FI126473B - Feed and process for its manufacture - Google Patents

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to feed which can be used to increase cow's milk yield and milk fat content. Preferably, at the same time, the protein content of the milk increases and the trans-fatty acids content of the milk fat decreases. In addition, feed utilization is improved and methane production is reduced. The feed according to the invention contains, in addition to the usual feed ingredients and the usual additives and other auxiliaries, within and on the surface of the feed material particles 1-10% by weight of the total feed weight of the fatty acid mixture with more than 90% saturated fatty acids The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of said feed and to a process for altering the milk fatty acid composition, increasing the fat and protein content of the milk and increasing the milk yield. i Background

Finnish butter consumption has almost doubled in the last 2 years. The total amount of butter eaten in 2011 was 10 million. pounds more than two years earlier. The trend is the same elsewhere in Europe. Butter shelves have shined their emptiness away. At the same time, milk production in Finland has decreased. The land quota was less than 300 million kilos in the past year. It is therefore possible to increase milk production and fat content.

Thanks to the rumen, the cow is able to utilize fiber that is not suitable for monogastric animals. However, due to the operation of Pöts, the problem is that about 10% of the feed energy is evaporated to the sky as methane, which reduces the energy efficiency. In addition, the environment is stressed. There is also a problem with Pöts' activities regarding the nutritional quality of milk fat. Milk fat is high in saturated fatty acids and high in trans fats. Trans fatty acids have been specifically associated with the rise of harmful LDL cholesterol and the reduction of good HDL cholesterol in human blood. Saturated fats are not as harmful as they also increase the amount of good cholesterol or HDL.

The feeding of cows can have some influence on the composition of the milk and the quality of the fat. Applying oils to cows is known to soften milk fat. However, oil feeding has negative effects on both rumen function and milk quality. The protein content decreases, the proportion of trans fatty acids increases, and the processability properties of milk fat decrease. In addition, high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids cause milk taste defects and problems of survival.

A typical lactic fatty acid composition contains more than 70% saturated fatty acids. The total amount of trans fatty acids ranges from 3 to 10%. With the addition of vegetable oil, the proportion of trans fatty acids can increase by up to 10%.

When a cow eats unprotected fat with its feed, the fat is exposed to rumen microbes. Microbial lipase enzymes hydrolyze ester linkages of triglycerides to form glycerol and free fatty acids. Hydrolysis is rapid, since most of the triglycerides are hydrolysed as early as one hour after feeding, which results in an increase in free fatty acids in the rumen. The fatty acids must be in free form before they can be used by microbes. Upon release, the polyunsaturated fatty acids begin to hydrogenate in the rumen. Biohydrogenation proceeds in stages, with the final result being predominantly stearic acid, but the biohydrogenation process is incomplete and many different fatty acids, including trans fatty acids, are formed in the rumen as an intermediate of hydrogenation. Because of this, trans-fatty acids accumulate in milk through the feeding of vegetable oil. High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids cause milk taste defects and problems with survival.

Biohydrogenation protects rumen microbes, as polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly toxic to cellulolytic bacteria. The melting of the fiber may therefore be impaired. The adverse effects of fats can be reduced by preventing the hydrolysis of fats. For example, hydrolysis of fats can be reduced by protecting the fats with casein treated with formaldehyde. Another alternative is to form insoluble calcium salts of fatty acids, whereby hydrogenation in the rumen can be avoided. Saturated fatty acids have also been added to the diet. They can no longer hydrogenate because they are already saturated. These increase the amount of saturated fat in milk but do not increase milk production.

Infusion of partially hydrogenated vegetable oil past the rumen has reduced the fat content of the milk in the experiments. Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil contains trans fatty acids that have been found to inhibit mammary gland fat synthesis. A typical industrially partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (soybean oil) contains 30-35% trans fatty acids.

WO 2006/085774 A1 describes a process for the preparation of feed for ruminants, wherein the starch in the feed is defatted so that as much of the starch as possible is passed through the rumen. The purpose is to improve the animal's general health by reducing starch degradation in the rumen.

