the passage from the starting operating mode to the normal operating mode and vice-versa, a special switch is provided which alternately activates and deactivates the circuits acting in each case for the

determination of the injection time.

  The previously described starting devices do not fulfill the conditions in the case of a diesel engine, with regard to the variation of the injection position relative to the top dead center of the explosion. In addition, in each case, the embodiment of the starting devices is described in connection with electronic injection systems of a

other genre.

  According to the present invention, it has been sought to obtain an automatic control behavior, as a function of the engine temperature, similar to that of injection systems.

previously known for internal combustion engines with

external mage, in the case of an injection system built according to the principle set out in the preamble, -system which is further specially adapted to the requirements of the diesel engine during

the start-up phase.

  The object of the invention is to provide, for an information system

electronic connection as defined in the preamble, a provision

  sitive for automatic control of fuel injection

  at start-up speed, device with which, at low speed

laughing at idle speed, the injection is determined, as regards its duration and its position relative to the top dead center, as a function of the engine temperature and its speed of rotation with, contrary to the usual behavior of

  automatic control of the injection system, start of injection

  advanced depending on temperature and end of injection

  depending on the engine temperature and its rotational speed

tion. According to the invention, the aim stated above is achieved by the fact that there is mounted, upstream of the input of the comparator device, a switch whose first input is connected

  to a generator known per se with a voltage equivalent to the temperature

  erasure of the internal combustion engine and to the second input of which the output of the

  multiplier, the voltage generator equivalent to the temperature

  erection being connected, by means of the switch controlled by a

  motor rotation speed sensor, at the input of the device

  comparator below the idle speed and the output of the multiplier being connected to this input above the idle speed, and by the fact that there is mounted, following the comparator device, a limiting device which interrupts the injection pulse, coming from the output of the comparator device, if the maximum admissible injection duration or the maximum admissible quantity is exceeded

injection of the internal combustion engine to be supplied.

  By the solution described above, it is achieved that at rotational speeds lower than the idling speed,

  the start of the injection is entirely dependent on the temperature

  erasure, the injection occurring all the more precociously -

  before top dead center as the temperature of the combustion engine - -

internal tion is lower. Furthermore, it follows that as the rotation speed increases, the end of the injection approaches the top dead center, that is to say

  that it is located at a lesser distance before the top dead center.

  This advantageous behavior is obtained by a tension

assigned to each engine temperature, ensuring that

  ment of the start of the injection, and by a limitation device which is mounted following the comparator device of the injection system and which limits the time constantly

  maximum duration of the injection pulse.

  The limitation device is advantageously produced in the following manner It consists of a timed circuit, connected to the output of the comparator device, and of an AND gate connected in the same way by one of its inputs, the output of the circuit

  being connected to the other input-of the AND gate, the pulse

  injection sion being delivered at the output of the AND gate and the time constant of the timed circuit corresponding to the duration

maximum allowable injection or the maximum quantity allowed-

  injection line of the internal combustion engine to be supplied.

According to the invention, to make the speed detector

se of rotation, the already existing elements of the injection system

The electronics can be adapted as follows - A disc with pulse marks is mounted on the crankshaft or camshaft of the internal combustion engine, a number of pulse marks being formed therefrom. a constant starting position in a range covered by

  a measurement time at the lowest idle speed.

  - A sensor is added to the disc, a measurement time generator, triggered by a signal from the starting position, is connected to an input of an AND gate and the sensor is connected

at this door AND at its other entrance.

In addition, the following functional groups are planned

vants: - A binary counter capable of being reset, the input of which is connected to the output of the AND gate and to which is added a decoder circuit in itself known which delivers, in the position of the counter corresponding to the programmed number, a signal which is applied to the control input of the

switch.

Following a development of the rotational speed detector

tion, the reset pulse for the binary counter can come from the output of the time generator.

measurement, the trailing edge of the measurement time pulse

initiating the process.

  According to the invention, it can be mounted, between the commu-

tator and the output of the multiplier, a switch whose junction path is open when there occurs, at the level of the internal combustion engine, pressure and / or

temperature that endanger its operation.

  With this switch, the motor is effectively protected in the event of too high a temperature or too low a lubricant pressure. Due to the cut of the multiplier from the

comparator device, the engine can no longer run until

  below idle speed and it receives exclusively a temperature-dependent voltage which certainly allows it to

continue to run, but prohibits operation under load.

