FR2093060A5 - Paint rollers - in which synthetic fur is welded onto extruded plastic tube - Google Patents

Paint rollers - in which synthetic fur is welded onto extruded plastic tube

Info

Publication number
FR2093060A5
FR2093060A5 FR7019932A FR7019932A FR2093060A5 FR 2093060 A5 FR2093060 A5 FR 2093060A5 FR 7019932 A FR7019932 A FR 7019932A FR 7019932 A FR7019932 A FR 7019932A FR 2093060 A5 FR2093060 A5 FR 2093060A5
Authority
FR
France
Prior art keywords
extruded plastic
plastic tube
welded onto
paint rollers
rollers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
FR7019932A
Other languages
French (fr)
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to FR7019932A priority Critical patent/FR2093060A5/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of FR2093060A5 publication Critical patent/FR2093060A5/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C63/00Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C63/02Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor using sheet or web-like material
    • B29C63/04Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor using sheet or web-like material by folding, winding, bending or the like
    • B29C63/08Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor using sheet or web-like material by folding, winding, bending or the like by winding helically
    • B29C63/10Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor using sheet or web-like material by folding, winding, bending or the like by winding helically around tubular articles
    • B29C63/105Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor using sheet or web-like material by folding, winding, bending or the like by winding helically around tubular articles continuously
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/90Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article
    • B29C48/901Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies
    • B29C48/902Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies internally
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/022Particular heating or welding methods not otherwise provided for
    • B29C65/028Particular heating or welding methods not otherwise provided for making use of inherent heat, i.e. the heat for the joining comes from the moulding process of one of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0018Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with shaping by orienting, stretching or shrinking, e.g. film blowing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/432Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles for making tubular articles or closed loops, e.g. by joining several sheets ; for making hollow articles or hollow preforms
    • B29C66/4322Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles for making tubular articles or closed loops, e.g. by joining several sheets ; for making hollow articles or hollow preforms by joining a single sheet to itself
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/432Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles for making tubular articles or closed loops, e.g. by joining several sheets ; for making hollow articles or hollow preforms
    • B29C66/4329Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles for making tubular articles or closed loops, e.g. by joining several sheets ; for making hollow articles or hollow preforms the joint lines being transversal but non-orthogonal with respect to the axis of said tubular articles, i.e. being oblique
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/49Internally supporting the, e.g. tubular, article during joining
    • B29C66/496Internally supporting the, e.g. tubular, article during joining using a support which remains in the joined object
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/53Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/532Joining single elements to the wall of tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/5326Joining single elements to the wall of tubular articles, hollow articles or bars said single elements being substantially flat
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/834General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools moving with the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/8341Roller, cylinder or drum types; Band or belt types; Ball types
    • B29C66/83431Roller, cylinder or drum types; Band or belt types; Ball types rollers, cylinders or drums cooperating with bands or belts
    • B29C66/83433Roller, cylinder or drum types; Band or belt types; Ball types rollers, cylinders or drums cooperating with bands or belts the contact angle between said rollers, cylinders or drums and said bands or belts being a non-zero angle
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29LINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/32Wheels, pinions, pulleys, castors or rollers, Rims
    • B29L2031/324Rollers or cylinders having an axial length of several times the diameter, e.g. embossing, pressing or printing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29LINDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/32Wheels, pinions, pulleys, castors or rollers, Rims
    • B29L2031/328Paint rollers

Abstract

The tube forming the rollers is helically wound from extruded plastic material onto a mandrel, and while it is still soft a strip of surfacing material is welded to it tangentially to the angle of the helix the width being adjusted to form spirals which are joined together the profile being then drawn and cut into lengths to form the rollers. The extruded roller is cheaper than a thermoplastic roller, and welding of the surfacing material in a single stage further reduces cost.
FR7019932A 1970-06-01 1970-06-01 Paint rollers - in which synthetic fur is welded onto extruded plastic tube Expired FR2093060A5 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7019932A FR2093060A5 (en) 1970-06-01 1970-06-01 Paint rollers - in which synthetic fur is welded onto extruded plastic tube

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7019932A FR2093060A5 (en) 1970-06-01 1970-06-01 Paint rollers - in which synthetic fur is welded onto extruded plastic tube

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
FR2093060A5 true FR2093060A5 (en) 1972-01-28