Mosley et al. (J. Dairy Sci, 2007, 90: 987-993) mixed a palmitic acid-containing fatty acid preparation with other components of the cow diet. With this feeding, the protein content of the milk did not increase but tended to decrease.

WO 2007/048369 A1 discloses an additive in which starch particles are embedded in a fat matrix such that the composition has a fat content of 50-99% by weight. U.S. Patent 4,877,621 relates to the complete protection of biologically active additives for animals against rumen degradation. EP 0479555 A2 describes a feed preparation in which the added fat is at least 15% by weight. WO 2010/151620 A2 describes a feed preparation having a fat content of at least 45% by weight. In U.S. Patent No. 5,093,128, the nutrient-containing core is completely coated with a fatty acid coating such that the amount of fatty acids is 36-59% by weight of the preparation. Until now, all dairy cows that increase the fat content of their milk have had the disadvantage of being deprived of milk yield.

Description of the Invention

In accordance with the invention, a compound feed has now been developed which increases both milk yield and milk fat content. In addition, the milk protein content does not decrease, but rather increases. The proportion of milk trans fats is also reduced. The content of saturated fatty acids remains approximately unchanged, but the proportion of oleic acid and / or palmitoleic acid increases.

However, the feed composition of the invention does not interfere with the function of the rumen. The fiber digestion remains unchanged, the milk protein content slightly increases and the fat content increases significantly. Milk yields are also rising. Because some highly digestible nutrients are directly passed through the rumen, methane formation can be reduced, thereby improving nutrient utilization.

The compound feed according to the invention contains a high-melting fatty acid mixture. When this fatty acid blend is added to the feed which is heated at least above the melting point of the fatty acid blend, the fat is gradually melted into the feed material particles. The heat treatment is carried out before or during the granulation of the feed. When the feed cools down, some of the protein and starch in the compound is protected from microbial degradation. Fat is also protected from microbial treatment and, on the other hand, germs are protected from fat, so that the digestion of coarse feed remains good.

The present invention thus relates to a feed comprising, in addition to the conventional feed ingredients and the usual additives and other auxiliaries, within and on the surface of the feed material particles 1-10% by weight of the total feed weight of the fatty acid mixture. 60% palmitic acid (06: 0), up to 30% stearic acid (08: 0) and having an iodine number up to 5. Preferably, the mixture is substantially free of trans fatty acids.

It is important for the preferred embodiment of the invention, in addition to the high content of saturated fatty acids in the fatty acid mixture, that the mixture is substantially free of trans fatty acids. "Essentially free" or "substantially free", as used herein, means that the fatty acid blend contains no more than 5%, preferably no more than 4%, more preferably no more than 3%, even more preferably no more than 2%, still more preferably no more than 1%, preferably no trans fatty acids.

According to the invention, the fatty acid mixture is used in an amount of about 1-10% by weight based on the total weight of the feed. In the case of complete feed, about 1 to 6% by weight, preferably 2 to 5% by weight, of the fatty acid mixture is used. The concentrated feed according to the invention contains from 2 to 10% by weight of the fatty acid mixture, preferably from 3 to 8% by weight, based on the total weight of the feed.

The fatty acid composition used in the feed according to the invention contains at least 90%, more preferably more than 95%, more preferably more than 98%, based on the total amount of saturated fatty acids. The fatty acid mixture may also consist entirely of saturated fatty acids. A preferred feed according to the invention contains a blend of at least 90% palmitic acid (06: 0) and up to 10% stearic acid (08: 0) based on the total amount of the fatty acid blend. More preferably, the fatty acid blend contains at least 95% palmitic acid and at most 5% stearic acid, and 0-1% other fatty acids.

The aforementioned saturated fatty acids are already as such protected against microbes because of their high melting point. When preparing a feed according to the invention, other components of the feed can also be protected, which results in a more uniform absorption of fatty acids as well as starch and amino acids from the small intestine. In this way, fat alone does not enter the small intestine alone in large quantities, whereby the absorption capacity could limit the good production effects.