  The generator of voltage equivalent to the temperature delivers opportmunmente tu e tentesion, which corresponds to the duration of injection for the quantity of injection necessary at the most

  low, at the lowest idle speed.

  According to an appropriate embodiment, the voltage generator equivalent to the temperature can form the voltage delivered by it, as a function of several temperatures at the level

of the motor.

  With this last prerequisite, it is possible

  to take into account, functionally beforehand

tagger, specific orders of value from different states

engine thermal.

  An exemplary embodiment of the invention will be explained.

  qué with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  FIG. 1 is the block diagram of the device according to the invention for the automatic control of the quantity of fuel injection under starting conditions, in

combination with the control elements of the injection system

tion of the genus whose characteristics have been specified in

the preamble.

  Figure 2 is a block diagram illustrating the rotational speed detector in its form adapted to the type

  of the injection system with which it is used.

  Figures 3a-3c show the voltage diagram for U over the extent of the injection range of 400, with voltages UL1 '; U1 "depending on the temperature and a duration of the injection pulses limited to 4 ms, and this for nk = 500 rpm (fig. 3a), for nk = 300 rpm (figure 3b) and for

nk = 100 rpm (figure 3c) of the crankshaft. Are also repre-

sensed the IE injection pulses of different durations and positions in the injection range, resulting from the different

  voltage quantities of UL1 and rotation speeds.

  FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the duration tE of the injection pulses depending on the temperature of the

  engine and the engine speed below the gearbox

gime de-idle.

  FIG. 5 is a diagram of pulses for the device of the invention after the idle speed has been reached.

  below nLK, with indication of the sequence of pulse marks

  - non-equidistant regions I21 and time, measuring t 21 m In FIG. 1, the device according to the invention for the automatic control of the quantity of fuel injection under starting conditions is shown in connection with the system d electronic injection of the kind described in the

  preamble. The different elements are described below with-

their characteristics.

  The sensor and pulse generator 10 is added to the disc 110. This sensor 10 produces a voltage U which is generated when the tooth 11 passes. The voltage US of the sensor, corresponding to the sawtooth 11, begins with the highest value - initial voltage U a - and decreases linearly over the entire extent of the injection range a to O - final voltage U e. The voltage US constantly has a reference value of 100 between its initial voltage U a and its final voltage U e. The sawtooth II on the disc 110 extends from the

start to end of the injection range À, this being dimen-

  so that at the maximum crankshaft rotation speed nkmax and at the maximum injection quantity vEmax, the injection time tE can be completed before or after the point

dead high.

The former 12 forms, from the voltage U ,, an im-

rectangular pulse which extends from the start to the end of the injection range a and which is called injection range pulse I A generator 25 produces a voltage U which increases with the operation of the accelerator pedal. The degree of charge of the

  internal combustion engine is adjustable by means of this gener-

  tor 25. The voltage U which it produces increases from a value

  0, when the accelerator pedal is not ac-

  up to a reference value 10 with which is

set the maximum load for the internal combustion engine.

To the sensor and pulse generator 20 is added a

disc 210 which is mounted on the crankshaft. The sensor and

  pulse pulse 20 converts the pulse marks 21 carried by the disc 210 into rectangular pulses i21 of constant width, the width of the rectangular pulses having to be less than the narrowest pulse sequence at most

  - rotation speed. On disc 210, the pulse marks

  sions 21 are arranged in a non-equidistant succession, their distribution corresponding to the characteristic of limitation of injection quantity vEmax of the internal combustion engine. The voltage converter 22 converts the pulses I21 which

arrive in a constant measurement time tm, in an ana-

  angular speed logic U k corresponding to the detected number Zm of the pulses I21. in the voltage converter 22, there

247612.2.

  is produced, with each impulse 21 which arrives, a higher voltage: this rises in steps and reaches, at the end of the measurement time tm, a determined value which represents the angular velocity voltage U k. When the crankshaft rotation speed nk = 0, its reference value is also zero. After each conversion operation, the voltage converter 22 can be reset to zero by its reset input R, the leading edge Isa of the injection range pulse.

I serving as a reset pulse. Exit 22A from the

vertisseur-is connected to the e-ntrê of the emamire 50.

  The measurement time generator 23 produces the pulse Im whose measurement time tm is constant. This measurement time t must be less than the time required for one revolution of the m crankshaft at the highest rated speed. The generator

measurement time 23 can be triggered by its input E, the -

trailing edge Ie of the injection range pulse IB acting

here in the direction of the trigger.