Family

ID=9056455

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
FR7019932A Expired FR2093060A5 (en) 1970-06-01 1970-06-01 Paint rollers - in which synthetic fur is welded onto extruded plastic tube

Country Status (1)

Country Link
FR (1) FR2093060A5 (en)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5137595A (en) * 1985-01-11 1992-08-11 Newell Co. Paint roller manufacturing apparatus
EP0593430A4 (en) * 1989-08-15 1993-01-14 Chandr Sekar Paint roller and apparatus and method for making same.
US5398409A (en) * 1989-08-15 1995-03-21 Chandr Sekar Method of making a paint roller
US5572790A (en) * 1989-08-15 1996-11-12 Sekar; Chandra Method of making a paint roller
US5614047A (en) * 1985-01-11 1997-03-25 Alvarez Garcia Jaime Method of manufacturing paint rollers
USRE35526E (en) * 1989-03-07 1997-06-10 Newell Operating Company Method and apparatus for manufacturing paint roller and product produced thereby
WO2000066278A1 (en) 1999-05-04 2000-11-09 Chandra Sekar Paint roller with integrated core and cover and method and apparatus for production of same
US6159320A (en) * 1998-02-06 2000-12-12 Tams; F. Randy Method and apparatus for manufacturing paint rollers
FR2819739A1 (en) 2001-01-25 2002-07-26 Franpin Paint roller manufacturing procedure and machine uses preformed tubes aligned end to end to receive continuous covering
FR2823453A1 (en) * 2001-04-13 2002-10-18 Europa Rollers Paint roller tube is made from thermofusible material that melts at lower temperature that pile fabric covering applied after heating
US6539999B2 (en) * 2001-02-19 2003-04-01 Newell Operating Company Apparatus and method for making variable paint roller covers
EP1398136A1 (en) * 2002-09-16 2004-03-17 Nespoli Engineering Kereskedelmi Korlatolt Felelossegu Tarsasag, known in trade as Nespoli Engineering Trade L.L.C. Procedure for the manufacture of paint rollers comprised of a polyolefin core covered with a pilose fabric
US7736455B2 (en) 2008-06-26 2010-06-15 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller with grooved substrate
EP2206596A2 (en) 2009-01-08 2010-07-14 SEKAR, Chandra Methods for manufacturing a paint roller and component parts thereof
US7846283B2 (en) 2008-06-26 2010-12-07 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller with perforated substrate
US8167782B2 (en) 2007-02-16 2012-05-01 Linzer Products Corp. Method and apparatus for making a paint roller and product produced thereby
ITPD20120188A1 (en) * 2012-06-08 2013-12-09 Gianluca Silvestri PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ROLLERS FOR PAINTING AND IMPLEMENTING SYSTEM SUCH PROCEDURE
WO2013183025A1 (en) * 2012-06-08 2013-12-12 Silvestri Gianluca Process for producing paint rollers and system actuating this process
ITPD20130162A1 (en) * 2013-06-05 2014-12-06 Gianluca Silvestri PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ROLLERS FOR PAINTING AND IMPLEMENTING SYSTEM SUCH PROCEDURE