Part of the stearic acid is converted into oleic acid (Cl8: 1) by the enzyme A9 desaturase in the cow's mammary gland, which softens the milk fat. Since stearic acid may, in large amounts, impair the milk production capacity of the mammary gland, the fatty acid composition used in the feed according to the invention contains up to 30% stearic acid.

The fatty acid mixture may also contain small amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the total amount of the fatty acid mixture is 0-10%, more preferably 0-5%, more preferably 0-2%. The most preferred unsaturated fatty acid for the purposes of the invention is oleic acid (C18: 1). Another useful fatty acid is palmitoleic acid (C16: 1).

According to a preferred embodiment, the fatty acid mixture may contain the following fatty acids (as a percentage of the fatty acid mixture): 06: 0 60-100, preferably 80-100 08: 0 0-30, preferably 0-20 08: 1 0-10, preferably 0-3 other 0- 10, preferably 0-3 trans fatty acids 0-2, preferably 0-1

The high saturated fatty acid mixture has a high melting point, typically above 60 ° C, for example 60-80 ° C, preferably 63-65 ° C. The fatty acid composition useful in the invention has an iodine number of 0-5, preferably 0-3, and even more preferably 0-1.

Preferably, the fatty acids in the fatty acid composition of the feed according to the invention are almost 100% free fatty acids. It is also possible that some of the fatty acids are in the triglyceride form, but when administered as free fatty acids, their utilization in the small intestine is improved since the lipase enzymes do not have to first break down the triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. Thus, the fatty acid mixture preferably comprises 50-100% free fatty acids, more preferably 75-100% free fatty acids, and most preferably 95-100% free fatty acids.

Utilizing the feed according to the invention, it was surprisingly possible to reduce the trans fatty acid content of the milk so that the milk produced contained less than 2.5% of trans fatty acids, more preferably less than 2.0% of the fatty acids in the milk. In Finland, the typical winter milk fatty acid composition contains about 3% trans fatty acids. If there is oil in the diet, the amount will increase.

The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a feed comprising mixing, with stirring, 1-10% by weight, based on the total feed weight, of a mixture of saturated fatty acids greater than 90% and at least 60% palmitic acid (06: 0), not more than 30% stearic acid (08: 0) and having an iodine value of 5 or less, the mixture is heated so that the fatty acid mixture melts and spreads on and into the feed material particles, followed by granulation and cooling.

By preparing the feed according to the invention, more digestible nutrients are delivered to the cow's small intestine. This allows positive changes in milk yield, milk composition and feed utilization.

Thawing of the fatty acid mixture on and into the feed material particles can be accomplished by heating the compound in a long-term preparer, for example at a temperature of at least 75 ° C for at least 20 minutes. Accordingly, at higher temperatures, the heating time may be shorter. However, the temperature should preferably not exceed 85 ° C. On the other hand, a lower temperature, for example 70 ° C, for at least 25 minutes can also be used. After the heat treatment, the feed mixture is granulated and cooled.

Alternatively, the fodder blend to which the fatty acid blend is blended can be treated with an expander, whereupon the expander pressures are heat-melted and absorbed by the fatty acid blend onto and into the feed raw material particles. The pressure in the expander treatment is typically 10-40 brush temperatures above 100 ° C, whereby the residence time can be 3-6 seconds. After the expan-der treatment, the feed mixture is granulated and cooled.

In a preferred method according to the invention, an emulsifier is added to the feed mixture prior to heating to enhance the absorption of the fatty acid mixture into the feed material particles. The emulsifier is added in an amount of 0.01 to 1.0%, preferably 0.02 to 0.05% by weight, based on the total weight of the compound feed. The emulsifier may be selected from conventional emulsifiers. Examples of emulsifiers useful in the process of the invention are castor oil based emulsifiers sold, for example, under the tradename Bredol®.