Door 24 lets the pulses I21 reach its

  output, as long as pulse I is applied to it.

m

  The memory 50, a memory of analog values, re-

  holds the voltage U k applied to its input 50E when the pulse

  measurement time is not present at its input H. When the measurement time pulse I is applied to the input m H, storage is interrupted because a new setting

  memory. is performed during this time.

The multiplier 30 multiplies the reference values of the voltages U and Uk, which are present at its inputs 30E1 and E2, to give a product voltage Up which appears at Ra output

30A and, under normal conditions, the operation is applied

quée at the input 40E3 of a comparator device 40.

The multiplier 30 thus achieves the basic formula s = v. t. For a given time t - in this case, the duration of

the desired injection pulse tE by means of the accelerator pedal

  lerator -, the injection pulse angle 4E is obtained by the following formula: fE = V. tE E-: e E In a comparator device 40, the product voltage U formed by the multiplier 30 is compared with the voltage P US and reported on it. The multiplication of the reference values of the voltages Ua and Uw must lead to true information when compared with the reference value u during the corresponding angle 4. The comparator device 40 forms the injection pulse IE in all running speeds, outside of the speed below the idle speed. The inputs El, 40E2 and 40E3 of the comparator device 40 receive a reference voltage Ub, the sawtooth voltage US and the product voltage Up. In the event of a tie between sawtooth tension U and tension-Droduit Up. the IE injection pulse is triggered and is available at output 40A. The IE injection pulse is terminated when the sawtooth tension

US and the reference voltage Ub are equal.

  A reference voltage Ub is produced in a general-

  reference voltage 60. but within the framework of this

  patent application, it will always be constant at 0, because it

  is irrelevant in the starting conditions.

  To achieve the starting conditions with regard to injection in the case of diesel engines, there is mounted, between the multiplier 30 and the comparator device 40, a switch 41 which, below the lowest idle speed nLK, connects a voltage generator equivalent to temperature 26, producing voltages depending on the temperature - Ul or Uli '; Ul "; Ui" '- at the input 40E3 of the comparator device 40. The starting conditions are here present when the engine rotation speed is below the idle speed, which is defined by a minimum idle speed and

maximum idle speed.

On its side, the switch 41 is controlled by a detector

speed of rotation 28Q. Following the output 40A of the comparator device 40 is mounted a limiting device

  which blocks the pulses delivered by the comparator device

  40 if the maximum duration of the pulse is exceeded

tEmax injection system.

The limiting device 45 has a temporary circuit.

porized 42 whose time constant corresponds to the maximum duration

  maie admissible of the injection pulse tEmax of the diesel engine to be supplied and whose input 42E is connected to the

output 40A of the comparator device 40.

  To the output 42A of the timed circuit 42 is connected the input 43E2 of an AND gate 43, the input 43EI of which is also connected to the output 40A of the comparator device 40. The injection pulses IE are available at the exit 43A from

gate AND 43.

  In addition, it can be interposed between the multiplier 30 and the comparator 40, in addition to the switch 41, a

  switch 27. This switch 27 is open when the pressure

  lubrication oil or engine temperatures

  are dangerous for the internal combustion engine.

  The voltage Ug produced from the sawtooth 11l in the sensor and pulse generator 10 arrives, from the output 10A of the sensor and pulse generator 10, at the input E2 of the comparator device 40, as well as at input 12E of formatter 12 for the injection range pulse I ^. Since output 12A of formatter 12, the injection range pulse IB reaches input 23E of the measurement time generator 23 and at the reset input 22R of the voltage converter equivalent to the angular speed 22. The output 23A of the measurement time generator 23 is connected to the input 24E2 of the gate 24, as well as to the l 50H memory command input

50.

  The output of the sensor and pulse generator 20 for the pulse marks 2i is connected to the input 24E1 of the door 24. The output 24A of the door 24 is connected to the input

  22E of the voltage converter equivalent to the angular speed

area 22. Output 22A of the equivalent voltage converter

  at the angular speed 22 is connected to the input 50E of the mete

  moire 50. The output 50A of the memory 50 is connected to the input E2 of the multiplier 30. To the input 30E1 of the multiplier 30 is connected the output 25A of the accelerator pedal indicator

  25. The output 30A of the multiplier 30 is connected to the inter-

  switch 27, which is open under conditions of temperature and lubrication that are harmful to the engine. The two inputs of a switch 41 are connected on the one hand to a generator of it voltage equivalent to the temperature 26 and, on the other hand, to the switch 27, while the output 41A of this switch

  41 is connected to the input 40E3 of the comparator device 40.