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5614047A (en) * 1985-01-11 1997-03-25 Alvarez Garcia Jaime Method of manufacturing paint rollers
US5137595A (en) * 1985-01-11 1992-08-11 Newell Co. Paint roller manufacturing apparatus
USRE35526E (en) * 1989-03-07 1997-06-10 Newell Operating Company Method and apparatus for manufacturing paint roller and product produced thereby
US5398409A (en) * 1989-08-15 1995-03-21 Chandr Sekar Method of making a paint roller
US5572790A (en) * 1989-08-15 1996-11-12 Sekar; Chandra Method of making a paint roller
EP0593430A1 (en) * 1989-08-15 1994-04-27 Chandr Sekar Paint roller and apparatus and method for making same.
US6254710B1 (en) 1989-08-15 2001-07-03 Chandra Sekar Method and apparatus for making a paint roller
EP0593430A4 (en) * 1989-08-15 1993-01-14 Chandr Sekar Paint roller and apparatus and method for making same.
US6660118B2 (en) * 1998-02-06 2003-12-09 Paint Sundry Brands, Llc Method and apparatus for manufacturing paint rollers
US6159320A (en) * 1998-02-06 2000-12-12 Tams; F. Randy Method and apparatus for manufacturing paint rollers
EP1071630A2 (en) * 1998-02-06 2001-01-31 F. Randy Tams Method and apparatus for manufacturing paint rollers
EP1071630A4 (en) * 1998-02-06 2006-10-18 F Randy Tams Method and apparatus for manufacturing paint rollers
AU757750B2 (en) * 1998-02-06 2003-03-06 F. Randy Tams Method and apparatus for manufacturing paint rollers
WO2000066278A1 (en) 1999-05-04 2000-11-09 Chandra Sekar Paint roller with integrated core and cover and method and apparatus for production of same
FR2819739A1 (en) 2001-01-25 2002-07-26 Franpin Paint roller manufacturing procedure and machine uses preformed tubes aligned end to end to receive continuous covering
US6539999B2 (en) * 2001-02-19 2003-04-01 Newell Operating Company Apparatus and method for making variable paint roller covers
FR2823453A1 (en) * 2001-04-13 2002-10-18 Europa Rollers Paint roller tube is made from thermofusible material that melts at lower temperature that pile fabric covering applied after heating
EP1398136A1 (en) * 2002-09-16 2004-03-17 Nespoli Engineering Kereskedelmi Korlatolt Felelossegu Tarsasag, known in trade as Nespoli Engineering Trade L.L.C. Procedure for the manufacture of paint rollers comprised of a polyolefin core covered with a pilose fabric
US8167782B2 (en) 2007-02-16 2012-05-01 Linzer Products Corp. Method and apparatus for making a paint roller and product produced thereby
US7736455B2 (en) 2008-06-26 2010-06-15 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller with grooved substrate
US7846283B2 (en) 2008-06-26 2010-12-07 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller with perforated substrate
US8257534B2 (en) 2008-06-26 2012-09-04 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller with grooved substrate
USRE46070E1 (en) 2008-06-26 2016-07-19 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller with grooved substrate
EP2206596A2 (en) 2009-01-08 2010-07-14 SEKAR, Chandra Methods for manufacturing a paint roller and component parts thereof
EP2324989A2 (en) 2009-01-08 2011-05-25 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller and component parts thereof
ITPD20120188A1 (en) * 2012-06-08 2013-12-09 Gianluca Silvestri PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ROLLERS FOR PAINTING AND IMPLEMENTING SYSTEM SUCH PROCEDURE
WO2013183025A1 (en) * 2012-06-08 2013-12-12 Silvestri Gianluca Process for producing paint rollers and system actuating this process
ITPD20130162A1 (en) * 2013-06-05 2014-12-06 Gianluca Silvestri PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ROLLERS FOR PAINTING AND IMPLEMENTING SYSTEM SUCH PROCEDURE

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
FR2093060A5 (en) Paint rollers - in which synthetic fur is welded onto extruded plastic tube
US3477891A (en) Method of making continuous corrugated plastic pipe
ES378023A1 (en) Production of tubular articles
GB1441742A (en) Tubing
CA2305239A1 (en) Spiral formed products and method of manufacture
IT1077680B (en) PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSIBLE CONTAINERS
KR900002018A (en) Corrugated pipe, its manufacturing method and its manufacturing apparatus
IE36103B1 (en) Apparatus for the production of transversely profiled pipes
ES216340U (en) Big interior diameter pipe made of synthetic thermoplastic material. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
GB1417897A (en) Hoses
GB1294563A (en) Improvements in or relating to a method and apparatus for making plastics hose
JPS5689531A (en) Corrugated pipe
ES398074A1 (en) Apparatus for producing tubular waffle shapes
GB1414035A (en) Hose
GB928054A (en) Devices for making flexible tubes
US3617415A (en) Method of making hollow reinforced bodies
GB1033547A (en) Improvements in the manufacture of hose pipes
GB1419841A (en) Flexible retractable tubes
US3616819A (en) Spirally wound paper tube
GB1498528A (en) Methods and apparatus for encasing straight-bead-welded steel tubes
US2963749A (en) Continuous method of and apparatus for making extensible and flexible hose
US3468733A (en) Method of producing a spirally wound tube
DE3460800D1 (en) Apparatus for forming spirally wound pipe
IE34498L (en) Producing pipes with integral sockets
GB1183313A (en) Manufacture of Laminated Tubing

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
ST Notification of lapse