The invention also relates to a method for altering the composition of milk and increasing milk yield, comprising administering to the milk producing animal an amount of the feed according to the invention which modifies the composition of the milk. The milk composition modifying amount, when using the feed according to the invention, means the amount of complete feed or concentrated feed according to the normal feeding recommendations of the milk producing animal. Changes in the composition of milk are observed with a decrease in the amount of trans fat and an increase in the fat content. Preferably, the protein content also increases in the milk. At the same time, milk yield is increasing. The changes are partially visible within one week of the change in feeding, but it takes 3-4 weeks for the microbial activity to change, so a complete change is not seen until after 3 weeks.

A special feature of the feed according to the invention is that the fatty acid mixture added thereto has protected the digestible nutrients in the concentrated feed, since the fatty acid mixture is uniformed on the surface and inside the feed material particles, thereby improving nutrient utilization and methane production. It is special that the feed material particles are also protected inside the feed granules. At the same time, the fat itself is protected from microbial degradation and, on the other hand, the fat does not interfere with microbial function and thus the digestion of coarse feed. Fatty acid with a melting point above 60 ° C is itself protected against microbial activity.

The feed subject of the invention increases the fat content of milk, which was to be expected since the feed contains saturated fat. Instead, it was surprising that the protein concentration increased at the same time, which means an improvement in nitrogen utilization. Surprisingly, milk yields increased significantly, despite rising fat and protein levels. This is an indication that feed utilization has improved, ie methane production is likely to have fallen. This is also a sign that a fatty acid composition of the type described in combination with the described feed compound processing protected the feed material particles (including carbohydrates, fats and protein) from rape degradation.

Particularly surprising was the significant decrease in the trans fat content of milk. This was not to be expected, as the trans-fatty acid content of normal milk is at least 3%, even without the addition of fat, when the feed contains silage and normal concentrated cereal and rapeseed feed. This confirms that the feed material particles produced by the process of the invention have been protected from rape decay. Thus, for example, the hydrolysis of triglycerides of other feed materials and the hydrogenation of the unsaturated fatty acids liberated therefrom are apparently at least partially inhibited, which has reduced the formation of trans fatty acids.

The following examples illustrate the invention. The percentages of fatty acids disclosed in this application are percentages which represent the relative areas of the chromatogram peaks, as will be apparent to one skilled in the art.

Example 1. Compound Feed according to the Invention The following raw materials (by weight) were selected for the preparation of complete feed.

Feed grain (wheat, barley oats) 0-70

Molasses clip 0-20

Wheat bran 0-30

Molasses 4-8

Wheat flour 0-20

Minerals 0-5

Premixtures 0-2

The fatty acid mixture useful in the invention is 2-5

Emulsifier 0.02-0.05

Example 2. Concentrated feed according to the invention

The following raw materials (by weight) were selected for the production of concentrated feed:

Vegetable oil meal (soybean, rapeseed) 70-97

Pea, bean 0-20

Rank 0-20

The fatty acid mixture useful in the invention is 3-10

Molasses clip, widow 0-20

Grain 0-10

Molasses 0-5

Premixtures 0-3

Minerals 0-5

Emulsifier 0.02-0.05

Example 3. Fatty acid composition of a fatty acid composition useful in the invention

Fatty acid% 06: 0> 90 08: 0 <10 others <3 trans fatty acids 0

100 fatty acids ca. 100 melting point> 60 ° C iodine <1

Example 4. Preparation of Experimental Feed The raw materials of Example 1 were selected as starting materials as follows (by weight):

Rapeseed meal 30

Barley 30

Wheat 20

Molasses clip 10.3

Alloy molasses 4.0

Mineral mixture 2.3

Mixture of trace elements 0.2

Vitamin Mixture 0.2 The fatty acid mixture of Example 3 (3.0% by weight) was mixed with the starting materials to give 100% by weight of the feed material. The feed mixture was stirred in a horizontal mixer for 3 minutes, an emulsifier (0.03%) was added with which the fatty acid mixture was thawed into the feed mass in a long-term trainer at 77 ° C for slow melting and spreading of the fatty acid mixture on The feed mass was then granulated and cooled.