The switch 41 is controlled by the speed sensor 28 so that below the speed of

  minimum idle nLK, it connects the equal voltage generator

  at temperature 26 at input 40E3 of the device

parator 40. Above this speed of rotation, when the switch 27 is closed, the output 30A of the multiplier 30 is connected to the comparator device 40 by the switch 41. In addition, the reference voltage generator 60 is

  connected by its output 60A to input 40E1 and the formatter

  pulses 10 is connected to the input 40E2 of the comparator device 40. Following the output 40A of the comparator device 40 is mounted a limiting device 45, at the output of which no IE plus injection pulse can appear long as time tEmax

In Figure 2 is shown a circuit for the detection

  rotational speed sensor 28, suitable for being mounted in

electronic injection systems of the kind defined in the pre-

  bule. The pulses I21 detected during the measurement time t m are directed to the inputs 281E1 of an AND gate 281, to the input 281E2 from which a pulse is applied when the counter

  binary 29 has not yet reached the predetermined number n

before and after the measurement time tm. Entrance 281E1 from the door

  ET 281 is connected to output 24A of door 24.

  The binary counter 29, comprising the stages 291, 292, 293, 294, is connected by its counting input 291E to the AND gate 281 by means of the output 281A of the latter and it is reset to zero, by means of its reset input 29R, from the front edge of the measurement time pulse Im

By means of an ET 282 door, connected to the status outputs

  counting age 293, 294, the final number n is detected for the

dentification of the minimum idling speed nLK.

  For its part, the AND gate 282 controls the switch 41 when the final number is not reached in the measurement time tmet, at the same time, it blocks the AND gate 281, preventing

the passage of other impulses 121.

In the situation described above, the switch 41 connects the multiplier 30 to the input 40E3 of the comparator device 40.

  Figure 5 shows the pulse diagram for

surrounding the circuit described above for the speed sensor

rotation 28.

  The mode of operation of the type of injection system of the kind defined in the preamble has been generally described

in German Democratic Patent No. 120,508, the imperatives

  shots limiting the amount of injection over the entire extent

  due to the operating speed and in the range of adjustment of the maximum nominal speed being exposed in the memories of

  German Democratic Patents 126,669 and 132,992.

  The device according to the invention will be considered below.

  for automatic control of fuel injection at

below idle speed.

This aui is characteristic of the operation below the idling speed, it is that there is not applied, to the input E3 of the comparator device 40, any voltage depending on the rotation speed of the internal combustion engine, but

only one and only voltage U1, depending on the temperature state

engine erasure is present. This results - voei'e about it

Figures 3a to 3c, which are all graphical representations

  as a function of time - at each voltage depending on the temperature U1 '; U1 ", there is a start of injection

  determined, independent of the crankshaft rotation speed.

  This stems from the fact that in the event of equality of the voltage U and the voltage U1 depending on the temperature, the injection pulse IE is triggered, for any rotation speed,

in the same angular position.

Because the maximum duration of the injection pulse

tEmax is constant, it is different from the angular position

  area of the end of injection at the different rotational speeds of the crankshaft and at the different engine temperatures. We

  will easily understand that with the maximum duration tEmax of the pulse - -

injection speed, when the speed of rotation increases and the temDera-

ture rises, the end of the injection is located more and more

late and, as a result, closer and closer to the top dead center, until

that the duration tE of the injection pulse is limited by the limiting voltage Ub and then has a shorter duration than tEmax These conditions appear in FIG. 4, on which the effects of temperature are represented and speed

of rotation of the motor over the magnitude of the duration tE of the pulse

injection.

  The behavior described above of the device for automatic control of the amount of fuel injection

under start-up conditions results from the primary influence

  diale exerted on the whole system by the limiting device 45 in the lower range of rotation speed and temperature and, in addition, the dependence of the start of

the injection with respect to the voltage Ui which relaxes the temperature

engine ture.

As the engine temperature increases

close to normal conditions, the voltage 73 drops, which means that the end of the injection is already determined by the reference voltage Ub at a fairly low speed of rotation: cf. fig. 3b,

compare Ui "and IUli.