Example 5. Feeding Test 1 In this feeding test, cows were fed 6-16 kg of control feed or test feed according to Example 4 per day. The complete feed mixture prepared by mixing rapeseed oil (1.5% by weight) and the calcium salt (1.5% by weight) of the palm oil fraction as the starting material of Example 4 was used as the reference feed. Each trial period lasted 4 weeks and the following results were obtained:

Reference feed Test feed

Milk (kg / day) 30.0 33.5

Milk fat content (% by weight) 4.16 4.53

Milk protein content (% by weight) 3.16 3.27

Effect of experimental feeding on the trans fatty acid content of milk fatty acids:

Comparison Test feeding 4.3% 1.9%

Example 6. Feeding Test 2 In this feeding test, the cows were given a daily feed or a test feed of Example 12 for 8-12 kg. The commercially available complete compound feed was used as the reference feed. Each trial period lasted 4 weeks and the following results were obtained:

Reference feed Test feed

Milk (kg / day) 28.5 30.5

Milk fat content (% by weight) 4.45 4.90

Milk protein content (% by weight) 3.55 3.67

Effect of experimental feeding on the trans fatty acid content of milk fatty acids:

Comparison Test feeding 4.9% 1.8%

Experimental feeding results show that the feed according to the invention increases the fat and protein content of milk, increases milk production and significantly decreases the amount of milk trans fatty acids.

Claims (15)

1. Feed containing the usual feed materials and the usual additives and other auxiliary substances, characterized in that the feed contains between 1 and 10% by weight of the total weight of the feed with a content of more than 90% saturated fatty acids Containing not less than 60% palmitic acid (06: 0), not more than 30% stearic acid (08: 0) and a maximum iodine value of 5. Feed according to Claim 1, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture has a melting point above 60 ° C. Feed according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture contains not more than 5%, preferably not more than 4%, more preferably not more than 3%, even more preferably not more than 2%, still more preferably not more than 1%, still more preferably not more than 0,5% no trans fatty acids. Feed according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture has an iodine number from 0 to 3. Feed according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture contains the following fatty acids in%: 06: 0 60-100, preferably 80-100 08: 0 0-30, preferably 0-20 08: 10 -10, preferably 0-3, other 0-10, preferably 0-3 trans fatty acids 0-2, preferably 0-1. Feed according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture contains at least 80% palmitic acid and up to 20% stearic acid, more preferably at least 90% palmitic acid and up to 10% stearic acid, and most preferably contains at least 95% palmitic acid and % stearic acid. Feed according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the fatty acids in the fatty acid mixture are free fatty acids. Feed according to Claim 1, characterized in that the feed is a complete feed containing from 1 to 6% by weight, preferably from 2 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the feed. Feed according to Claim 1, characterized in that the feed is concentrated feed containing from 2 to 10% by weight, preferably from 3 to 8% by weight, of the fatty acid mixture based on the total weight of the feed. A process for the preparation of a feed according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that 1-10% by weight of the total feed weight of the fatty acid mixture in which the content of saturated fatty acids is greater than 90% is added to the conventional feed ingredients and the conventional feed additives. at least 60% palmitic acid, at most 30% stearic acid and up to 5 iodine, the feed mixture is heated so that the fatty acid mixture melts and spreads on and into the feed material particles, and then the feed mixture is granulated and cooled. Process according to Claim 10, characterized in that the fatty acid mixture is melted in the compound feed in a long-term preparation agent, preferably in the presence of an emulsifier. A method according to claim 10, characterized in that the heating treatment of the compound feed containing the fatty acid mixture is carried out with an expander. Method according to one of Claims 10 to 12, characterized in that 0.01 to 1.0%, preferably 0.02 to 0.05% of the emulsifier, based on the total weight of the compound, is mixed before heating. A method for increasing the fat and protein content of milk and increasing milk yield, characterized in that the milk producing animal is administered a feed fat-increasing amount of milk according to any one of claims 1-9. A method for increasing the fat and protein content of milk and changing the fatty acid composition, characterized in that the milk producing animal is provided with a milk fat increasing amount of a feed according to any one of claims 1-9. claim