  In each of Figures 3a to 3c is represented the

  IU1 pulses; UIs that arise in the injection system

* tion for the voltages U1, and UI ,, depending on the temperature; the meanings of the symbols are as follows:

  A = Pulse at output 40A of the comparator device

  tor 40 '42A = Pulse at output 42A of the timed circuit 42 43A = Pulse at output 43A of gate AND 43 and, in

same time, IE injection pulse.

The particular advantage of the device according to the invention also results from the arrangement of the binding device

  45 at the exit of the computer group.

All errors in determining the time

  jection, resulting in longer injection times than 24762'l 2

14 -

maximum injection time tEmax, or all technical faults,

  which produce the effects mentioned above, are not

pagnerntque of an injection pulse of duration tEmax, which

  whatever the operating conditions.

Claims (7)

  1. Device for automatic quantity control   fuel injection tee in the starting phase, in electronic injection systems of internal combustion engines, systems in which a multiplier is provided which multiplies a voltage depending on the speed of rotation   of the crankshaft and a tension depending on the load situation   ge to give a product voltage, with in addition a comparator device which triggers the pulse determining the duration of injection and stops when a voltage derived from the crankshaft   quin and decreasing in the direction of rotation as a function of the angle of rotation over the whole range injection is equal to the voltage respectively   uroduct a reference voltage, characterized in that there is mounted, upstream of the input (40E2) of the comparator device (40), a switch (41) whose first input (41E1) is   connected to a generator (26) known per se of equivalent voltage slow at internal combustion engine temperature and   second input (41E2) which is connected directly or indi- the output (30A) of the multiplier (30), so that by means of the switch (41), controlled by a detector (28)   of motor rotation speed, the voltage generator equi   at temperature (26) is connected to the input (40E3) of the comparator device (40) below the idle speed and   oue the output (30A) of the multiplier (30) is connected to this-   entry (40E3) above idle speed, and in that it is mounted9 following the comparator device (40), a provision limiting device (45) which interrupts the injection pulse (IE)> coming from the output (40A) of the comparator device (40), in the event of exceeding the maximum admissible duration   injection (tEmax) or the maximum admissible quantity of jection of the internal combustion engine to be supplied. 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the limiting device (45) consists of a circuit   timed (42), connected to the output (40A) of the comparable device   erator (40), and an AND gate (43) connected in the same way   by its input (43E1), the output (42A) of the timed circuit (42) - being connected to the other input (43E2) of the AND gate (43), the im injection pulse_ (IE) being available at the output (43A) from -   the AND gate (43) and the time constant (tk) of the time circuit   risé (42) corresponding to the maximum admissible duration (tEmax) or the maximum admissible quantity of the internal combustion engine dull to feed.   3. Device according to claim 1, characterized in._ that the rotation speed detector (28) is formed from the following functional groups, contained per se in the injection system: - a disc (210) carrying pulse marks (I21) is   mounted on the crankshaft or camshaft of the com engine ---   internal bustion, a number (n) of pulse marks (I21) being formed there from a constant starting position (A) in a range covered by a measurement time (t) at m idle speed on lower (nLK); - the sensor (20) is added to the disc (210), a measurement time generator (23), triggered by a signal from the starting position (A), is connected to an input of an AND gate (24) and the sensor (20) is connected to the AND gate (24) at the other input thereof, in addition, i1 is provided the following functional groups - a binary counter (29) capable of being reset the initial state, to which is added a decoder circuit known per se which delivers, in the position of the counter corresponding to the number (n), a signal which is applied to the control input (41S) of the switch (41), the exit from AND gate (24) being   connected to the input of the binary counter (29).   4. Device according to claim 3, characterized in that the reset pulse of the binary counter (29) is available at the output of the measurement time generator (23), the trailing edge of the pulse of measurement time (Im) triggering the process. 5. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that it is mounted, between the switch (41) and the output (30A) of the multiplier (30), a switch (27) whose junction path is open when it occurs at the engine level   > internal combustion, pressure and / or temperature conditions   which endanger its functioning.   6. Device according to claim l, characterized in that the voltage equivalent generator to the temperature (26) delivers a voltage (U1) which corresponds to the injection time (tE) for the quantity direction necessary at the temperature la   lower, at lower idle speed (nLK). 7. Device according to claim l, characterized in that the voltage (Ui) is formed, in the voltage generator   equivalent to temperature (26), depending on several times temperature.